Mobile Operating Systems and Application Development Platforms: A Survey

Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 6 Issue: 1 Pages: 2195-2201 (2014) ISSN : 0975-0290
2195
Mobile Operating Systems and Application
Development Platforms: A Survey
Okediran O. O.
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Email: oookediran@lautech.edu.ng
Arulogun O. T.
Email: otarulogun@lautech.edu.ng
Ganiyu R. A.
Email: raganiyu@lautech.edu.ng
Oyeleye C. A.
Email: caoyeleye@lautech.edu.ng
-------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------
Earlier mobile communication technologies were dominated by vertically integrated service provision which are
highly bounded mainly to voice and short message services that are organized in a monopolistic competition
between few mobile virtual network operators, service providers and enhanced service providers. In the recent
years, however, radical change driven by advancements in technology, witnessed the introduction and further
development of smartphones where the user can get access to new applications and services by connecting to the
device manufactures’ application stores and the like. These smartphones have added many features of a full-
fledged computer: high speed processors, large storage space, multitasking, high-resolution screens and cameras,
multipurpose communication hardware, and so on. However, these devices market is dominated by a number of
different technological platforms, including different operating systems (OS) and application development
platforms, resulting in a variety of different competing solutions on the market driven by different actors. This
paper detailed a review and comparative analysis of the features of these technological platforms.
Keywords - Mobile OS, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Black-Berry OS, webOS and Symbian.
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Date of Submission: 26 July 2014 Date of Acceptance: 17 August 2014
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1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile communication devices have been the most
adopted means of communication both in the developed
and developing countries with its penetration more than all
other electronic devices put together [16]. Every mobile
communication device needs some type of mobile
operating system to run its services: voice calls, short
message service, camera functionality, and so on. The
earlier mobile operating systems were fairly simple, since
the capabilities of the phones they supported were limited.
However, modern smartphones have added many of the
features of a full-fledged computer which includes high
speed central processing units (CPU) and graphics
processing unit (GPU), large storage space, multitasking,
high-resolution screens and cameras, multipurpose
communication hardware and so on [15]. Modern mobile
operating systems combine the features of a personal
computer operating system with other features, including a
touch screen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, global positioning
system (GPS) mobile navigation, video camera, speech
recognition, voice recorder, music player, near field
communication and infrared blaster [7]. Mobile operating
systems have had to grow in sophistication to support
these features.
Furthermore, modern smartphones are designed to
allow external developers to write software for these
devices. With this feature, users can get access to new
applications and services by connecting to the device
manufactures’ applications stores e.g. Apple’s ‘App
Store’, Google’s ‘Android Market’, Blackberry’s ‘App
World’, Nokia’s ‘OVI Store’, Palm’s ‘Palm App Catalog’,
Windows Mobile’s ‘Windows Market place’ and so on
(Figure 1). This has enabled these mobile devices to reap
the advantages of the convergence process and brought
advanced internet applications and services to these
mobile devices.
However, the device market is dominated by a
number of different technological platforms, including
different operating systems and applications development
platforms, resulting in a variety of different competing
solutions on the market driven by different actors. This
fragmentation of technological platforms and standards are
seen as a barrier for development of contents and services,
which locks the users to specific technologies or puts an
immense load to the content and service provides to adopt
their content /services to all these platforms.

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Figure1: High-level Usage Models of Mobile Devices [11]
The aim of this paper is to give a review and
comparative analysis of the features of the six most
popular mobile operating systems (Android OS, iOS,
Windows Phone, Blackberry OS, webOS and Symbian
OS) and user interface toolkits most frequently used to
develop client applications (Qt, Java 2 Micro Edition, and
Silverlight).
2. MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS
A mobile operating system (Mobile OS) is a software
platform on top of which other programs called
application programs, can run on mobile devices such as
personal digital assistant (PDA) , tablets, cellular phones,
smartphones and so on [3]. Over the years, Mobile OS
design has experienced a three-phase evolution: from the
PC-based operating system to an embedded operating
system to the current smartphone-oriented operating
system in the past decade. Throughout the process, Mobile
OS architecture has gone from complex to simple to
something in-between. The evolution process is naturally
driven by the technology advancements in hardware,
software, and the Internet [11]:
i. Hardware: The industry has been reducing the factor
size of microprocessors and peripherals to design
actual mobile devices. Before the form factor size was
reduced enough, the mobile device could not achieve
both small size and processing capability at the same
time. We had either a PC-sized laptop computer or a
much weaker personal data assistant (PDA) in phone
size. Mobile operating systems for PDAs usually did
not have full multitasking or 3D graphics support.
Features like sensors, such as accelerometers, and
capacitor-based touch screens were not available in
the past mobile operating systems.
ii. Software: With a laptop computer, the software is
mainly focused on the user’s productivity, where
support for keyboard and mouse that have precise
inputs are essential. The software for a personal data
assistant, as its name implies, helps the user to
manage personal data such as contacts information, e-
mail, and so on. The mobile operating systems were
not designed for good responsiveness or smoothness
with a rich user interface (UI) including both touch
screen and other sensors.
iii. Internet: Along with Internet development, especially
after Web 2.0, there is abundant information in the
network waiting to be searched, organized, mined,
and brought to users. People are increasingly living
with the Internet instead of just browsing the Web.
More and more people are involved in the
development, including information contribution,
application development, and social interactions. The
mobile operating systems cannot be self-contained,
but have to be open systems.
The aforementioned technological advancements have
resulted in a variety of different competing mobile
operating system solutions on the market driven by
different actors. Some of these actors includes Google’s
Android, Apples’ iOS, Nokia’s Symbian, RIM’s
BlackBerry OS, Samsung’s Bada, Microsoft’s Windows
Phone, Hewlett-Packard’s webOS, and embedded Linux
distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo to mention but a
few. The following sub-sections review six of the most
popular mobile operating systems.
2.1 Android OS
Android OS for mobile devices is developed by the
Open Handset Alliance, which is led by Google. Google
unveiled the Android distribution in November 2007.
Most of the Android core is released under the open-
source Apache License but a large amount of software on
Android devices (such as such as Play Store, Google
Search, Google Play Services, Google Music, and so on)
are proprietary and licensed [15].
As of 2011, Android has the largest installed base of
any mobile OS and as of 2013, its devices also sell more
than Windows, iOS and Mac OS devices combined [13].
As of July 2013 the Google Play store has had over 1
million Android apps published, and over 50 billion apps
downloaded (PHONEARENA, 2014). A developer survey
conducted between April and May 2013 found that 71% of
mobile developers develop for Android [4].
Android uses a Linux kernel with higher-level APIs
written in C and applications are normally programmed in
Java and run with the Dalvik virtual machine (DVM)
using just-in-time compilation to translate Java byte code
into Dalvik dex-code [3]. This combination brings up
some secure features, like efficient shared memory
management, preemptive multitasking, Unix user
identifiers (UIDs) and file permissions with the type safe
concept of Java. Every Android application runs in a
separate process under a unique UID with distinct
permissions, which means that applications can typically
not read or write each other’s data or code. The kernel
sandboxes applications from each, so that resource and
data must be share explicitly. To make a resource share
between applications possible, the permissions which are
required must be declare statically at the time the
application is installed. The Android system prompts the
user for consent at this time; a mechanism for granting
permission dynamically at runtime is not possible and
would lead to an increase of security transparency [20].

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Figure 2 below depicts android OS architecture.
Figure 2: Google’s Android OS Architecture [3]
The Android platform contains the following layers [3]:
i. Linux Kernel: Android relies on Linux for core
system services such as security, memory
management, process management and so on.
ii. Android Runtime: it provides a set of core
libraries which supports most of the functionality
in the core libraries of Java. The Android Virtual
Machine known as Dalvik VM relies on the
Linux kernel for some underlying functionality.
iii. Libraries: Android includes a set of C/C++
libraries. These libraries are exposed to
developers through the Android application
framework. They include media libraries, system
C libraries, surface manager, 3D libraries, SQLite
and so on.
iv. Application Framework: it provides an access
layer to the framework APIs used by the core
applications. It allows components to be used by
the developers.
