Modern trends.pptx.pdf in the electrical engineering
- 1. Modern trends in transformers include • Digital transformers: An integral component of digital substations. • HVDC converter transformers: Used to transmit large amounts of electricity over long distances with fewer losses. • Phase-shifting transformers: Control active power flow on three-phase electric transmission networks. • Energy-efficient transformers: Support greater energy demands with high reliability. • Amorphous core transformers: Made of materials that are in contact with voltage and current. • Controlled shunt reactors: Used to control reactive power and maximize efficiency of lines.
- 2. Operational principle of digital transformers A digital transformer is constituted of three elements 1. hardware, 2. software and 3. services which function seamlessly in order to manage the flow efficiently, reliably and safely. The hardware consists of digital sensors, dissolved gas analysers and digital safety devices to continuously gather real-time data for monitoring, diagnostics and control at the local level. The same data can also be preventive and predictive maintenance at the station control level, via the cloud.
- 3. • The transformer will constantly supply data in real time to a control room and if there are any red flags or anomalies in any component of the digital transformer, it will immediately identify them and alert the control room. • Subsequently, the control room will trigger an immediate inspection of the specific parts, in accordance with a predetermined plan. Such a rapid response will help in resolving issues even before they affect grid operations. • Digital transformers also include auxiliary digital technologies such as submersible transformer, inspection robots and dry-type transformers. • Submersible transformer robots can be used for monitoring and supervising liquid/ oil-filled transformers, with minimal risk to remotely situated personnel. • Additionally, they are endowed with the capacity to perform a meticulous observation of the system and record it, ensuring that the inconspicuous/inaccessible components receive the same attention as visible components.
- 4. Advantages • digital transformer is that it provides the precise amount of power required and immediately responds to fluctuations in the power grid • digital transformers are able to extrapolate the wear and tear caused by load changes and estimate the next outage, or next time a component would be inoperative,
- 5. HVDC converter transformers • HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) converter transformers play a crucial role in HVDC systems, which are used to transmit electricity over long distances with reduced losses compared to traditional AC systems. Here’s an overview of their key features and functions. • Key Functions • Voltage Conversion: HVDC converter transformers step up or step down the voltage levels for transmission, adapting the voltage for both the transmission line and the converter stations. • Isolation: They provide electrical isolation between the AC network and the HVDC system, enhancing safety and protecting equipment.
- 6. • Phase Shift: In some systems, they can introduce a phase shift to help control power flow and manage system stability. • Harmonic Filtering: They can help mitigate harmonics generated by the converter, improving the quality of the power being transmitted.
- 7. • Operating Principle • AC Input: The transformer receives high-voltage AC input from the electrical grid. This voltage level is typically in the range of tens to hundreds of kilovolts. • Step-Up or Step-Down: Depending on the system design, the transformer either steps up or steps down the AC voltage to the required level for the converter station. • Isolation and Protection: The transformer provides electrical isolation between the AC system and the HVDC system, protecting both systems from faults and surges. • Phase Shift: In some designs, converter transformers introduce a controlled phase shift. This is particularly useful in multi-terminal DC systems for managing power flow and enhancing system stability. • Harmonic Mitigation: The design of the transformer can help reduce harmonics generated during the conversion process, thereby improving the quality of the power transmitted.
- 8. • Conversion Process • AC to DC Conversion: – After the transformer, the AC voltage is fed into a converter (often a thyristor or IGBT-based converter). – The converter rectifies the AC voltage, producing a DC output suitable for transmission. • DC to AC Conversion: – At the receiving end, the DC voltage is fed into another converter transformer. – The converter then inverts the DC back to AC, allowing it to be fed into the grid.
- 9. • Applications • Interconnection of Grids: HVDC systems allow different power grids to connect, facilitating the exchange of electricity. • Renewable Energy Integration: They are essential for transmitting power from remote renewable energy sources, like offshore wind farms, to urban centers. • Long-Distance Transmission: HVDC is preferred for transmitting power over long distances, minimizing energy losses.
- 10. Phase-shifting transformers • A special kind of transformers like PST or Phase Shifting Transformer is used to control the active power flow on 3-phase transmission networks. • This can be done by changing the difference of voltage phase angle among the system nodes. • The working principle of a phase-shifting transformer mainly depends on an injection of a phase-shifted voltage source into the line using a series-connected transformer. This can be fed through a shunt transformer. These two transformer’s configuration mainly induces the phase shift. • A phase-shifting transformer or PST is an essential component that is used to enhance the efficiency of the AC network. When the transmitted energy increases then it will push the network to the edge, enhancing the threat of network insecurity.
- 11. construction of a phase-shifting transformer • The construction of a phase-shifting transformer mainly includes two sets of the transformer. The first one is the shunt unit that is connected in parallel through the transmission line whereas the second one is the series unit that is connected within series through the transmission line.
- 12. • The shunt unit is used to shift the power angle by 90° to apply this power toward the series unit. Lastly, the series unit includes the phase-shifted power toward the transmission line. The modification of phase angle can be done by the blend of connection as well as the position of tap change. These kinds of transformers are also called phase angle regulator (PAR), phase angle regulating transformer, phase shifter, phase-shifting transformer otherwise quadrature booster.
- 13. The Function of Phase Shifting Transformer • The function of phase-shifting transformers includes the following. • These transformers are used to control the flow of power among two power systems that are big in size. • To modify the efficient phase displacement among the i/p voltage as well as the o/p voltage for a transmission line, therefore controlling the quantity of active power that can supply within the line. • The loading can be balanced when the power systems are allied jointly in the above one point so that loops will exist & the impedances within parallel lanes result in the undesired flow of power distribution within the lanes. • To guard from thermal overload as well as to progress the stability of the transmission system.