MIS Lesson1
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1. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) include hardware, software, telecommunications, networking equipment, and human resources that facilitate information processing and communication. 2. ICTs contribute to organizational effectiveness and competitiveness by enabling data processing, communication, and integrated systems. They also provide opportunities for suppliers and capabilities for consumers. 3. New ICT developments that could impact tourism include ambient intelligence, digital television, wireless applications, and the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) for mobile Internet access.
MIS Lesson1
- 1. 1 Why tourism & IT ? • Tourism #1 in eCommerce 4,7 Bn. US$ in 2000 (before hard/software & entertainment) • 94 mill. out of 337 mill. (28 %) travels in Europe were initiated or booked with help of the Internet (Internet European Travel Monitor 2002) • Both Suppliers (e.g. Hotels, Airlines, Travel Agencies) and Consumers(e.g. Guests, Tourists) require Information Technology
- 2. Tourism Performance in 2008 • Singapore posted an estimated S$14.8 billion in tourism receipts in 2008, representing a 4.8% increase over 2007. This set a new record for touris receipts. • In 2008, Singapore welcomed 10.1 million visitors, registering a decline of 1.6% as compared to 2007. • Visitor days were estimated to reach 41.3 million days, setting another record and posting an increase of 8.7% in comparison with 2007 2
- 4. 4 Defining - (ICTs) Information & Communication Technologies • IT as the enabling mechanism which facilitates the processing and flow of information in an organisation and between organisations, encompassing the information the business creates, uses and stores, as well as the technologies used in physical processing to produce a product or provide a service. (Peppard (1993)) • ICTs cover the entire range of electronic tools, which facilitate the operational and strategic management of organisations by enabling them to manage their information, functions and processes as well as to communicate interactively with their stakeholders for achieving their mission and objectives. • Information Communication Technologies include a combination of Hardware, Software, telecommunications, netware, groupware and humanware.
- 5. 5 Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) Terminology • Hardware: Physical equipment such as mechanical, magnetic, electrical, electronic or optical devices (as opposed to computer programmes or method of use). • Software: Prewritten detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system or of an electronic device. Software co-ordinates the work of hardware components in an information system. Software may incorporate standard software such as operating systems or applications, software processes, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, and user interfaces. • Telecommunications: The transmission of signals over long distances, including not only data communications but also the transmission of images and voices using radio, television, telephony and other communication technologies. Source: Adapted from Gupta (1996); O’Brien (1996); Laudon and Laudon (2002); Werthner and Klein (1999); Halsall (1996)
- 6. 6 Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) Terminology cont. • Netware: Equipment and software required to develop and support a network or an interconnected system of computers, terminals and communication channels and devices. • Groupware: communication tools, such as email, voice mail, fax, videoconferencing that foster electronic communication and collaboration among groups. • “Humanware”: the intellect required for the development, programming, maintenance and operation of technological development. Humanware incorporates the knowledge and expertise pool of the society Source: Adapted from Gupta (1996); O’Brien (1996); Laudon and Laudon (2002); Werthner and Klein (1999); Halsall (1996)
- 7. 7 Contribution of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) 1. Enable effective data processing & communication for organisational benefit 2. Offer opportunities & challenges for suppliers in all industries 3. Support development & maintenance of organisational competitiveness and competitive advantage 4. Provide enormous capabilities for consumers 5. Support integrated systems of networked equipment and software 6. ICTs are becoming more affordable & user friendly
- 8. 8 IT Applications • Information Points (kiosk solution) • PDA’s • Mobile applications • GIS (GPRS) • Computer(software) • Email • Internet (web) • Virtual reality • Digital TV
- 9. 9 New ICT Developments • Ambient Intelligence (http://www.ambientintelligence.org/) • Interoperability and interconnectivity – Open System advocate interoperability and interconnectivity – industry standard • Digital Television – clearer picture, sharing of information • Wireless applications – Cellular Phones - GSM – Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – NTT DoCoMo’s I-mode i.e. Do Communications Over the Mobile Network – Third generation (3G) mobile technology – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) – Bluetooth
- 10. 10 Ambient intelligence is the vision of a technology that will become invisibly embedded in our natural surroundings, present whenever we need it, enabled by simple and effortless interactions, attuned to all our senses, adaptive to users and context-sensitive, and autonomous. Devices used for ambient intelligence are small, low- power, low weight, and (very importantly) low-cost. Since wired connections often do not exist, radio methods will play an important role for data transfer. Ambience Technology
- 11. 11 Wireless Application Protocol-WAP WAP is an open international standard in a wireless communication environment. Its main use is to enable access to the Internet (HTTP) from a mobile phone or PDA. A WAP browser provides a computer based web browser in a smaller view screen. WAP supports activities such as: • Email by mobile phone • Tracking of stock market prices • Sports/4D/ results • News headlines • Music downloads • Weather Forecast