2.2 iOS
iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating
system developed by Apple Inc. and distributed
exclusively for Apple hardware [6]. It is the operating
system that powers iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and Apple
TV. It is closed source and proprietary and built on open
source Darwin core OS. iOS promoted a new style of user
interaction for small screen, limited input devices,
specifically, direct manipulation. Touch-based gestures
like swipe, tap, tap and hold, and pinch are used to control
on-screen interface elements, and to perform interface
operations. Accelerometers support additional physical
gestures like shaking and rotating the orientation of the
device [15].
iOS is derived from Mac OS X, and shares its basic
Darwin foundation, an open source POSIX-compliant
UNIX OS. In this sense iOS can be considered a variant of
UNIX. iOS is made up of four abstraction layers: Core
OS, Core Services, Media, and Cocoa Touch6 [15, 20]:
i. Core OS: The kernel of the operating system,
which includes basic low-level features: system
support—threads, sockets, IO, DNS, math,
memory—general security services—certificates,
private/public keys, encryption—external
hardware management, bluetooth, and sound and
image processing.
ii. Core Services: Fundamental system-services,
which are subdivided in different frameworks and
based on C and Objective C. It includes basic
application services, including accounts, contacts,
networking, data management, location, calendar
events, store purchasing, SQLite, and XML
support.
iii. Media Layer: Considers the high-level
frameworks, which are responsible for using
graphic (support for 2d and 3d graphics), audio-
and video technologies.
iv. Cocoa Touch: The UIKIT, which is an
Objective- C based framework and provides a
number of functionalities, which are necessary
for the development of an iOS Application like
the User Interface Management. It also includes
APIs for building applications—multitasking,
touch input, notifications, interface views, and
access to device data. Figure 3 below depicts the
ioS architecture.
Figure 3: Apple’s iOS Architecture [3]
Like in the sub-section 2.1 described above, iOS also
uses a similar sandboxing model [1]. Furthermore
applications must be signed with an issued certificate. This
ensures that application have not been manipulated and
ensures the runtime to check if an application has not
become un-trusted since it was last used. Uneven Android
applications, iOS applications can only be signed with an
official certification [2].
2.3 Windows Phone
Windows Phone is a proprietary smartphone operating
system developed by Microsoft [10]. It is the successor to
Windows Mobile, although it is incompatible with the
earlier platform [24]. It was launched in 2010 under the
name Windows Phone 7. Various hardware manufacturers
including HTC, Samsung, LG, and Nokia are developing
Windows Phone devices. In February 2011 Nokia and
Microsoft announced that Windows Phone 7 would be the
primary OS for all future Nokia smartphones. Windows
Phone 7 received a major upgrade (7.5 Mango) in

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February 2011, adding features that had been missing in
the original release. The second generation Windows
Phone 8 was released in October 2012 [15].
Windows Phone 7’s architecture required a hardware
layer that meets Microsoft’s minimum system
requirements: an ARM7 CPU, a DirectX 9-capable GPU,
256MB RAM and 8GB of flash memory, a 5-megapixel
camera, a multi-touch capacitive display, an A-GPS, an
accelerometer, a compass, proximity and light sensors, and
six physical buttons: back, start, and search; camera,
power/sleep, and volume [23]. The Windows Phone kernel
handles low-level device driver access as well as basic
security, networking, and storage. Three libraries: an App
Model for application management, a UI model for user-
interface management, and a Cloud Integration module for
web search via Bing, location services, push notifications,
and so on sit above the kernel [15]. Application-facing
APIs include Sliverlight, XNA, HTML/JavaScript and the
Common Language Runtime (CLR) that supports C# or
VB .Net applications. The kernel itself is a proprietary
Windows OS design for embedded devices that combines
Windows Embedded CE 6.0 R3 and Windows Embedded
Compact 77. Windows Phone 8 replaced the Windows CE
kernel with one based on Windows NT. This is meant in
part to mimic the Windows 8 desktop OS, allowing for
easier porting of applications between the two operating
systems. Figure 4 below depicts the windows phone
architecture.
