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Module-1 Process of _Design Thinking

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This document discusses design thinking and innovation. It begins by defining innovation, design, and thinking. It then discusses why design innovation is important, such as supporting creativity, solving problems, and meeting customer satisfaction. The document also covers the principles of design thinking, including that it involves both divergent and convergent thinking. Design thinking follows an iterative process involving understanding the problem, coming up with potential solutions, and refining the best solution. It emphasizes designing for human needs over following a strictly scientific method.

Engineering
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T Innovative and Design Thinking 21IDT19/29 Prof. Vijay Praveen P M Assistant Professor Department of ME
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 2 WHAT WHY WHERE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 3 What? • Innovation - the act or process of introducing new ideas, devices, or methods • Through technology and innovation, they found ways to get better results with less work. • Design to plan and make (something) for a specific use or purpose. • Thinking - the action of using one's mind to produce thoughts
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 4 Why ? • Design innovation supports creativity • Innovative design is important to development • Innovative designers are in high demand • Innovative design solves problems • Reducing waste and recycling • Better utilization of resources • Full fill the customer Satisfaction. • Increase the growth of organization
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 5 Where?
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 6
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 7
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 8
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 9
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 Module-1 understanding of Design thinking
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 • Design thinking is a methodology that designers use to brainstorm and solve complex problems related to designing and design engineering. • It is also beneficial for designers to find innovative, desirable and never- thought-before solutions for customers and client
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 12
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 13 • Design thinking is used extensively in the area of IT,healthcare and wellness, agriculture, food security, education, financial services, and environmental sustainability, to name a few. • Design thinking has helped in the digital space, contributed to the development of physical products, social innovation projects and much more
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 14 • The iterative design process helps the designers to involve clients and customers in meaningful ways. It is not just a strategy to come up with feasible solutions to a problem, but also a method to think of unimaginable solutions and then trying to make them not just feasible, but also viable. • Design thinking is a blend of logic, powerful imagination, systematic reasoning and intuition to bring to the table the ideas that promise to solve the problems of the clients with desirable outcomes. It helps to bring creativity with business insight
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 15 Origin of Design Thinking • It is a methodology of design that originated in Stanford University and is today considered to be one of the most sought after skills in the industry. • The concept of design thinking began only with a few domains under consideration, but is now found to be applicable to a myriad of disciplines, ranging from medicine and aeronautics to management, operations, and human resource planning. • The teaching of design thinking skills has assumed so much importance that it is now being taught at some of the leading universities of the world, as well as the leading global corporate houses across the globe
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 16 Application Across Professions • Design thinking is a methodology for finding simplicity in complexity, improving quality of experience with the designed products and serving the needs of customers by addressing the target problem faced by them. • Design thinking is at the core of the development of efficient and effective strategies for organizational change.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 17 • Such problems require multidimensional solutions. Design thinking helps in this regard. It not only assists a professional to come up with a solution, but it also helps the organization to gain a competitive edge over its rivals. Following are the benefits conferred by design thinking. These are incidentally also the distinguishing features of design thinking.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 18 Features of Design Thinking
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 19 Features of Design Thinking • Finding simplicity in complexities. • Having a beautiful and aesthetically appealing product. • Improving clients’ and end user’s quality of experience. • Creating innovative, feasible, and viable solutions to real world problems. • Addressing the actual requirements of the end users.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 20 • Design thinking helps to gain a balance between the problem statement and the solution developed. A design-oriented mindset is not problem focused, but solution focused and action oriented. It has to involve both analysis and imagination. Design thinking is the way of resolving issues and dissolving problematic situations by the help of design.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 21 Strategy of Innovation • Design thinking is also considered to be a strategy for innovation. It leads to dramatic improvements in innovation. This is why design thinking forms the core of effective strategy development and seamless organizational change. Anything that involves human interaction, from products, services, processes etc., can be improved through design thinking. It all depends on the designer’s way to create, manage, lead, and innovate.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 22 Use of Design Thinking • The basic principle of design thinking is that innovation can be disciplined. Innovation is not an elusive(difficult to fin) entity that only a few genius people can experience. It is, rather, a practice that can be systematically approached by a set of practical and meticulous tools, methodologies, and frameworks.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 23 • How to optimize the ability to innovate? • How to develop a variety of concepts, products, services, processes, etc. for end-users? • How to leverage the diverse ideas of innovation? • How to convert useful data, individual insights and vague ideas into feasible reality? • How to connect with the customers and end-users by targeting their actual requirements? • How to use the different tools used by designers in their profession for solving your customers’ problems?
