Mobile computing

2012 Ninth International Conference on Information Technology - New Generations
2012 Ninth International Conference on Information Technology- New Generations

A Secure Software Architecture for Mobile Computing
Hassan Reza, and Narayana Mazumder
School of Aerospace Science, University of North Dakota

Grand Forks, USA 58201

reza@aero.und.edu

Abstract. Mobile computing is considered as low-end Performance and security are perceived paramount
computing systems. It currently dominates almost all qualities for the modern mobile computing
aspects of our lives from mobile banking to mobile systems.
purchasing to mobile skypeing, etc. With the increasing
demand of smartphones in today’s world, making the
Mobile systems (e.g., smartphones) do not have
system secure is very important. Software architecture
plays an important role to achieve both functionalities the computing capabilities attributed to desktops
and quality (e.g., security) of a system. This paper or laptops. As such, one cannot implement
surveys the software architecture of five of the leading everything in a smartphones that can be
mobile operating systems such as Android (Linux), implemented in full-fledged traditional computing
Blackberry, iPhone (Mac OS X), Symbian, and systems. Some on the limitations of smartphones
Windows Mobile. Our survey study indicates that are as follows:
Android is the most promising of al and identifies
security issues with Android. The paper then proposes Smartphones run in battery and has significant
improved software architecture to resolve these issues.
power constraint.
More specifically, our proposed software architecture
attempts to enhance the security of Android without Smartphones doesn’t have the same CPU
comprising it performance. power as a computer.
Smartphones have limited RAM as compared
Key Words: Software Architecture, Security to a computer.
Engineering, Mobile Computing, Android, Operating With the implementation of 3G network
Systems. speed, the internet download and upload speed
of the cellular networks has shown great
1. Introduction
improvement.
Screen size plays a major role and is a very
The demand for Smartphones is increasingly
important issue which needs to be taken into
growing at an exponential rate; it is expected to
consideration while building an operating
soon pass laptops’ sale as a device for mobile
system.
computing [9]. Initially, cell phones were only
used to perform simple tasks such as making In the next section, a brief background of the
phone calls and/or exchanging text messages. surveyed operating systems is given together with
Currently, cell phones are becoming more their comparison table. Using analysis result, two
sophisticated by providing functionalities that of the leading operating systems are selected and
once expected from laptop and/or desktop their architectures are explained in section 3. The
computing systems. For example, using cell shortcomings and security risks of the selected
phone, callers can now interact with system using architecture are discussed in section 4. Sections 5
spoken language, brows internet, exchange emails, and 6, discuss our proposed enhancements
chat online and social network medias, use together with their architectural solutions.
navigation systems, etc. Further, new and
unimaginable capabilities can be incorporated in 2. Background and Comparison
the mobile computing at any time and rate using
new apps. Blackberry: Blackberry was introduced by
Research In Motion (RIM) in 1999 which started

978-0-7695-4654-4/12 $26.00 © 2012 IEEE 566
DOI 10.1109/ITNG.2012.122

as a simple two-way pager, but it quickly became Openness S Ns Ns Ps Ps
one of the most widespread of the mobile devices Security Ps S S Ps Ps
Cost S Ps Ns Ps Ps
[6].Blackberry software platform has a layered
Hardware S Ns Ns S S
architecture. It was the first mobile operating Independence
system for smartphones. Usability S Ps S Ps Ps
S = Satisfied; Ps = Partially satisfied; Ns = Not satisfied;
Symbian: In 1998, Nokia, Ericsson, Panasonic,
and Samsung got together and collaboratively Table 1: Summary of mobile platform categories
created single operating system to run their
devices [4]. The result from the above table has been used to
select the software architecture of two leading
iPhone: Apple announced iPhone at the operating systems. The selection criteria depended
MacWorld expo in San Francisco in January 2007 on the availability and popularity of the operating
[1]. The iPhone was the first smartphone which systems. Android was selected as one of the
had huge popularity amongst the general users and contenders of the research because of the openness
it quickly snatched some of the market share from and extremely user-friendliness of the operating
RIM and Symbian and it quickly became a status system. Apple’s iOS was selected as the second
symbol [4]. contender of the research. One of the major reason
behind selecting iOS as another contender is due
Android: Currently, Android is the most popular to its current popularity and innovation in the
operating system out of the several Linux based design.
mobile operating systems (e.g.,Maemo) [6]. In
November 2007 Google released the operating 3. Architecture of iOS and Android OS
system Android under the Open Handset Alliance
with the goal of being an open source platform for iOS Architecture: Apple’s iOS is a sligthly
software development on mobile platform [1]. different than Android, because Apple develops
Android software architecture is based layered and controls both the end product and the
architectural style [20] [21]; Android provides a operating system. Therefore, it is difficult to run
custom built virtual machine (Dalvik) for the Apple’s iOS in any other device because of lack of
applications to run; it also acts as the middleware access to source code. iOS [13] has a layered
between code and the main operating system [4]. architecture and is shown in figure 1.
Table 1 summaries our survey results.

