Mobile Privacy And Security
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The document summarizes a security audit performed on an iPhone. The researcher was able to gain root access to the iPhone using a default password for OpenSSH. They then analyzed over 2000 property list files, converting them to XML and searching for personal information like names, phone numbers, emails and call logs. The researcher extracted a significant amount of private data and notes that with malicious intent, data could also have been deleted or erased without a trace. Recommendations include changing default passwords, limiting app access to data, and not leaving wireless connections active when not in use.
![References & Secondary Research
Pew Research Center. Internet & American Life Project. 2009. Survey. http://www.pewinternet.org/.
CTIA. A Generation Unplugged. s.l. : Harris Interactive, 2008. Research Study.
http://files.ctia.org/pdf/HI_TeenMobileStudy_ResearchReport.pdf.
Radwanick, Sarah. The 2009 U.S. Digital Year in Review. s.l. : comScore, 2010. p. 13, Whitepaper.
http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2010/The_2009_U.S._Digital_Year_in_Review.
Gostev, Alexander. Mobile Malware Evolution: An Overview, Part 3. SECURELIST. [Online] September 29, 2009. [Cited:
April 1, 2010.] http://www.viruslist.com/analysis/?pubid=204792080.
Weiss, Gregg. Staggering iPhone App Development Statistics Unveiled at Macworld 2010. prMac.com. [Online]
February 3, 2010. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://prmac.com/release-id-10499.htm.
Hughes, Neil. Piper: 15.8M US iPhone sales in 2010, even without Verizon. AppleInsider. [Online] January 6, 2010. [Cited:
April 1, 2010.]
http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/01/06/piper_15_8m_us_iphone_sales_in_2010_even_without_verizon.html.
Cheng, Jacqui. The truth about the iPhone's sales numbers. Ars Technica. [Online] January 23, 2008. [Cited: April 1,
2010.] http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2008/01/the-truth-about-the-iphones-sales-numbers.ars.
Rubicon Consulting. The Apple iPhone: Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry. 2008.
http://rubiconconsulting.com/downloads/whitepapers/Rubicon-iPhone_User_Survey.pdf.
Seriot, Nicolas. iPhone Privacy. 2010. Technical Report. http://seriot.ch/resources/talks_papers/iPhonePrivacy.pdf.
Pwn2Own 2010: iPhone hacked, SMS database hijacked. ZDNet. [Online] March 24, 2010. [Cited: April 1, 2010.]
http://blogs.zdnet.com/security/?p=5836.
A look back at the iTunes App Store - Part I: Explosive Growth. Edible Apple. [Online] July 8, 2009. [Cited: April 1, 2010.]
http://www.edibleapple.com/a-look-back-at-the-itunes-app-store-part-i-explosive-growth/.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mobileprivacyandsecurity-12844400975898-phpapp02/85/Mobile-Privacy-And-Security-22-320.jpg)
Mobile Privacy And Security
- 1. Mobile Privacy and Security With the iPhone James Wernicke April 28, 2007
- 2. Goal and Objectives Demonstrate weaknesses in accepted mobile security and privacy practices. Evaluate the security and privacy features of the iPhone. Perform a security audit on an iPhone. Develop a security application for the iPhone for general users. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 3. Background Mobile devices are ubiquitous in today‟s society. 3G networks and unlimited data plans continue to rise in popularity. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 4. Background Mobile malware is becoming more prevalent. Stolen information includes emails, text messages, contact lists, and browser history. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 5. Background No operating system is completely safe. Platforms are more familiar and easier to hack. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 6. Background The iPhone is no exception. Source: http://seriot.ch/resources/talks_papers/iPhonePrivacy.pdf Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 7. New Technologies, New Problems Limited resources Interface Touch displays Small displays Gestures Location tracking Always-on, high-speed connections Desktop-based operating systems Native web-based hybrid applications Accelerometers Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 8. iPhone Specifications Communications GSM/EDGE, UMTS/HSDPA, Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g), Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR, and USB 2.0 Display 3.5-inch widescreen Multi-Touch display Recording 3-megapixel camera, auto-focus, VGA recording up to 30 fps, geotagging Storage 8, 16, or 32 GB Power Up to 300 hours standby, 12 hours talk, 9 hours Wi-Fi, 10 hours video, 30 hours audio Support for most common file formats. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 9. Software iPhone OS File system is “sandboxed” to protect critical system files from third-party software. Key pieces of information stored in SQLite databases. Apps Thousands of apps for personal information management, remote access and entertainment. No (official) firewall or anti-virus software. App development is open, but App Store checks apps for malicious code before release. Jailbreaking Unlocks restrictions on the iPhone to allow full UNIX functionality. As a negative consequence, it also removes safeguards. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 10. Test Subject The iPhone was heavily used containing information including: Email Contacts Calendar Web browsing history Stored Wi-Fi networks Pictures and videos Maps Apps Jailbroken iPhone OS version 2.3.2 Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 11. iPhone Security Audit 1. Scan for transmissions. 2. Probe for information and possible vulnerabilities. 3. Attempt to exploit vulnerabilities to gain control. 4. If successful, attempt to find and retrieve valuable information. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 12. Scanning and Probing Tools Ethereal Captures and analyzes data packets transmitted over the air. Useful for determining what type of traffic a user is transmitting (HTTP, FTP, SFTP) Nmap Probes an interface for details about its operating system and ports. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 13. Exploiting Vulnerabilities 192.168.0.73 found to be iPhone OS. Port 22 (OpenSSH) found open on it. OpenSSH installs with „alpine‟ as default password. Successfully penetrated device using default password. bash-4.0$ ssh root@192.168.0.73 root@192.168.0.73’s password: iPhone:~ root# _ Time to look for some information… Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 14. Property Lists Property lists are often used to store a user's settings, and information about applications. <dict> <key>Name</key> <string>James Wernicke</string> <key>Age</key> <integer>29</integer> </dict> The iPhone uses these files to store virtually all personal information. Passcode is stored encrypted in the Keychain. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 15. Analyzing Property Lists Property lists cannot be read in their native binary format. private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ cat .GlobalPreferences.plist bplist00Ö *[TVOutStatus[AppleLocale^AppleKeyboards_AppleKeyboardsExpanded^AppleLanguages_SBFor mattedPhoneNumberÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿUen_US¡¯!"#$%&'()RenResRjaRfrRdeRnlRitRptUpt- PTRdaRfiRnbRsvRkoWzh-HansWzh-HantRruRplRtrRukRarRhrRcsRelRheRroRskRthRidRms_1 (858) 603-5873 Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 16. Analyzing Property Lists Converted to XML format using plutil. private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ plutil -convert xml1 .GlobalPreferences.plist Converted 1 files to XML format private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ cat .GlobalPreferences.plist <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0"> <dict> <key>AppleKeyboards</key> <array> <string>en_US</string> </array> <key>AppleKeyboardsExpanded</key> <integer>1</integer> <key>AppleLanguages</key> <key>SBFormattedPhoneNumber</key> <string>1 (858) 603-5873</string> <key>TVOutStatus</key> <integer>-1</integer> </dict> </plist> Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 17. Analyzing Property Lists Personal information can then be found and extracted. private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ grep PhoneNumber .* .GlobalPreferences.plist: <key>SBFormattedPhoneNumber</key> /private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ plutil - key SBFormattedPhoneNumber .GlobalPreferences.plist 1 (858) 603-5873 Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 18. Analyzing Property Lists Personal information can then be found and extracted. private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ grep PhoneNumber .* .GlobalPreferences.plist: <key>SBFormattedPhoneNumber</key> /private/var/mobile/Library/Preferences/mobile$ plutil - key SBFormattedPhoneNumber .GlobalPreferences.plist 1 (858) 603-5873 Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 19. Analyzing Property Lists Over 2000 property lists were found on the test iPhone. Analyzing each by hand would be very expensive. Program developed to find property lists, convert them to XML, search for common keywords, and retrieve their values. plister.sh plbackup.sh plist2xml.sh keyfinder.sh Future development to lead to security app. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 20. Results Found identifying information about the device passively by monitoring air traffic. Found open ports through probes. Gained root access to system through SSH exploit. Collected personal information. Name, phone number, and birthday Contact list and calendar Emails, text messages, and call logs Browsing history and bookmarks Pictures, songs and videos Could have also destroyed data including erasing my tracks. Objectives – Background – Specifications – Security Audit - Conclusion
- 21. Recommendations & Lessons Learned Open up the iPhone OS to security vendors. Use discretion when allowing apps to access personal information. NEVER leave the default password active on your OpenSSH server. Do not leave connections (3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) active when not in use. Do not use unprotected wireless networks.