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 24
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 25 • Design thinking is halfway between analytical thinking and intuitive thinking. Analytical thinking involves purely deductive reasoning and inductive logical reasoning that utilize quantitative methodologies to come to conclusions. However, intuitive thinking refers to knowing something without any kind of reasoning.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 26 • These are two extreme kinds of thinking. Design thinking makes use of both the extremes in an optimum manner. The intuitive thinking helps in invention for the future, whereas analytical thinking to create something creative in the present, which is replicable.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 27 Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method • The design thinking approach is altogether different from the scientific method. The scientific method begins with rigorously defining all the parameters of the problem, so as to arrive at a solution. But a design thinker is supposed to identify both the known and the ambiguous facts of the problem statement along with the current situation. This method of thinking helps to unearth hidden parameters and open alternate paths to reach the solution. • Iterative approach − As design thinking is an iterative approach, intermediate solutions in the process of developing the larger solution to achieve the end goal can also act as prospective starting points for chalking out alternative paths. This can, at times, also lead to redefinition of the problem statement.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 28 Divergent Thinking vs. Convergent Thinking • Divergent thinking involves finding many possible solutions in the first stance. This is the essence of design thinking process. The design thinkers are required to think of as many solutions as strike their brain, even if some of them don’t look viable. • Convergent thinking is a method of narrowing the available solutions to a final solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to come up with various unique ideas adherent to a single theme. Convergent thinking is the ability to find the correct solution to the given problem
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 29 Analysis + Synthesis = Design Thinking • Analysis and synthesis, thus, form the two fundamental tasks to be done in design thinking. Design thinking process starts with reductionism, where the problem statement is broken down into smaller fragments. Each fragment is brainstormed over by the team of thinkers, and the different smaller solutions are then put together to form a coherent final solution
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 30 Case Study • Problem Statement − High quality employees leave the organization, mainly after the appraisal cycle. As a result, an average company loses its valuable human resources and suffers from an overhead of transferring the knowledge to a new employee. This takes time and additional human resource in the form of a trainer, which adds to the company’s costs. Devise a plan to contain attrition in the company.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 31 • Analysis − Now, let’s break down the problem statement into various constituent parts. Following are the subparts of the same problem statement, broken down to elementary levels. • The employees are not motivated anymore to work in the company. • Appraisal cycle has something to do with attrition. • Knowledge transfer is necessary for new employees. • Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 32 • Synthesis − Now, let's start solving each problem individually. In this step, we will do synthesis. Let's look at one problem at a time and try to find a solution only for that problem statement, without thinking of other problem statements. • To solve the problem of lack of motivation, the management can plan some sort of incentives that can be given on a regular basis. The efforts put in by the employees must be rewarded well. This will keep the employees motivated. • To solve the issue of occurrence of attrition during appraisal cycle, the management can conduct a meeting with the employees leaving the organization, and take their insight as to what led them to leave the company. • For knowledge transfer, the management can hire only those people who are experts in a domain. • Regarding concerns for budget of knowledge transfer, the management can have a document prepared by experts in a domain and this document can be uploaded on intranet. This can be made available to new joinees. Hence, additional human resource is not required for knowledge transfer and this will reduce the figures in the company's budget.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 33 Final solution • Now, if we observe carefully, the third solution may not be feasible all the time. We cannot be assured of expert professionals coming for interviews all the time. Moreover, expert professionals demand more compensation than not-so-expert professionals. This will increase the company's budget. • Hence, we will now combine the other three solutions to form a coherent one. The final solution will be for the management to first have a talk with the employees leaving the organization to know the reasons behind attrition, then come up with awards in suitable categories and then, create an easily and universally accessible document in the organization for knowledge transfer.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 34 convergent thinking and divergent thinking. • Design thinking involves two types of thinking, viz. convergent thinking and divergent thinking. One needs to think of many solutions to a common problem statement and then arrive at the correct and the best solution. • Divergent thinking is the process of devising more than one solution for a problem statement. It refers to the thought process of generating creative solutions
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 37 • Convergent thinking is exactly opposite of what divergent thinking is. The term ‘Convergent Thinking’ was coined by Joy Paul Guilford in 1956. The concept of convergent thinking requires the design thinker to go through all the possible solutions thought during divergent thinking and come up with a correct solution. This convergence on a single solution or a mix of limited number of solutions is the essence of convergence thinking. • Convergent thinking is the type of thinking in which a thinker is generally supposed to come up with a single well-established best-possible solution to a problem. This step delivers the best and a concrete solution to a problem statement, taking into account all the factors and requirements specified in the problem statement. • Convergent thinking requires speed, accuracy, efficiency, logical reasoning, and techniques. A thinker is supposed to recognize the patterns, reapply a few techniques, and accumulate and organize the stored information.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 38 Principles of DT rinciples of Design Thinking
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 39 Principles of DT • 1. The human rule – This rule says that humans are an integral part of design, as we design with other designers, use ideas from past designers, and ultimately design for humans. • 2. The ambiguity rule – This rule says that design solutions are confusing in nature, so removing ambiguity restricts creativity. • 3. The re-design rule – This rule says that everything around is a re-design or demands a re-design because humans demand change constantly. • 4. The tangibility rule – This rule says that tangible designs and ideas make communication easier, so designers should use prototypes to support their thoughts and ease communication.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 40