An Blackber iPhon Symbi Windo
droi ry e an ws
d Mobile
Network S Ps Ps S S
Scanning
Network Ps S S S S
Interface
Selection
Bluetooth I/O S S Ns S S
Network S S Ns Ns S
Interface
Control
Background S S S S S Figure 1: Architecture of Apple’s iOS
processing /
Multitasking
Energy S S S S S Apple doesn’t allow any third party developer to
Monitoring look into and work in any of the architecture level.
Power Saving S S Ps S S The architecture is much closed from the outside
Low-level S S S S S
memory
world. Developers can only interact through one
management little window called Cocoa. The main application
Location S Ns S S S development language is Objective-C [13].
Sensing
Persistent S S S S S Since, Apple controls the whole environment –
storage from chip to application to final device, it does not

567

require a virtual machine. This is one of the major Libraries: The surface manager of Android
reasons why Apple’s iOS cannot be installed in library takes care of the display of the system and
any other device. The operating system is totally OpenGL is an open-source utility which takes care
dependent on the device. Thus, the portability of of graphics of the system. The media libraries are
the software can be an issue with Apple’s iOS responsible for playback and recording of audio
[13]. This is the reason why it is becoming less and video formats. FreeType takes care of the font
popular nowadays as compared to Android – of the texts. The database engine of Android is
which can be installed in any device which fulfils SQLite and Android’s browser is a Webkit
the basic requirement of the system [11]. browser which is another open-source utility [12].

Android architecture: Android is s a software One of the important parts of the library systems
stack (see Figure 2) for mobile devices which that plays a major role is our research is the Bionic
includes an operating system, a middleware and ‘Libc’ of Android. Libc is a set of C/C++ library
key applications. Android SDK provides the tools system. It is a custom libc implementation of
and APIs necessary to develop an application general Linux libc, optimized for embedded use.
using JAVA (which is a popular language amongst The advantage of this is that it is smaller in size
the developers. The main advantage of Android and has faster code paths that are perfectly suited
over Applie’s iOS is that it is open-source and is for mobile devices. This makes the system fast and
based on Linux and is free to be used. Due the quick to respond to any request. One of the biggest
presence of the Dalvik virtual machine (discussed disadvantages of this custom implementation is
later) Android is fast; its hardware is independent, that it is not compatible with the standard Gnu
which makes it portable [12]. Libc (glibc) [12].

Android Runtime: The development language
that is used in this section is Java. The core
Libraries of Android is very powerful, yet simple
and familiar development platform as it is very
similar to Linux.

Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM): This is one of
the most important reasons why Android is so fast
and suitable for mobile systems. Dalvik virtual
machine focuses on two of the most important
issues of mobile system: limited space, and
limited power. It also increases the portability of
the system because it can be implemented in any
mobile system and is independent of the hardware.
DVM converts all the files into smaller and more
optimized (.dex) suitable for mobile systems [12].
One of the interesting features of DVM is that it
Figure 2: Architecture of Android [12] supports multiple virtual machine processes
meaning that if two applications are running at the
Linux Kernel: Android is based on Linux but is
same time, they may work on two separate virtual
not Linux. The kernel of Android relies on Linux
machines. This feature can improve the
version 2.6 for core system services such as
performance of the system.
security, memory management, process
management, network stack, and driver model. Application Framework and Application: The
This is the abstraction layer between the hardware activity manager is responsible to keep track of
and the rest of the software stack [12]. This means life cycle of any application. For example, suppose
that as long as any device satisfies this layer a user is running an application and then she opens
Android can be installed in that device. another application and minimizes the current
application. She may forget about the minimized