- 22. References & Secondary Research Pew Research Center. Internet & American Life Project. 2009. Survey. http://www.pewinternet.org/. CTIA. A Generation Unplugged. s.l. : Harris Interactive, 2008. Research Study. http://files.ctia.org/pdf/HI_TeenMobileStudy_ResearchReport.pdf. Radwanick, Sarah. The 2009 U.S. Digital Year in Review. s.l. : comScore, 2010. p. 13, Whitepaper. http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2010/The_2009_U.S._Digital_Year_in_Review. Gostev, Alexander. Mobile Malware Evolution: An Overview, Part 3. SECURELIST. [Online] September 29, 2009. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://www.viruslist.com/analysis/?pubid=204792080. Weiss, Gregg. Staggering iPhone App Development Statistics Unveiled at Macworld 2010. prMac.com. [Online] February 3, 2010. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://prmac.com/release-id-10499.htm. Hughes, Neil. Piper: 15.8M US iPhone sales in 2010, even without Verizon. AppleInsider. [Online] January 6, 2010. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/01/06/piper_15_8m_us_iphone_sales_in_2010_even_without_verizon.html. Cheng, Jacqui. The truth about the iPhone's sales numbers. Ars Technica. [Online] January 23, 2008. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2008/01/the-truth-about-the-iphones-sales-numbers.ars. Rubicon Consulting. The Apple iPhone: Successes and Challenges for the Mobile Industry. 2008. http://rubiconconsulting.com/downloads/whitepapers/Rubicon-iPhone_User_Survey.pdf. Seriot, Nicolas. iPhone Privacy. 2010. Technical Report. http://seriot.ch/resources/talks_papers/iPhonePrivacy.pdf. Pwn2Own 2010: iPhone hacked, SMS database hijacked. ZDNet. [Online] March 24, 2010. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://blogs.zdnet.com/security/?p=5836. A look back at the iTunes App Store - Part I: Explosive Growth. Edible Apple. [Online] July 8, 2009. [Cited: April 1, 2010.] http://www.edibleapple.com/a-look-back-at-the-itunes-app-store-part-i-explosive-growth/.
- 23. Questions?
- 24. Sandboxing Rules (version 1) (allow file-write* (deny default) (regex "^/private/var/tmp/UpdatedSnapshots/$")) ; Sandbox violations get logged to syslog via kernel logging. ; Permit reading and writing in the App container (debug deny) (allow file-read* (allow sysctl-read) (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Applications/ ; Mount / umount commands XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX(/|$)")) (deny file-write-mount file-write-umount) (allow file-write* ; System is read only (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Applications/ (allow file-read*) XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX- (deny file-write*) XXXXXXXXXXXX/(tmp|Library|Documents)(/|$)")) ; NOTE: Later rules override earlier rules. (allow process-exec ; Private areas (regex #"^/private/var/mobile/Applications/ (deny file-write* XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX- (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Applications/.*$")) XXXXXXXXXXXX/.*.app(/|$)")) (deny file-read* ; Allow Address book access via filesystem (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Applications/.*$")) ; This is an SQLite3 database - there is room to make the rules ; SQLite uses /private/var/tmp tighter ; TBR: <rdar://problem/5805879> SQLite doesn’t honor (allow file-write* ; the TMPDIR environment variable (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Library/AddressBook(/|$)")) (allow file-write* (allow file-read* (regex "^/private/var/tmp(/|$)")) (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Library/AddressBook(/|$)")) (allow file-read* ; Allow keyboard db access via filesystem (regex "^/private/var/tmp(/|$)")) ; This is a custom file format. There is room to make the rules ; TBR: <rdar://problem/5806524> tighter (allow process-exec (allow file-write* (regex "^/private/var/tmp$")) (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Library(/Keyboard)?(/|$)")) ; TBR: <rdar://problem/5830139> (allow file-read*
- 25. Sandboxing Rules (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Library(/Keyboard)?(/|$)")) ; (allow network-outbound) ; Pictures, but not other media ; (to unix-socket "/private/var/run/asl_input")) ; Allow photo access via filesystem. There is room to make the rules (allow network*) tighter ; To allow crash reporter / exceptions to kill the process (deny file-write* (allow signal (target self)) (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media(/|$)")) (deny file-read* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/")) (allow file-write* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/com.apple.itunes.lock_sync$")) (allow file-read* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/com.apple.itunes.lock_sync$")) (allow file-write* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/DCIM(/|$)")) (allow file-read* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/DCIM(/|$)")) (allow file-read* (regex "^/private/var/mobile/Media/Photos(/|$)")) ; Mach lookups. There is room to make the rule tighter. (allow mach-lookup) ;; (global-name "PurpleSystemEventPort") ;; (global-name "com.apple.CARenderServer") ;; (global-name "com.apple.eventpump") ;; (global-name "com.apple.springboard.migserver") ;; (global-name "com.apple.system.notification_center")) (deny process-fork) ; For ASL logs - /var/run/asl_input (XXX: socket can now be named)
- 30. More Results Type Results Google Maps Yes Call logs 100 Voicemail 0 SMS 120 Password No Contacts 1511 Plists/XML Yes Email 512 Phone Info Yes Calendar 3188 Video 0 Notes 1 Podcasts 0 Pictures 27 Speed Dials Found Songs 2359 VPN List of trusted networks found Web History Yes Bluetooth Enabled Bookmarks Some GPS No Cookies Bank of America File hashes Yes App Info Yes YouTube Found recently viewed videos Recent weather page plus HTML Facebook