history of contemporary architecture - 04. Structural Changes for Cities.ppt
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The document discusses several key structural changes in cities during the 19th century as a result of industrialization and new building materials and techniques. The industrial revolution led to the emergence of engineering as a new discipline separate from architecture. New materials like steel and cast iron allowed for larger spans and more open floor plans in structures like bridges, factories, and exhibition buildings. Major projects from this era emphasized the use of iron, steel, and glass, including Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace for the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Gustave Eiffel's iconic Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Paris World's Fair, demonstrated the capabilities of structural ironwork. Reinforced concrete was also developed, changing construction methods. These territorial,
history of contemporary architecture - 04. Structural Changes for Cities.ppt
- 1. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1
- 2. • The Industrial Revolution: Structural Changes 1. The industrial revolution brought many new materials and new ways of thinking: • Steel: It split the architectural profession into an engineer and an architect. The Head is the Architect and the Shed is the Engineer. 2. New Schools emerged: a) Ecole de Polytechnic: Graduated engineers and not architects. b) Many other schools who combined the two majors: Architecture and engineering. 2 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 3. 3. Engineering Age: • Creation of Bridges with big spans of steel: Engineers built and constructed bridges. • Industrial Production of Increasing Mills and Factories and New Building Types that needed Large Spaces that covered with Cast Iron and Steel. • Technology is aiding the search for new styles: • New Material. • Steam Engines. • Industrial revolution. • Engineering is the New Discipline. Johann Roebling (civil engineer) designed and built with construction cables which made huge spans possible in bridges such as Brooklyn Bridge which has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. 3 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 4. J.A. And W.A. Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, 1869- 83. • In seeking to expand the market for iron and improve the desirable qualities of the material, 19th c ironmongers experimented with new methods for manufacturing steel, which is an alloy of low- carbon iron and trace amounts of other metals. The Brooklyn Bridge used steel cables. 4 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 5. Examples: 1. Brunel (Clifton Bridges), Bristol, U. K. 1864: • Steel Cables are used as a suspension material to carry the bridge. 2. Brooklyn Bridge, New York. 1877: • A bridge with 500m span for the first time, with steel cables are used. • Roebling Engineers manufactured the Wire rope (Frampton, p31). 5 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 6. 6 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 7. Examples of collaboration between the architects and engineers : 1. Chatsworth: It is a green house exhibition for plants. Glass used heavily with cast iron inside and steel. 2. Palm house: Royal Botanic Gardens for plants. Burton (Architect) and Richard Turner (Engineer). 3. Galerie d’Orleans by Fontaine. It is out of cast iron in structure and steel roof with glass creating a new space. 7 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 8. Palm House, London, 1845-47. Decimus Burton and Richard Turner. 8 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities Iron was most elegantly employed in landscape gardening. Victorian England, prosperous from the wealth of its empire, had a fascination with the tropical plants that were brought back from India, Africa, and the Far East.
- 9. Palm House, London, 1845-47. Decimus Burton and Richard Turner. 9 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 10. Palm House, London, 1845-47. Decimus Burton and Richard Turner. 10 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 11. Examples of collaboration between the architects and engineers : 4. World Expositions: • Industries were related to nationalist, there was a competition between nations and that is why world expositions appeared. • Temporary type of space was introduced. • New structural developments and emergence of new types of buildings. • New strength of the city by promoting the city. 11 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 12. The Crystal Palace: • Cast Iron, Steel, and Glass (The Beginning of Iron & Glass Architecture). • Representing the idea of open space. • A lot of transparencies. • Concepts of assembly- on stags built in a short time notice. 12 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 13. 13 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Joseph Paxton. Crystal Palace. 1851. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 14. 14 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Joseph Paxton. Crystal Palace. Interior. 1851. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 15. The Crystal Palace: – A “Great Exhibit of the Works of Industry of All Nations”. – The building was the epitome of England’s industry, vision, determination, wealth, technical knowledge, and powers of production. 15 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 16. The Crystal Palace The Building Delivery Process • 01/1850 The Royal Commission, Chaired by Prince Albert. • 13/03/1850 Competition announced for temporary exhibition building. • 240 entries, none chosen, instead committee offered it’s own design. • A brick structure with an iron dome - dark, heavy, permanent 16 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 17. The Crystal Palace Fears Abound • Protectionists feared foreign goods. • Environmentalists feared destruction of elms. • The press feared foreign visitors, thieves, etc. 17 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 18. The Crystal Palace Problems with the Committee’s Design • 17 million bricks. • 60.96 m (200ft) dome. • Extensive foundations. • A permanent structure. • Things looked bleak. 