568

application later on. Activity manager does a very each and every method cannot be applied in
good job by tracking the idle time of a minimized Android because Android libraries have been
application and killing it when the system runs out modified to a large extent to make them suitable
of memory. The content provider takes care of the for mobile systems.
shared data between applications. Therefore, due
to performance (speed), openness, and portability Detecting malicious application: The following
of Android, it can be reasonably expected that it procedure needs to be performed in order to detect
will lead the modern mobile computing [11]. a malicious software/application:

4. Security risks of Android OS 1. Identify executable files linking format
executables installed on the Linux side of
In the previous section we have discussed that the Android operating system (applications that
presence of Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) are pre-installed in the system).
improves the performance of Android operating 2. Perform a statistical analysis of the function
system. With the increasing complexity of the calls by these applications and keep a record
Android OS with each new release [12], it is of the analysis in a log file.
becoming more capable to perform different tasks 3. Compare the result to the newly installed
which may compromise security. applications for detecting significant
difference.
Security is a very important issue that was not 4. Create a decision tree to determine the level of
given much considerations We have discussed suspicion.
earlier that the openness of Android makes it more
popular amongst the developers and end-users. In what follows, we attempt to find out if existing
But, an operating system cannot be made open at tools can be adopted for Android based systems.
the cost of the system’s security. For example, Since, Android is a Linux based operating system
Rootkits are malware that modify operating it is possible to incorporate security measures
system’s data to achieve malicious goals. In some designed for Linux based desktop operating
cases, Rootkits can create even more devastating system. But, three important factors need to be
effects by spying on conversations via GSM [2]. taken into consideration: 1)the processing power
Since, Android can be installed in any mobile and memory of a mobile system is very low as
hardware and for any carrier such as GSM and compared to a desktop/laptop; 2)mobile systems
CDMA. As such, it is more vulnerable to these do not have enough space as compared to a
kinds of threats. desktop; 3) android’s libraries has been highly
modified to make it suitable for mobile systems.
5. Enhancing security of Android OS
The antivirus tool that was selected is Clam
Android allows modifications even in the AntiVirus which is an open source (GPL) anti-
operating system level. The openness of the virus toolkit for UNIX [16]. Although all of the
system can not only be a threat to the system but parameters were not tested but for the most part, it
also can be used to protect the system from works.
malicious intrusion. Since, a third party
application developer has access to all the levels of Netfilter is an open source firewall tool that has
software architecture; they can develop kernel- been selected for our purpose. It hooks inside the
based low level security tools. In Android, Linux kernel. This is possible to be implemented
malware detection techniques can be implemented in Android OS as it is an open-source OS [17].
even at the kernel level.
Chkrootkit has been chosen for this work. It scans
Linux is known for its security; there are security for signs of worms, rootkits and Linux Kernel
software available for Linux based system. Since, Module (LKM) Trojans. It inspects binaries,
Android is based on Linux; one can test the checks logs for suspicious interfaces and looks for
applicability of existing signature and intrusion hidden files [18].
detection methods in Android environment. But,

569

Snort is a well-known Linux tool which is used for we cannot slow down the performance of a system
intrusion detection. It analyzes the traffic and in order to make the system more secure.
packet logging on IP networks; it scans each and
every port and checks for other suspicious In this section, we propose revised software
behavior [19]. architecture to enhancing the security without
compromising performance of Android by
implementing intrusion detection techniques in the
system itself. Figure 4 shows the software
architecture without security improvement.

Figure 4: Skeleton of Proposed Architecture

Figure 5 shows the revised but improved software
architecture of the Android to improve security.
As can be seen from the figure, the proposed
architecture includes a monitoring and a detection
client security feature, and a control daemon.

It has a database interface which allows the third
party applications to access the database. The
Figure 3: Decision tree; ‘y’ means it appears in the application framework level includes all the
static table of an executable; ‘n’ means that it does functionalities needed to monitor any application’s
not. activity.
6. Proposed Software Architecture
A detection manager is included at this level; it
In the previous sections, we noticed that the constantly monitors the behavior of all the running
Android’s architecture has been designed to applications, which might include a malicious one.
provide fast respond. For example, the inclusion of It also checks for any malicious behavior by any
virtual machine and the fact that many virtual third-party application or from network.
machines can be activated simultaneously,
improves the performance significantly [12]. In The control daemon is responsible for constantly
this section we attempt to extend the architecture checking the status of the detection manager. The
of Android to incorporate some security measures. detection manager on the other hand, extracts
Finally, we propose and modified layered information from Linux kernel and files systems
architecture which makes the system fast and that are stored as reference and compares it with
secure. the behavior of the third party application
(discussed in ‘Detecting Malicious Application’).
One way to make a system more secure is by For example, if it finds any anomalies and
incorporating some of the security aspects at suspicious behaviors, it informs the control
architectural level [10] [21]. Though some of the daemon about it. One needs to note that the
above mentioned applications can be implemented detection manager itself does not do anything to
in the Android operating system to boost security the malicious application (if found). There are two
by detecting threats and mitigating against them, it major reasons behind this. First, if the detection
is more cost effective to incorporate security manager itself tries to stop the malicious activity,
mechanisms at architectural level [21] [10]. But it has to stop itself from monitoring the activities
of other possible threats. Secondly, it will