Figure 4: Microsoft’s Windows Phone Architecture [23]
2.4 Blackberry OS
BlackBerry OS is developed by Research in Motion
(RIM) for their BlackBerry smart phones and tablet
devices [20]. BlackBerry OS 1.0 debuted in January 1999
as part of BlackBerry’s pager/email devices. One of the
main strengths of BlackBerry devices is their ability to
handle corporate email. BlackBerry OS supports the Java
Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) and the
Wireless Application Profile (WAP). These protocols are
used to synchronize through a BlackBerry Enterprise
Server (BES) with push-based calendar, task, contact,
email, and note exchange. BES provides the capacity,
security, remote wipe, and other features that corporations
require for mobile devices that access internal networks
and/or corporate data. BlackBerry OS also provides the
BlackBerry Internet Service (BIS), a client-specific
method to allow Internet access for individual users [15].
This allows consumer customers to access personal
email, browse the web, and so on. BlackBerry OS
originally supported applications written in C++. One type
of application is a Mobile Data Services (MDS) runtime,
which is a container for processing and display data,
usually pushed from a user’s corporate system. Java ME
was also supported, and was used to build applications
with access to OS APIs that provide access to standard UI
widgets and different OS services [15]. Both BlackBerry
OS 6 and OS 7 were designed to encourage application
development. Programming is now done in Java for
phones, and in C++ or web-based languages for the
PlayBook tablet. OS-supported APIs include browsing,
mail, phone, PDA apps, LDAP, UI, http, math,
cryptography, and so on. A C++ Native Development Kit
was recently made available to support development on
BlackBerry’s PlayBook tablet OS. BlackBerry PlayBook
OS 1.0, which is available only on the PlayBook, switched
to be QNX-based. QNX is a UNIX microkernel that was
originally developed in the 1980s and later re-purposed for
embedded devices. RIM purchased QNX in April 2010,
with plans to transition its upcoming smartphones to OS
10 and QNX. Blackberry 10, together with the Z10 and
Q10 Blackberry smartphones, were released in January
2013 [15].
2.5 webOS
webOS is a proprietary mobile operating system
running on the Linux kernel, initially developed by Palm,
which launched with the Palm Pre [8]. The webOS
interface revolves around “cards,” individual applications
that are presented one-at-a-time and can be scrolled
through horizontally like a deck of cards to move
applications from the foreground to the background. On
startup, a launcher screen with a grid of icons is presented,
together with a quick-launch bar holding commonly-used
applications. The UI supports standard touch and gesture
commands like tap, swipe, and pinch. webOS’s Core OS is
built on a Linux 2.6 kernel, with device drivers, an ext3
file system, network communication, and bluetooth.
Above this sits the UI System Manager, which is
responsible for window, UI, and application management.
The Mojo JavaScript framework provides application-
facing APIs, and the webOS Services Manager offers
access to location, phone, camera, and so on. webOS
applications are programmed in HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript, and use Mojo and webOS services for UI and
OS support [15].

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Figure 5: Simplified webOS Architecture [17]
2.6 Symbian OS
Symbian is a mobile device OS developed by Nokia. It
was originally the EPOC graphical operating system for
PSION portable devices [12]. In 1998 PSION, Nokia,
Ericsson, and Motorola formed Symbian OS. Currently,
however, the Symbian Foundation is run and maintained
by Nokia alone, providing access to Symbian through
standard licensing agreements.
The original Symbian OS was divided into two parts: a
core OS that supported a Device Family Reference Design
(DFRD) and a UI built on the DFRD. This allowed
different UIs to be built for different types of devices, or
for different manufacturers’ handsets, but with a common
OS core. Examples included the Pearl UI used by Nokia
and the Quartz UI used by Ericsson. This strategy was
later abandoned and different UIs were spun off to
different companies.