18 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 19. The Crystal Palace: Joseph Paxton • Promised a full set of drawings in 10 days based on a sketch during a board meeting. • Paxton Leaked Design to Illustrated London News: 1. Cheaper, quicker, assemble/ disassemble, no brick, stone, mortar, light foundation, day lighting, no interior walls, 25% greater area. 2. Committee was furious. 3. Public overwhelmingly positive. 19 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Paxton’s First Sketches Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 20. The Crystal Palace: On 15/7 … • Royal Commission rejected Building Committee’s design & accepted Paxton’s lower bid added transcept to save the elms 20 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 21. The Crystal Palace: • Overall Building: 46.9 m x 456’ • Nave: 72’W x 64’ H • Transept: 408’ x 104’ H 21 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Exterior Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 22. 22 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 25. Gustave Eiffel Born December 15, 1832, in Dijon, France Died December 28, 1923, in Paris • An engineer, Gustave Eiffel designed 100’s of lattice-like metal structures of all kinds and sizes: • Bridges. • Viaducts. • Infrastructure of The Statue of Liberty, 1876. • The Eiffel Tower, 1889, his crowning achievement. 25 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 26. Eiffel Tower: • It was built for World’s Fair and to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. • Gustave Eiffel's design was unanimously chosen out of 700 in a design contest. • The Eiffel Tower is the Symbol of Paris. It is affectionately called “The Iron Lady.” • The tower officially opened May 5, 1889. It was the star attraction with 2 million visitors. 26 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 27. Eiffel Tower • Represent the industrial revolution strength in France, also as structural symbol. • It was rejected and not considered proper at the beginning. • It symbolizes ideals of ingenuity, progress, and beauty. 27 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 28. Eiffel Tower: • The construction of the tower took only 26 months (1887-1889) and 300 steel workers. 28 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 29. Size Specifications • World’s tallest building until 1930. (Lost “World’s Tallest Structure” Title Due to Chrysler Building in NYC). • 300 meters tall with a 20.75 meter antenna. • Weighed 7000 tons. • Sway of at most 12 cm in high winds. • Height varies up to 15 cm depending on temperature. • 40 tons of paint. • 1652 steps to the top. 29 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 31. Applications of Iron Steel, STATUE OF LIBERTY • In New York harbor stands another of Eiffel’s engineering projects, the internal skeleton for the 46 m Statue of Liberty (1883-86). • Miss Liberty’s copper skin is supported by iron straps attached to a steel framework that Eiffel designed to withstand the considerable wind loads of the harbour. • At the time of its construction, the Statue of Liberty had the most advanced diagonally braced frame to be found in any structure in the U.S. 31 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities Gustave Eiffel, Auguste Bartholdi and Richard Morris Hunt, Statue of Liberty, New York City, 1883-86.
- 32. Applications of Iron Steel, STATUE OF LIBERTY • One of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. • He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown. 32 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 34. Applications of Iron Steel The First Structures • The first definitive skyscraper was the “Home Insurance Building, Chicago built in 1883-85 by William le Baron Jenney. • Of fireproof construction, it has a metal frame clad in brick and masonry. 34 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 35. Concrete: It is not new because cement was used in the Pantheon. • Hennebique: He pictured reinforced concrete, Monolithic Reinforced concrete joint. Huge discovery to allow concrete to withstand tension. 35 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 36. 36 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities Church of St. Jean-de Montmarte , Anatole de Baudot, Paris, 1897. The first example of reinforced cement in church construction. The First R.C. Structure
- 37. 19th Century: Applications of IronSteel Galerie des Machines, 1887-1889: Exposition in France equivalent to the crystal palace. 37 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities • 420m Length and 1 1 5 mWidth. • Destroyed in 1910. • CharlesDutert 1845-1906.
- 38. 38 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities GALERIE DES MACHINES, 1887-1889
- 39. Concrete: It is not new because cement was used in the Pantheon. • In America: • Reinforced Concrete played a major role in Grain Elevators: Le Corbusier said that this is the most beautiful thing in American Architecture built according to the need and not imposed. • Pennsylvania Station, New York. • Fiat Factory: Reinforced concrete. 39 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities
- 40. Auguste Perret (1874-1954) Elimination of unnecessary detail and expression of structure are basic to any understanding of modern architecture. • The architect who brought that approach to its first satisfying climax was Auguste Perret (1874-1954). • He was a French architect and a specialist in reinforced concrete construction. 40 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Structural Changes for Cities Will talk more about his ideas and building at Structuralism lecture
- 41. Effects of the Territorial, Technical and Cultural Changes on the City: • A New concept of space is created with new characteristics of an open space due to structural achievements. • Big spans of open spaces. • New Spatial relationships between the inside and outside. • Buildings are more transparent and more welcoming, and barriers are broken and buildings are not only for the elites. 41 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century Changes for Cities
- 42. Thank you 42 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz