Modernization and regionalism approaches for sustainable

Procedia Engineering 21 (2011) 503 – 512
1877-7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2044
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000–000
Procedia
Engineering
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2011 International Conference on Green Buildings and Sustainable Cities
Modernization and regionalism: Approaches for sustainable
revival of local urban identity
Sherine Shafik Ahmed Alya∗
a
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
Abstract
Place identity is a fundamental aspect that contributes to shape the identity of communities. This research investigates
a deeper understanding of urban identity. It aims at studying the different approaches of remodeling and re-
establishing identity in local urban spaces in a way that matches modern design principles and sustainability while
conserving the local identity. As a guide to this process, study of a relevant example that attempt to revive place
identity will be explored. In the end, the guidelines formulated will be applied to develop Al Morsi Abul-Abbas
Mosque Complex public square in Alexandria, to put emphasis on the place's identity.
© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of APAAS
Keywords : Identity; heritage; regionalism; revival; urban design; social sustainability.
1. Introduction
Identity is the foundation to place attachment and sense of belonging. It is a reflection of people's
traditions, culture, aspirations, needs, and their future. In the past, the local community with its beliefs and
creative abilities was an integral part of the design and building process. Consequently, the architectural
product succeeded in expressing the identity of this community and maintained elements of continuity and
distinction. Nowadays, most of the design and building processes are based on imported trends, and the
product is alien and does not express the values of the community and local urban spaces lost their
identity. This contradiction represents the key issue of the crisis of identity in contemporary Arab city.
Arab architecture is suffering from the absence of values and principles derived from the architectural
heritage, ignorance of local climate and materials, in addition to the lack of integrating modern technology
∗
Corresponding author. Tel.: 002 012 249 0749
E-mail addresses: sherry_aly@yahoo.com

504 Sherine Shafik Ahmed Aly / Procedia Engineering 21 (2011) 503 – 512Sherine Shafik Aly / Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000–000
with local values. Tradition must be respected but development is the key of our existence. Development
and identity could move in parallel. Architectural styles and techniques could also be developed with
respect to their original ideals.
This research investigates a deeper understanding of urban identity and heritage. It aims at studying the
different approaches of remodeling and re-establishing identity in local urban spaces in a way that
matches modern design principles and sustainability using new materials, expression, abstraction, and
sustainable intent, while maintaining and conserving the local identity. An approach that blends between
the traditional and the modern to revive the urban identity must be devised and applied. As a guide to this
process, study of a relevant example that attempt to revive place identity will be explored. In the end, the
guidelines formulated will be applied to develop Al Morsi Abul-Abbas Mosque Complex public square in
Alexandria, to put emphasis on the place's identity.
2. Problem Statement:
In this age of globalization and environmental crisis, the ethical consciousness is heightened and the
desire to design appropriately for a place, its climate and people, with appropriate technology is increasing.
The major obstacle is the way that architects generally think about what is modern and traditional
exclusively in formal terms. Accordingly the first implies rejection of historical models, standardization,
and an abstract purity of form, open frame structures and flexible spaces, while the second implies
historical and vernacular forms, variety, rich lines and solid wall structures.
The problem has two sides that lead to the same result which is the loss of identity. One of them is that
urban designers do not understand the importance of the urban space so in turn build lifeless spaces with
no particular design, use or identity. The other side of the problem is the modern approach that has lead to
an international identity cancelling local identities.
Influences that are labeled “modern”, and “innovative” impose a one-dimensional view of how cities
should work. This is a step backward from what cities need: more humane, sustainable cities for the 21st
century. The problem is that both approaches fail to regard the people's needs. In the first case, the poorly
designed empty squares may either be deserted or it may grow organically through a series of adaptations
and additions by the people. This results in a disorganized public space with no order or defining features.
The second approach also disregards people's needs by offering modern, innovative designs that people
fail to interact with. Therefore, the designed spaces do not respect culture, social traditions and even the
human scale.
3. Methodology:
This research uses an inductive and deductive methodology through data collection to achieve a deeper
understanding about identity, urban identity and different approaches to revive the urban identity. This
could be done by analyzing the local adaptations and additions done to already existing spaces through
field visits and interviews with people to understand their points of view and needs. Through an analytical
methodology a relevant example that attempt to reinvent the local identity will be studied. Thus,
guidelines for re-inventing local urban identity will be devised to be applied to the urban redesign of El Al
Morsi Abul Abbas Mosque Complex public plaza.
4. Definition of Identity:
Identity is neither an easily reducible, nor a separable quality of places—it is neither constant and
absolute, nor is it constantly changing and variable. Identity is the glue which binds people together and

505Sherine Shafik Ahmed Aly / Procedia Engineering 21 (2011) 503 – 512Sherine Shafik Aly / Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000–000
connects them to place. It is the opposite of rootlessness. It brings a sense of belonging, a cohesive force
which can be powerful enough to overcome some aspects of economic deprivation and physical decline.
A strong sense of identity can be an attractor, bringing new investment and talent into an area. [1]
Identity is a process, and not a found object. It may be linked to the trail left by civilization as it moves
through history. The trail is the culture, or identity, of that civilization. Being a process, identity cannot be
fabricated. Identity is not a self-conscious thing, we find our identity by understanding ourselves and our
environment. It is a by-product of looking at our real problems, rather than self-consciously trying to find
identity as an end in itself, without worrying about the issues we face. [2]
Efforts to maintain continuity of tradition are strongly linked to the impact of religion within our
culture. These traditions can be linked with what is called the “cultural core.” It differentiates the cultural
core from “peripheral” values, which are modified according to changes in life circumstances. Unlike
these changing peripheral values, it is argued that the cultural core continues as a determining factor in the
creation of individual identity. Most of the suggestions for maintaining identity center on re-using
traditional images. [3]
4.1. Definition of Urban Identity:
Urban identity is a reflection of all the local people's traditions, culture, aspirations grouped together. It
reflects their needs, their successes, their failures and their future. Constricted, the city is understood and
interpreted through the technical rather than the sensory, yet it is the sensory from which we build feeling
and emotion. Sensuous requirements may coincide or conflict with other demands but cannot be separated
from them in designing or judging urban spaces.
Social identity is basically derived from the belonging to or affiliation to precise categories, ethnic
groups, socio professional categories, religions, nationals, etc. with which individuals identify themselves
and which generate a group of internal and external attributions that define this identity. However, they
appear as axes from which urban identity are formed as a substructure of social identity. The vital
importance of public urban spaces is historical. The image of many squares was closely tied to the great
civic buildings located nearby, such as cathedrals, city halls, or libraries. Today, creating a square that
becomes the most significant place in a city--that gives identity to whole communities--is a huge
challenge. Any place should have its own special character to distinguish it from other places. The most
significant determinant of the urban identity is the local urban context that is formed by all elements of the
physical and natural elements. Conservation encourages identity since old environments are more usually
part of common heritage.
Cultural identity in contrast to individual identity concentrates on groups or social systems. By that,
space is one of the most important preconditions to develop cultural identity e.g. in its function as a
symbol, as space, where interactions take place. [4,5]
The notion of “identity” involves numerous determinants such as those of political and social order. As
such, it seems to be a “complex adaptive system”. Since cities are constantly changing, and evolving new
forms, their urban identity is created through the complex interaction of natural, social and built elements.
Therefore, the urban environment has to be considered from a historical perspective, not merely by
understanding historically significant buildings, but rather through the evolution of the local urban context,
with respect to human activity, built form, and nature. There were many approaches to the identity –
modernism debate.
4.2. Identity Preservation and Sustainability:

Sustainability has three main aspects: the environmental, social and economic aspects. While the
environmental aspect is all everyone talks about now, sometimes the social aspect is forgotten and people
claim to have reached sustainability only through environmental solutions. Social sustainability, like
environmental sustainability, strives to take future generations into consideration, and to live with the
awareness that our actions make an impact on others and the world at large. These aspects include
sustaining social justice, equity, relationships, character, etc….
In general a well designed space is characterized by character, continuity and enclosure, quality of the
public realm, ease of movement, legibility, adaptability, and diversity. All these elements combine to
create a convivial interactive urban space that affects its users. Social Sustainability is really evident in the
character aspect that constitutes one of the most imposing aspects of urban space. [6,7]
4.3. Basic elements of the urban identity:
The static physical setting, the activities, and the meaning constitute the three basic elements of the
urban identity of places. [8,9]
The first two of these elements can probably be easily appreciated, but the component of meaning is
much more difficult to grasp. Much more focus must be put on the sense of place which is the aura and
impression of this place. Meaning and character have more than a purely visual or spatial dimension, and
they cannot be instantly achieved by the implementation of a new urban design scheme.
Thus the physical component can be understood as comprising nature and the built environment.
Similarly activities can be distinguished as being creative, destructive or passive. Meanings can change
and be transferred from one set of objects to another, and they possess their own qualities of complexity,
obscurity, or clarity. Since place identity is a sub-structure of the self-identity of the person consisting of
broadly conceived cognitions about the physical world in which the individual lives. These cognitions
represent memories, ideas, values, meanings, and conceptions of behavior and experience. The Arab
urban & architectural features could be analyzed according to the previously mentioned elements as
follows:[10]
Physical Settings:
• Tendency to look inwards – Architecture of courtyards and enclosed spaces.
• The use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque).
• The use of decorative arabic calligraphy
• The use of warm colors.
• Passive environmental management
• Dense Fabric
Activities:
• Public festivals , fairs & family picnics.
• Cultural plazas for public speeches and festivals.
Meaning:
• Private yet integrated community
• Religious spirit
5. Different modern approaches to identity revival:
1. Design ideas could be developed on the fact that traditional architecture and urban design is an
indispensable reference for new projects. This includes a process of “Visual Abstraction” in which it
alludes to past architecture in a photographic sense. It decomposes traditional architecture into elements,
either at the level of facades or plan types, and then transfers them into projects. The copying is not literal

and involves some modification. The end result may be simpler than the original and different in the
overall composition, but it must visually recall the historical source from which it is derived. [3]
2. There is another approach named “Conceptual Abstraction” in which it analyses past architecture in
a manner that can yield rules and formulas for the new design. This abstraction is conceptual because
there is no direct visual resemblance to past architecture and may reveal modern technology in full thrust.
Analytical Example: Beirut Central District Revival in Lebanon.(Maarad-Nejmeh Square-Etoile.)
5.1. Historical Background:
Beirut city center contains sites and monuments spanning 5,000 years and layers of civilizations from
the Canaanite to the Ottoman, and Mamluk periods. The Beirut Central District was destroyed during the
Lebanese Civil War which extended from 1975 to 1990. Unable to reconstruct the center itself, the
Lebanese government turned to a private Real Estate Holding Company (REHCO), known by the
acronym Solidere, to take over the task of rebuilding. In 1991 Solidere was granted expropriation rights
over the Beirut Central District area, a space of approximately 150 hectares. After gaining independence
in 1943, Lebanon grew into a booming country due to its strong assets, its educated population, and its
liberal economic and political system. Beirut became a cosmopolitan city and its center became a regional
center for commerce, business, and tourism. [12,13]
Fig. 1. Analytical Example: Beirut Central District Revival in Lebanon.(Maarad-Nejmeh Square-Etoile.)
5.2. Project Components & Approach:
The city center (BCD) is a culturally rich and sophisticated capital, vibrant with art, music and theatre,
exhibitions and conferences; a music conservatoire, research, cultural and language centers, nursery,
primary and secondary schools; a heritage villa turned into a private museum; a children's science
museum; a regional research library and city archives. The master plan, comprising the traditional city
center plus its modern extension on the waterfront, involves the installation of a completely modern
infrastructure and provides an urban design framework for new construction and for the preservation of
buildings. Reflecting the site topography and main natural features, the plan maximizes views of the sea
and surrounding landscape including bays, hills and mountains, and creates boulevards and promenades.

Recognizing the city's heritage, it unearths many layers of history, preserves many buildings and
townscape features, re-establishes its fabric and neighborhood structures. Combining tradition and
innovation, it ensures the harmonious integration of traditional and modern architecture. It accommodates
a broad mix of land uses including business, government, residential, as well as cultural and recreational
facilities.[14]
5.3. Analysis of Identity treatment concerning Nejmeh Square & Maarad Street:
5.3.1. Physical settings:
a) Landscaping: Relatively little emphasis was put on the landscaping in the Nejmeh Square, compared
to the rest of BCD, in keeping with its original French Mandate character. The choice of trees and plants
aimed mostly at differentiating between the sub-areas by enhancing the character of each.
b) Hardscaping: Streets and sidewalk paving were designed to complement the characteristics of each
sector. The paving scheme implemented in the historic core complements the rich stonework on building
elevations. The choice of street finishing materials was used to distinguish between the vehicular and
pedestrian roads, thus visually articulating the hierarchy of the traffic network. In the historic core,
traditional paving, reminiscent of 1930s Beirut was installed using basalt cobblestones in pedestrian
streets, new basalt tiles in vehicular streets and yellow granite in sidewalks. Overall this treatment
provides visual continuity between pedestrian and vehicular surfaces and encourages outdoor activities.
c) Street furniture: Ornamental streetlights and lanterns were installed in the conservation area and
modern lighting poles elsewhere. Street furniture (culvert ventilation towers, bus shelters, police kiosks,
traffic barriers, telephone booths, benches, and planters) have been designed putting in consideration the
original street character. In line with the historical character of the area, the lanterns, brackets and
lampposts were replicated at their original manufacturer in France.
d) Building Restoration: Complete intricate restoration has been undertaken on the surrounding
buildings. The restoration has confirmed the sustainability of traditional districts and their great potential
for creating value once they are adapted to the needs of modern business and life. [12,13, 14]
5.3.2. Activities:
Many activities have been introduced in Nejmeh square. They include retail, commercial, residential
and recreational creating a lively neighborhood. Music Festivals are held there every year. It is also
considered as a touristic destination as it explains the history of Lebanon.
5.3.3. Meaning:
This district in general holds numerous painful memories for the Lebanese people as it was one of the
strongest showcases of war's effect on Lebanon. Yet, the new project puts aside some of these feelings
and reinforces the feeling of hope and revival as it has become one of the successful focal points of
Lebanon and the Middle East. It has now become a pride for all the Lebanese citizens as it illustrates their
insistence and their ability to move on after war and become leaders once again.
6. Case study: Abu El-Abbas Mosque & Complex Square, Alexandria, Egypt.
6.1. Site location & historical background:

Abu al-Abbas lived in Alexandria for 43 years as a
scholar and teacher until his death in 1286. He was buried
in a small building near the eastern harbor in Alexandria.
In 1307, El Sheikh Zein El Din Ibn El Qattan, one of the
richest traders of Alexandria, funded a mausoleum and
dome for the tomb, along with a small mosque. The tomb
of Abu al-Abbas became a place of pilgrimage for many
Muslims.
Fig. 2. Location of Abu-Abbas Square
The mosque was periodically restored over the centuries. Most of the present structure dates from 1775,
when the Algerian Sheikh Abu el Hassan El Maghreby built a much larger mosque on the site. It was
fully renovated in 1863. The mosque was again beautified in 1943 under King Farouq I (r.1937-1952),
who built the "Mosque Square." The square covers some 43,200 square meters and includes five other
mosques centered around the Abu Al-Abbas Al-Mursi Mosque. The mosque was renovated in the
Arabian style at a total cost of about 140,000 LE.
6.2. Analysis:
The architecture in the complex is very impressive and is in good condition. It undergoes maintenance
regularly. The complex is surrounded by a fence wall of Islamic designs to ensure security at night. There
are multiple entrances that lead to the complex. There is an entrance from all 4 sides of the zone, therefore
facilitating accessibility. Only a small part of it allows the entrance of vehicles. The rest of it is a
pedestrian only zone. The surroundings are mostly residential buildings of medium density and of no
special architectural style. The plaza is elevated with almost 20 steps giving it a good surrounding view. It
overlooks three mosques and two public gardens. It acts as the central space that binds all these mosques
and spaces together. The elevated plaza is accessed by 3 staircases from different nodes. Underground
shops and cafes are available under the plaza. If the mosque complex zone undergoes strong rehabilitation,
it could be one of the most successful projects in Alexandria as it would attract many tourists and it would
be a good representative of the local urban identity. By analyzing this urban space to identify the strengths
& weaknesses as follows:
Strengths:
• Site surrounded by four streets makes it easily accessible
• The site is in an active, integral part of the city
• The complex can be reached by public transportation
• The presence of large green areas
• The complex includes several landmarks & is considered as a node.
• The public spaces are inviting & attractive.
Weaknesses:
• The plaza is viewed as a pass through and not a destination
• The gates doesn't invite the outdoor community to enter the park or the plaza
• Absence of seating, signage and street furniture in the park
• Absence of tenants & activities in the plaza
• Inadequate shading & lighting for the plaza
• No permanent security provided
• Low quality finishing for the plaza.
• Absence of parking spaces

