Module 1 lecture 1 introduction
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics. It discusses some of the earliest examples of soil usage in construction, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa. The document then summarizes the four phases of development of classical soil mechanics according to Skempton, from the 18th century works of Coulomb to the modern developments starting in 1910. It highlights the pivotal contributions of Terzaghi in establishing soil mechanics as a field in the 1920s. Finally, it provides brief biographies of some of the most influential figures in geotechnical engineering history.
Module 1 lecture 1 introduction
- 1. Subject Code: 150604 Geotechnical Engineering I Civil Engineering Department BITs edu campus, Vadodara Third Year 1st Semester GeotechnicalEngineeringI 1L. S. Thakur
- 2. 2 Historical Perspective Soil Mech. & Geotech. Eng The record of the first use of soil as a construction material by man kind is lost in antiquity. In true engineering sense, there is no ‘Geotechnical Engineering’ prior to the 18th Century. One of the most famous example of problems related to soil bearing capacity and foundations in the construction of structures prior to 18th century is the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The construction of the Tower began in 1173 A.D. and last over 200 years.
- 3. 3 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy. Morning, 1 March 2004. SW view Height: 54 m; Max tilt: 5 m out of plumb Tilt direction: E, N, W, and S. Weight: 15,700 tons; Base: φ = 20 m; Reason: a weak clay layer at 11 m depth Solution: excavation of soil from north side for about 70 tons.
- 4. 4 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng Study of soil behavior in a more methodical manner in the area of geotechnical engineering - early 18th century The development of soil mechanics can be divided into four phases, according to Skempton(1985): 1. Pre classical period (1700-1776): rough classification of soils; 2. Classical soil mechanics –Phase I (1776-1856):started from French scientist Coulomb’s presentation on determining the sliding surface in soil behind a retaining wall; ended by the publication of Rankine’s paper on earth lateral pressure. Rankine’s theory is a simplification of Coulomb’s theory.
- 5. 5 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng 3. Classical soil mechanics –Phase II (1856-1910): started from the publication of a paper on the permeability of sand filters by French engineer Darcy in 1856. 4. Modern soil mechanics (1910-1927): marked by a series of important studies and publications related to the mechanic behavior of clays, most noticeable, Atterberg(1911) on consistency of clayey soils. Bell (1915) on lateral pressure and resistance of clays; Terzaghi(1925) on theory of consolidation for clays.
- 6. 6 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng Geotechnical Engineering after 1927 The development of Geotechnical Engineering as a branch of Civil Engineering is absolutely impacted by one single professional individual –Karl Terzaghi(1883- 1963). His contribution has spread to almost every topic in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering covered by the test book
- 7. 7 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng Born: October 2, 1883 in Prague Died: October 25, 1963 in Winchester, Massachusetts Married to Ruth D. Terzaghi, a geologist. Won Norman Medal of ASCE four times (1930, 1943, 1946, and 1955). Was given 9 honorary doctorate degrees from universities in eight different countries. Started modern soil mechanics with his theories of consolidation, lateral earth pressures, bearing capacity, and stability.
- 8. 8 Historical Perspective Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Eng “Few people during Terzaghi’s lifetime would have disagreed that he was not only the guiding spirit in soil mechanics, but that he was the clearing house for research and application throughout the world.” -Ralph B. Peck Photo: Acceptance remarks from life long educator Ralph B. Peck at the OPAL & 41st Annual OCEA Awards gala held on April 28, 2001, Washington, DC.
- 9. Why Geotechnical Engineering? “Virtually every structure is supported by soil or rock. Those that aren’t - either fly, float, or fall over.” -Richard Handy, 1995
- 11. Case Study I: Building Foundation Soft Clay Soil 20 ft of sand and gravel 15-ft soft fill and organic silt Firm Soil or Bedrock Weight of building (DL + LL) = 37,000 tons Initial estimated settlement = 1 ft Weight of excavated soil = 29,000 tons Estimated settlement due to the net load of clay (37,000 – 29,000 = 8,000 tons) = 2-3 in. 75 ft Source: Lambe & Whitman, 1969
- 12. Building 10 on M.I.T.’s Campus – Photo by Professor Zoghi, Sept. 1984
- 13. •How deep? •Size of the footing (mat foundation)? •Groundwater table? •Dewatering? •Braced excavation? •Damage to adjacent buildings? •Quantity and rate of the estimated settlement? •Stress distribution? •Design bearing capacity? Design and Construction Issues
- 14. •Pile type? •How deep? •Spacing? •Maximum allowable load? •Pile efficiency? •Driving/drilling? •Optimum sequence of driving piles? •How much variation from vertical? •Adjacent buildings? Alternative Foundations
- 15. Case Study II: Earth Dam Source: Lambe & Whitman, 1969 Zoned Earth Dam
- 16. • Dimensions? (Most economical design) • Thickness of the rock facing and gravel to keep swelling of clay core to a tolerable amount? • The moisture content and compaction technique (lifts, equipment, etc) to place gravel and clay? • Permeability and seepage characteristics of the dam? • Consolidation and settlement characteristics of underlying soil? • Shearing strength parameters? • Potential leakage under and through the dam? • Factor of safety of upstream and downstream slopes? • Rapid draw down effect? • Seismic activity? Design and Construction Issues
- 17. http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/~arthur/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html TETON DAM The Teton Dam, 44 miles northeast of Idaho Falls in southeastern Idaho, failed abruptly on June 5, 1976. It released nearly 300,000 acre feet of water, then flooded farmland and towns downstream with the eventual loss of 14 lives, directly or indirectly, and with a cost estimated to be nearly $1 billion.
- 24. Teton Dam Failure - Flood waters advancing through Rexburg, Idaho.
- 26. Landslides In excess of $1 billion in damages and 25 to 50 deaths each year in U.S.
- 27. Loss of SupportBridge Collapse – Kobe EQ
- 29. Annual Damage in the U.S.
- 30. Geo-Environmental • Municipal Solid Waste Approx. 3.6 lbs trash per person per day Total trash = 216 million tons Make up: 40% Cardboard 18% yard waste 9% metals 8% plastic others
- 31. Landfills
- 32. Source: Coduto, 1999 How to Prepare?
- 33. Historical Perspective Geotechnical Hall of Fame: http://www.ejge.com/People/HallFame.htm
- 34. Charles Augustin de Coulomb • Grandfather of the Soil Mechanics • 1736-1806 (France) • Friction and cohesion concepts • Lateral earth pressures on retaining walls • Structures, Hydraulics, Mathematics, Electricity, etc.
- 35. William John Maquorn Rankine • 1820-1872 (Scotland) • Thermodynamics and soil mechanics • Lateral earth pressure theory • Pioneering role as an engineering educator
- 36. Karl von Terzaghi • The Father of Soil Mechanics • 1883 (Prague) – 1963 (Massachusetts) • Coined the phrase… • First publication in 1925 • Great many contributions
- 37. Arthur Casagrande • 1902 – 1981 • Worked closely with Terzaghi • Started soil mechanics at Harvard • Received numerous awards • Fundamental soil mechanics problems…
- 38. Ralph Brazelton Peck • 1912 – Winnipeg, Canada • Co-authored a textbook with Terzaghi • Initially a bridge designer… • Several decades as a pioneering foundation engineer and educator • Numerous awards
- 39. Alec Westley Skempton • 1914-2001 (UK) • Established soil mechanics at Imperial College • Soil mechanics problems, rock mechanics, geology, and history of civil engineering
- 40. Nilmar Janbu • 1920 - • NTNU – Norway • Ph.D. student of Casagrande at Harvard • Slope stability problems – Janbu Method • Landslides in quick- clay
- 41. Laurits Bjerrum • 1918-1973 • The First Director of NGI (1951-1973) • Quick clay • Progressive failure of slopes • A “Giant”
- 42. Harry Bolten Seed • 1922 – 1989 • Father of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering • UC Berkley • Pioneering work in Geohazards