570

significantly hamper the performance of the Implications and Opportunities. HotMobile Rutgers
system. University, Annapolis Maryland, 2010, pp. 1-6.

[3] T. Gronli, J. Hansen, and G. Ghinea, Android vs.
In Figure 5, the control daemon usually remains Windows Mobile vs Java ME. PETRA 2010, Brunel
quiet and does not interfere with any of the University, 2010, pp. 37-44.
system’s activities. However, as soon as it senses
any abnormality from the detection manager, it [4] S. P. Hall, and E. Anderson. Operating Systems for
Mobile Computing, Consortium Computing Sciences
becomes active. Depending on the risk and in College: Rocky Mountain Conference, 2009, pp. 64-
maliciousness of the activity it then stops the 71.
malicious access to data. In case, an activity is
severely malicious it immediately stops the [5] A. Litke, K. Zotos, and G. Stephanides. Energy
consumption Analysis of Design Patterns. Applied
applications access to the libraries and instantly
Informatics, Greece, 2005, pp. 86-90.
blocks the database interface layer’s door that can
only be accessed by the control daemon. This [6] E. Oliver, A Survey of Platforms for Mobile
feature, in turn, ensures that the data remains Networks Research. Mobile Computing and
relatively secure. Communications Review, December 2008, pp. 56-63.

[7] C. Thompson, J. White, and D.C. Schmidt. Analyzing
Mobile Application Software Power Consumption via
Model-Driven Engineering. ACM MobiSys, 2010,
pp.1-15.

[8] N. Vallina- Rodriguez, P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, and A.
Rice. Exhausting Battery Statistics. Mobiheld, 2010,
pp.9-14.

[9] http://mobilewebsitewatch.com/page/2/
Figure 5: Modified architecture of Android
[10] P. Clements, R. Kazman, and M. Klein. Evaluating
7. Conclusion and Future Work Software Archiecture: Methods and Case Studies.
Addison Wesley, 2002.
In this work, we discussed the importance of low-
end computing, namely, mobile computing. [11] Canalys Report. http://www.canalys.org
Toward this goal, we studied and analyzed five
leading mobile phone operating systems. Our [12] Android. http://code.google.com/android/
study has shown that Android is a promising [13] iPhone. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/
platform because of its openness and portability.
We also discussed some security issues related to [14] R. Quinlan. Induction of decision trees, Machine
Android operating system. Toward this end, we Learning, vol. 1(1), pp. 81–106, 1986.
proposed an enhancement that works with the
[15] K.A. Yuksel, O. Kiraz. Enhancing security of
software architecture of Android. Linux-based Android devices, Sabanci University,
Istanbul pp. 4-8.
The results in this study have not been empirically
validated yet. Therefore, future work will attempt [16] Clam Antivirus. http://www.clamav.net/
the practicality of our hypothesis by experimenting
[17] [17] Netfilter. http://www.netfilter.org
our theories on real mobile computing systems.
[18] ChkRootkit http://www.chkrootkit.org
References
[19] Snort http://www.snort.org
[1] M. Anvaari, and S Jansen. Evaluating Architectural
Openness in mobile Software Platforms. ESCA 2010, [20] M. Shaw and D. Garlan. Software architecture:
Copenhagen, Dennmark,2010, pp. 85-92. perspectives on an emerging discipline, Pearson,
1996.
[2] J. Bickford, R. O’hare, A. Baliga, V. Ganathapy, and
L.Iftode. Rootkits on Smart Phones: Attacks, [21] H. Reza, E. Grant: Quality-Oriented Software
Architecture. ITCC-2005 (1), pp:140-145, 2005.

571

Mobile computing

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to Mobile computing (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Mobile computing