• Lack of maintenance & cleanness.
• Lack of identity and character.
• The street fair blocks the street sometimes.
6.3. Conceptual Design:
Fig. 3. Design Concept of El-Morsi Abou El-Abbas square
The main concept in design was to upgrade the square and make it a place which reflects the people's
identity and at the same time meets the modern standards of design worldwide. An emphasis was put on
the fact that modern Arabic architecture does not stand still in the old ages watching other cultures
surpass it. It also, can develop and still have its own strong identity.
7. Guidelines for Re-inventing Identity in the Morsi Abou El-Abbas Square:
Physical settings:
The design concept aims at introducing modern design through floor patterns, shading elements &
street furniture which are derived from the main lines and designs of arabic calligraphy and ornament
after being abstracted.
A respect for the main mosque Al Morsi Abul Abbas was conveyed by using the main axes of the
mosque as the main guiding lines in the design to create visual continuity, where the entrances lie on these
axes and also most of the vertical circulation elements. The Secondary entrance to the complex is also

axial with the main mosque and central to the plaza and " Sidi Yakout" mosque. The plaza is the main
gathering point of the complex it's designed to be viewed as a destination not a pass-by so shading
elements and multipurpose use for praying, gathering or even celebrating religious events are provided.
Retail services in the park should be provided in order to avoid unnecessary disorganized kiosks. The
plaza is vegetated with tall palms & green elements to act as a visual relief of excessive hardscaping &
help in shading. The geometrical shaped courts ventilates and lights the underground level. The shades are
of Islamic geometric shapes that give a modern taste with retaining the spiritual feeling of the place and its
identity. The addition of water elements in the complex is inevitable to help freshen up the air on site
especially in summer days. The urban square is to be turned into an open museum for tourists to
understand more about cultural identity. Part of the space will be turned into a multimedia library for the
kids in the surrounding community & for the tourists to learn about the place's history. The surrounding
buildings should be restored and redesigned to fit in with the renovated theme and to adapt to the modern
needs of life. New land-uses could be suggested. Accessibility is an important issue. The entrances should
be inviting and easy to find. Clear direct paths that lead into the park and subsequently to the mosques
entrances are designed. The site is connected together through the landscape and the hardscape. Due to
beauty and age of the already available trees, they should be kept and reserved, or moved to another place
on site for sustainable purposes. The fun-fair should not be removed as it is used on weekends and is a
destination for families, especially during festivals of Al Morsi Abul Abbas, and the street is turned into a
pedestrian street only. Adequate lighting at night is provided, in addition to parking facilities. A
committee that includes members of the government and the community should be formed to maintain
and manage the plaza. The whole upgrading process should teach the people about sustainability and
introduce its principles to them. [16,18]
Activities:
Many activities already take place in the square which include daily prayer traditions, weekly Friday
outing and annual festivals. More activities could be recommended by holding different events.
Meaning:
The place already holds a lot of meaning for the people as it has a history and is already a strong focal
point in the city. So the main aim is to strengthen the people's sense of place and upgrade the plaza. After
the recommendations and design upgrades take place, people will be proud of their square and in turn,
sustain it.
8. Conclusion:
The desired urban space should reflect our Arabic urban identity through the physical settings,
activities held and meaning. Identity could be expressed either through visual abstraction or conceptual
abstraction. This leads to a sustainable urban community that maintains its identity.
9. Recommendations:
• Tradition must be respected but development is the key of our existence. Development and identity
could move in parallel.
• Re-inventing identity in local urban spaces in a way that matches modern design principles and
sustainability, while maintaining and conserving the local identity, so it is an approach that blends
between the traditional and the modern
• Think regionally, systematically and ecologically
• Think in terms of whole systems.
• Holism

