![• 6.12.1.4 Conclusion
– If the dominant source of the magnetic field arises
from large equipment operating at the power
frequency, IEC 61000-4-8 may provide a test more
severe than the military test because it is an
“immersion” test.
– IEC 61000-4-9 is a pulse test having a frequency
spectrum flat up to about 70 kHz. Since it is an
intense requirement it may be effective [...] in
determining adequate immunity at frequencies up
to the maximum in the military requirement.
– IEC 61000-4-10 provides, at 100kHz, a test that
may be equally severe as the military test; at 1
MHz it provides a test beyond the military
requirement.
MIL-STD-461E-EPS:2001](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-mil-std-461g-rs-200429062826/85/MIL-STD-461G-RS-9-320.jpg)
MIL-STD-461G - RS
- 2. • Radiated susceptibility • Magnetic field RS101 Definizione Range di frequenze Norme RS01 30Hz..30kHz -461, -461A RS101 30Hz..50kHz -461B, -461C RS101 30Hz..100kHz -461D, -461E, -461F, -461G
- 3. Applicazioni MIL-STD-461G RS101 Surface ships L Submarines L Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A Aircraft, Navy L Aircraft, Air Force Space systems, Including Launch Vehicles Ground, Army L Ground, Navy L Ground, Air Force Le applicazioni A: Applicable L: Limited as specified in the individual sections of the standard S: Procuring activity must specify in procurement documentation
- 4. • MIL-STD-461G 5.20.1 – This requirement is applicable from 30 Hz to 100 kHz for equipment and subsystem enclosures, including electrical cable interfaces. The requirement is not applicable for electromagnetic coupling via antennas. For Army and Navy ground equipment, the requirement is applicable only to vehicles having a minesweeping or mine detection capability. RS101 applicability
- 5. • MIL-STD-461G 5.20.1 – For Navy ships and submarines, this requirement is applicable only to equipment and subsystems that have an operating frequency of 100 kHz or less and an operating sensitivity of 1 μV or better (such as 0.5 μV). For Navy aircraft, this requirement is applicable only to equipment installed on ASW capable aircraft, and external equipment on aircraft that are capable of being launched by electromagnetic launch systems. RS101 applicability
- 6. • RE101 vs. – IEC 61000-4-8: Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity test – IEC 61000-4-9: Testing and measurement techniques - Impulse magnetic field immunity test – IEC 61000-4-10: Testing and measurement techniques - Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test MIL-STD-461E-EPS
- 7. Test parameter RS101 IEC 61000-4-8, -9, -10 Frequency range 30Hz..100kHz 50Hz or 60Hz Transient None Pulse, damped sine wave Test method EUT surface and connector scan at 5cm distance Immersion method with inductive loops Limits Navy and Army limits differ MIL-STD-461E-EPS:2001
- 8. • 6.12.1.4 Conclusion – Although there are major differences in the military and commercial test procedures, comparisons may be made to show that commercial tests may provide a basis for determining that commercial equipment meets the military requirements. The following comments indicate bases that can be used in particular applications. MIL-STD-461E-EPS:2001
- 9. • 6.12.1.4 Conclusion – If the dominant source of the magnetic field arises from large equipment operating at the power frequency, IEC 61000-4-8 may provide a test more severe than the military test because it is an “immersion” test. – IEC 61000-4-9 is a pulse test having a frequency spectrum flat up to about 70 kHz. Since it is an intense requirement it may be effective [...] in determining adequate immunity at frequencies up to the maximum in the military requirement. – IEC 61000-4-10 provides, at 100kHz, a test that may be equally severe as the military test; at 1 MHz it provides a test beyond the military requirement. MIL-STD-461E-EPS:2001
- 10. • 5.20.3.2: Test equipment – Signal source – Radiating loop • Diameter: Ø12cm • Turns: 20 • Wire: No. 12 insulated copper • Magnetic flux density: 9.5 ∙ 107 𝑝𝑇 𝐴 @ 5cm from loop plane – Loop sensor • Diameter: Ø4cm • Turns: 51 • Wire: 7-41 Litz wire (7 strand, No. 41 AWG) • Shielding: electrostatic • Correction factor: – Measurement receiver or narrowband voltmeter – Current probe – LISNs MIL-STD-461G
- 11. • 5.20.3.4.b – Applicare un segnale a 1kHz e regolare la potenza così da avere una densità di flusso magnetico di 100dB > 1pT – Misurare il valore applicato con il loop sensore e il ricevitore – Veriricare che il valore sia ±3dB dal valore atteso Integrity check
- 12. Integrity check
- 13. • 5.20.4.4.c – Azionare l’EUT e lasciarlo stabilizzare – Porre il loop a 5cm dal lato del provino o dal connettore in prova e orientarlo parallelo al piano del provino – Alimentare il loop con una corrente capace di 10dB più del limite ma comunque inferiore a 15A (183dBpT) EUT testing
- 14. • 5.20.4.4.c – In caso di suscettività, selezionare non meno di tre frequenze per ottava laddove si nota suscettività maggiore – Riposizionare il loop così da identificare i punti e le frequenze di maggiore suscettività – Selezionare tre frequenze per ottava, applicare i limiti richiesti e verificare la mancanza di suscettività EUT testing
- 15. Helmoltz coil integrity check
- 16. Helmoltz coil EUT testing
- 17. • Radiated susceptibility • Magnetic induction field • Spikes and power frequencies • Eliminata da MIL-STD-461D RS02 Definizione Range di frequenze Norme RS02 14kHz..10GHz -461, -461A, -461B, -461C
- 18. • Radiated susceptibility • Electric field • Pulse modulation: 1kHz 50% duty cycle RS103 Definizione Range di frequenze Norme RS03 14kHz..10GHz -461, -461A, -461B, -461C RS103 10kHz..40GHz -461D RS103 2MHz..40GHz -461E, -461F, -461G
- 19. Applicazioni MIL-STD-461G RS103 Surface ships A Submarines A Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A Aircraft, Navy A Aircraft, Air Force A Space systems, Including Launch Vehicles A Ground, Army A Ground, Navy A Ground, Air Force A Le applicazioni A: Applicable L: Limited as specified in the individual sections of the standard S: Procuring activity must specify in procurement documentation
- 20. • MIL-STD-461G 5.21.1 – This requirement is applicable for equipment and subsystem enclosures and all interconnecting cables. The requirement is applicable as follows: • a. 2 MHz to 30 MHz: Army, Navy and optional* for all others • b. 30 MHz to 18 GHz: All • c. 18 GHz to 40 GHz: Optional* for all – * Required only if specified in the procurement specification – For Army and Air Force: there is no requirement at the tuned frequency of antenna-connected receivers. RS103 applicability
- 21. • MIL-STD-461G 5.19.2 – The EUT shall not exhibit any malfunction, degradation of performance, or deviation from specified indications, beyond the tolerances indicated in the individual equipment or subsystem specification, when subjected to the radiated electric fields listed in Table XI and modulated as specified below. Up to 30 MHz, the requirement shall be met for vertically polarized fields. Above 30 MHz, the requirement shall be met for both horizontally and vertically polarized fields. Circularly polarized fields are not acceptable. – For receiver EUTs having permanently attached antennas only, unless otherwise stated in the system specification, reduced performance over the intended receiver band of operation is allowed. The receiver shall meet its performance requirements after in-band exposure to the radiated field. RS103 Limits
- 22. • 5.21.3.2: Test equipment – Signal generator – Power amplifiers – Transmit antennas – Electric field sensors – Measurement receiver – Power meter – Directional coupler – Attenuator – Data recording device – LISNs MIL-STD-461G
- 23. • MIL-STD-461F 5.20.3.4.c • Dal controllo di integrità della norma viene eliminato il punto (2) per la misura sopra 1GHz senza sensore di campo. Integrity check
- 24. • 5.21.3.4.c – Dopo avere definito il set-up relativo (5.21.3.3), azionare l’EUT e lasciarlo stabilizzare – Mettere il segnale in modulazione pulsata a 1kHz 50% duty cycle e verificare modulazione, frequenza, forma d’onda e ampiezza EUT testing
- 25. • 5.21.3.4.c – Scansire la gamma di frequenza secondo la tabella III – Assicurarsi che il sensore di campo rilevi la fondamentale e non le armoniche – In caso di suscettività, segnare il livello – Ripetere la prova con polarizzazione differente EUT testing
- 26. EUT testing
- 27. EUT testing
- 28. EUT testing
- 29. • 5.21.4 – Procedure alternativa in camera riverberante – Da 200MHz a 40GHz EUT testing
- 30. • Radiated susceptibility • Parallel strip line • Eliminata da MIL-STD-461B RS04 Definizione Range di frequenze Norme RS04 14kHz..30MHz -461, -461A
- 31. • Radiated susceptibility • Transient electromagnetic field RS105 Definizione Range di frequenze Norme RS05 Pulse -461C RS105 Pulse -461D, -461E, -461F, -461G
- 32. Applicazioni MIL-STD-461G RS105 Surface ships L Submarines L Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line L Aircraft, Navy L Aircraft, Air Force Space systems, Including Launch Vehicles Ground, Army Ground, Navy L Ground, Air Force Le applicazioni A: Applicable L: Limited as specified in the individual sections of the standard S: Procuring activity must specify in procurement documentation
- 33. • MIL-STD-461G 5.22.1 – This requirement is applicable to equipment and subsystem enclosures which are exposed to the external electromagnetic environment. For surface ships, this includes external, above deck and exposed below deck installations. The requirement is applicable to Army aircraft for safety critical equipment and subsystems located in an external installation. RS105 applicability
- 34. • RE105 vs. – IEC 61000-4-20: Testing and measurement techniques - Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides – IEC 61000-4-25: Testing and measurement techniques - HEMP immunity test methods for equipment and systems MIL-STD-461E-EPS
- 35. • IEC 61000-4-20 – Le forme d’onda sono simili e, anche se si parla di 500MHz, la procedura è strutturata fino a 5GHz – La norma parla di cella TEM ma prevede anche l’utilizzo di parallel plate • 6.14.1.4 – La norma è comparabile a RS105 MIL-STD-461E-EPS
- 36. • IEC 61000-4-25 – La norma parla di immunità a HEMP e usa Early-Intermediate-Late tiem HEMP – Si richiedono sonde E e H laddove MIL chiede sonde E-dot e B-dot • 6.14.2.4 – La norma è comparabile a RS105 MIL-STD-461E-EPS
- 37. • 5.22.3.2: Test equipment – TEM cell, parallel plate or equivalent – Transient pulse generator, monopulse output, plus and minus polarity – Storage oscilloscope 700MHz 1GSa/s – Terminal protection device – HV probe, 1GHz bandwidth – B-dot and E-dot sensor probe – LISNs – Integrator MIL-STD-461G
- 38. Pulse
- 39. • 5.22.3.4.b – Generare un impulso e regolare il campo per produrre il livello desiderato a partire dai valori riscontrati sulle sonde E-dot e B-dot Integrity check
- 40. Integrity check
- 41. • 5.22.4.4.c – Azionare l’EUT e lasciarlo stabilizzare – Provare possibilmente l’EUT con orientamento ortogonale al campo – Applicare impulso al 10% del valore di prova e salire fino al valore di prova – Controllare la suscettività del provino EUT testing
- 42. EUT testing