The latest version of Symbian is Symbian OS 9.5,
released in March 2007. Follow on versions include
Symbianˆ1, Symbianˆ2, and Symbianˆ3, which was
released in 2010. Symbianˆ3 includes modern mobile OS
technologies like 2D and 3D graphics acceleration, touch-
based interaction, and UI widgets. In May 2011, an update
for Symbianˆ3, Symbian Anna, was officially announced,
followed by Nokia Belle (previously Symbian Belle) in
August 2011. Symbian OS follows a familiar architecture.
It is built on a nanokernel/microkernel core with basic
localization and screen drivers. Base services sit above the
kernel, and include low-level libraries, media frameworks,
XML, file system management, and hardware abstraction
[15]. OS services provide communication, telephony,
networking, multimedia, and graphics. These support an
Application Services layer with application-facing APIs
for development and an interface layer to manage the UI.
A JVM (Java ME) is also included above the OS services
layer. Nokia provides SDKs for Symbian development
that supports a variety of languages, including C++ and
Java.
3 Mobile Application Development
Mobile application development is the process by which
application software is developed for low-power handheld
devices, such as personal digital assistants, enterprise
digital assistants or mobile phones. These applications can
be pre-installed on phones during manufacturing,
downloaded by customers from various mobile software
distribution platforms, or delivered as web applications
using server-side or client-side processing (e.g. JavaScript)
to provide an “application-like” experience within a Web
browser [21].
As part of the development process, mobile user
interface (UI) design is also an essential in the creation of
mobile apps. Mobile UI considers constraints & contexts,
screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user
is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the
interface entails components of both hardware and
software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a
system, and device's output allows the system to indicate
the effects of the users’ manipulation. Mobile UI design
constraints include limited attention and form factors, such
as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand(s).
Mobile UI contexts signal cues from user activity, such as
location and scheduling that can be shown from user
interactions within a mobile application. Overall, mobile
UI design’s goal is primarily for an understandable, user-
friendly interface. The UI of mobile apps should: consider
users’ limited attention, minimize keystrokes, and be task-
oriented with a minimum set of functions.
This section, reviews briefly user interface toolkits
most frequently used to develop client applications for the
mobile platforms considered in section 2 above.
3.1 Qt
Qt is an open-source cross-platform user interface
toolkit [19]. Qt is written in C++ and offers a powerful
extension of C++ syntax in form of signals and slots
(which are used for event generation and consumption by
any class descending from Qt root class, QObject), and
also meta-object model, which permits querying objects
for the properties, signals and slots they support. Qt
provides an intuitive C++ class library with a rich set of
application building blocks for C++ development. Qt goes
beyond C++ in the areas of inter-object communication
and flexibility for advanced GUI development [19].
Qt is possible to use for Symbian development (using
Eclipse-based Carbon IDE and Qt SDK for Symbian),
Maemo/MeeGo development, along with desktop
development for a wide range of OSs (Linux, FreeBSD,
Windows, Mac OS X). Maemo/MeeGo and recent
Symbian releases have Qt libraries pre-installed. For early
Symbian versions a Qt installer is available, which ensures
all the necessary libraries are set up. With careful
development of user interface (using a versatile
mechanism of Qt Layouts), it is possible to create different
platform versions of the application by simple
recompilation. Support of OpenGL ES 2.0 in the
QOpenGL library allows for creation of compelling 3D
interactive user experiences.
Qt Mobility library is also offered, which provides easy
access to the mobility features, such as geolocation (GPS),
accelerometer measurements, battery state and device
system information [25]. Compared to Java, Qt has the
advantage of being compiled directly to the OSs and hence
it does not need any ‘translating layer’ like JVM. This
solves the speed and complexities, which have been
connected to JVM. Another important factor is the huge
investment and focus from Nokia on Qt that is a heavy
argument for seeing it to be a valid competitor with other
software development tools.

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3.2 Java Platform Micro Edition
Java Platform, Micro Edition, or Java ME, is a Java
platform designed for embedded systems (mobile devices
are one kind of such systems). Target devices range from
industrial controls to mobile phones (especially feature
phones) and set-top boxes. Java ME was formerly known
as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). Java ME is the
smallest addition to the Java family. The other members of
the Java family are the Java Platform Standard Edition
(Java SE) and the Java Platform Enterprise Edition (Java
EE). The former is intended for conventional desktop
applications development, while the latter one is
specifically intended for building distributed applications
with emphasis on the server side development and web
applications. Java ME is intended to build applications
running on mobiles and other embedded devices [5].
The Java ME architecture defines configurations,
profiles and optional packages as elements for building
complete Java runtime environments that meet the
requirements for a broad range of devices and target
markets. Each combination is optimized for the memory,
processing power, and I/O capabilities of a related
category of devices. The result is a common Java platform
that fully leverages each type of device to deliver a rich
user experience.
Figure 6: Java ME architecture [9]
In Java ME two different configurations exist [9]:
i. Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC):
CLDC is the smaller of the two configurations,
designed for devices with intermittent network
connections, slow processors and limited memory –
devices such as mobile phones, two way pagers and
PDAs. These devices typically have either 16- or 32-
bit CPUs and a minimum of 128 KB to 512 KB of
memory available for the Java platform
implementation and associated applications.
ii. Connected Device Configuration (CDC): CDC is
designed for devices that have more memory, faster
processors, and greater network bandwidth, such as
TV set-top boxes, residential gateways, in-vehicle
telematics systems, and high-end PDAs. CDC
includes a full-featured Java virtual machine, and a
much larger subset of the Java SE platform than
CLDC. As a result, most CDC-targeted devices have
32- bit CPUs and a minimum of 2MB of memory
available for the Java platform and associated
applications.
3.3 Silverlight
Microsoft Silverlight is an application framework for
writing and running Internet applications. The run-time
environment for Silverlight is available as a plug-in for
web browsers running under Microsoft Windows and Mac
OS X. Silverlight is one of the two application
development platforms for Windows Phone, but web
pages which use Silverlight cannot run on the Windows
Phone or Windows Mobile versions of Internet Explorer,
as there is no Silverlight plug-in for Internet Explorer on
those platforms [14]. It is also compatible with later
versions of Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google
Chrome web browsers on Microsoft Windows (except
Windows RT) operating systems, with Firefox and Safari
under Mac and OS X, and with mobile devices using the
Windows Mobile and Symbian (Series 60 platforms) [22].
Silverlight provides a retained mode graphics system
similar to Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), and
integrates multimedia, graphics, animations and
interactivity into a single run-time environment. In
Silverlight applications, user interfaces are declared in
Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) and
programmed using a subset of the .NET Framework.
XAML can be used for marking up the vector graphics
and animations. Silverlight applications can be written in
any .NET programming language. As such, any
development tools which can be used with .NET
languages can work with Silverlight, provided they can
target the Silverlight CoreCLR for hosting the application,
instead of the .NET Framework CLR.
4.0 Conclusion
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a number
of competing technological platforms for mobile
communication devices where device manufacturers go
beyond the terminal market and take share in the value
creation at services and content level. The paper has been
able review and compare the major mobile operating
systems and user interface toolkits from technological and
developers’ standpoints. With respect to mobile operating
systems, Symbian has for long time been the dominating
technology, however, it seems that in the transition to the
smartphones other operating systems like Android, iOS,
Blackberry OS and Windows phone are in the lead
presently. Specifically, the Google’s Android initiative of
developing an OS which can run on all mobile devices has
many made the Android the most used and popular mobile
operating the world over.
With respect to software platforms, Java ME has been
the far dominating platform for mobile devices. However,
it has been heavy and slow to work with. In the recent
years Qt is getting more attention and focus as it is highly
platform agnostic and does not have the extra layer of
complexity.

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An analysis of the various mobile operating systems
reviewed with their corresponding deployed software
development platform is depicted in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Comparison of Major Mobile Operating Systems
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