• Think sense of place, civic place and think of beauty.
• Cooperation and partnership.
References:
[1] Watson G.B. and Bentley I. Identity By Design. Elsevier; 2007
[2] Abel C. Architecture and Identity, Towards a Global Eco-Culture. Architectural Press;1997.
[3] Abd ElSalam Tarek, “An Approach for Expressing Socio-cultural Identities in Architecture of the Contemporary Cities”,
UIA 2005 Istanbul Congress ,Cities " Grand Bazaar of Architectures"; 2005.
[4] Friedrich S. "Spatial Aspects of Cultural Identity and Social Segregation", TAN2 Conference Report "Cultural Identity and
Spatial Segregation; 5-8 Nov 1998.
[5] Schneider A. "Preface and Programmatic Overview", TAN2 Conference Report "Cultural Identity and Spatial Segregation,
5-8 Nov 1998.
[6] Kent F. Parks for the Future. (e-Article) Project for public spaces;2004
http://www.pps.org/parks_plazas_squares/info/parks_plazas_squares_articles/september2004_design
[7] Project for Public Spaces. Ten Principles for Creating Successful Squares. (e-Article) Projectforpublicspaces;2008
http://www.pps.org/parks_plazas_squares/info/parks_plazas_squares_articles/squares_principles
[8] Shaftoe H., Convivial Urban Spaces: Creating Effective Public Spaces. Earthscan Publications Ltd;2008
[9] Clare C. M., Francis C.), People Places: Design guidelines for Urban Open Space, Wiley; 2nd Edition;1997
[11] Kent F.‘ Place-Making Around the World’. Urban Land;2008.
[10] Asfour Khaled , Identity in the Arab Region (Architects and /or projects from Egypt -Iraq-Jordan –Saudi Arabia-Kuwait
and Qatar. Misr International University, Cairo, 2008.
[12] Solidere Annual Report Solidere Corporation publication office , 2004
http://www.solidere.com/solidere/annual.html
[13] Solidere Annual Report Solidere Corporation publication office , 2008
http://www.solidere.com/solidere/annual.html
[14] Saliba R, “Beirut City Center Recovery” Steidl: Germany, 2004
[15] Reichel A. & Hafke J.H. & Raab J. Materials, Texture, Ornament. DETAIL magazine 2008; 10-08.
[16] Kolarevic B & Klinger K. Manufacturing Material Effects: Rethinking Design and Making in Architecture. New York:
Routledge; 2008.
[17] Carmona M, Tiesdell S. Urban Design Reader. ELSEVIER-Architectural Press; 2007.
[18] Gateway Thames .Strategic Characterisation. Alan Baxter & Associates; Nov 2006.
[19] Urban Design Protocol "Urban Design Case Studies". Ministry for the Environment; March 2005.
[20] Branko Kolarevic. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. London, UK: Spon Press; 2003
[21] The Aga Khan. The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Architecture and Urbanism in the Middle East: Special Edition. Aga
Khan Publishers.
[22] The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Proceedings of the regional seminar in the series, “Exploring Architecture in
Islamic Cultures, Universiti Teknologi & Ministry of Culture, Youth & Sports, Malaysia, July 25-27, 1983.

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