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 41 Process of DT
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 42 1. Empathize
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 45 2.Define
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 46 3. Ideate
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 54 Case study
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 56 Case study 2
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 67 MVP
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 69 • A minimum viable product (MVP) is a version of a product with just minimum enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development. • A focus on releasing an MVP means that developers potentially avoid lengthy and (ultimately) unnecessary work. Instead, they iterate on working versions and respond to feedback, challenging and validating assumptions about a product's requirements. • The term was coined and defined in 2001 by Frank Robinson and then popularized by Steve Blank and Eric Ries. It may also involve carrying out market analysis beforehand. • Steve Blank typically refers to minimum viable product as minimum feature set
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 70 • The MVP is analogous to experimentation in the scientific method applied in the context of validating business hypotheses. It is utilized so that prospective entrepreneurs would know whether a given business idea would actually be viable and profitable by testing the assumptions behind a product or business idea. The concept can be used to validate a market need for a product and for incremental developments of an existing product. • "The minimum viable product is that version of a new product a team uses to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort."[2] The definition's use of the words maximum and minimum means it is not formulaic. It requires judgment to figure out, for any given context, what MVP makes sense
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 71 Benefits • Be able to test a product hypothesis with minimal resources • Accelerate learning • Reduce wasted engineering hours • Get the product to early customers as soon as possible • To establish a builder's abilities in crafting the product required • Brand building very quickly
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 72 Difference between Prototype and MVP 1. A prototype tests the idea. An MVP tests the product. 2. A prototype tests the basic concept; an MVP tests features, treating the basic concept as already proven. 3. An MVP is functional, it can be used (in however limited a way). A prototype is often more like the visual appearance of the product. 4. A prototype can be a foundation for the MVP design (in some cases, it makes sense to validate the basic hypotheses using the prototype, and then develop an MVP to progress the work further).
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 73 Team based shared Model • As its name suggests, the team-based organizational structure is one in which a group of employees works together as a team. ... The team- based organizational structure may be highly fluid with people working on one team, finishing a project.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 74 Media Models Media Models can be used to assess characteristics of various models. Designers can utilize the media-model framework to make informed judgments about appropriate prototyping and modeling approaches within various stages of the design process. New research in the application of media-models to Business Process Modeling (BPM), which traditionally employs electronic media (in the form of complex computer-generated flow-charts) aids in the generation of Business Process Models. This research has resulted in the development of an innovative modeling tool, called Tangible Business Process Modeling, or TBPM.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 75 Resolution • By resolution we mean the level of refinement or granularity that can be observed in the fit and finish of a shared representation. • Figure shows two shared representations used in the development of a test car at a major university in the United States. The sketch of the car on the left exhibits lower resolution than the CAD model on the right
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 76 Abstraction • By abstraction we mean amplification through simplification, or pulling specific characteristics out of context. four classes of abstraction: • 1. Material, e.g., material construction • 2. Formal, i.e., shape or appearance • 3. Functional, e.g., “works-like” • 4.Mathematical, e.g., dimensions, optimization
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 77
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 78 The Media-Models Framework • Figure 4 shows the framework for media models as a conceptual 2×2matrix.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 79 • CAD models are both highly abstract and highly resolution. • In CAD rendering, specific and actual physical things are reduced to geometric boundaries, or lines, which have no specific material existence • Rough sketches and prototypes exhibit low resolution and varying levels of abstraction, depending on the context in which they are used.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 80 • Media-models may be classified into three categories – • ambiguous media • mathematized media, • hybrid media. Each class encourages a different kind of completion.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 81 Ambiguous media • Ambiguous media, such as rough sketches and rough physical prototypes, serve as a scaffold for engineers to fill in the gaps, and are completed as engineers posit many possible formulations of the problem. • They are potential objects, and may express as variants depending on the experience and knowledge of each design engineer who works with them. They encourage divergent conversations
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 82 Mathematized media • Mathematized media, maps, and highly realistic images are completed through refinement of what is presented. Thus they encourage convergent conversations.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 83 Hybrid media • Hybrid media allow several kinds of operations and discussions. Media-models in this category are in the sweet spot for design engineers. They often involve using physical interfaces in conjunction with high-level frameworks. • Hybrid models often involve combinations of different media, such as photographs, drawings, and text. • The type of media enlisted in hybrid media has an effect of how the model is completed.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 84 Tangible Business Process Modelling(TBPM) • TBPM is used to get meaningful information about processes from end users • TBPM explicitly delivers control of the model into the hands of all participants at the table, allowing the ability to “think with their hands” as they work out what the nature of their implicit process is. • TBPM affords moving, rearranging, adding, and putting aside its elements.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 85
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 86 MCQ • • • • •
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 87 • • • • •
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 88 • • • • • • • • For IDEO, design thinking is a way to solve problems through creativity.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 89 • • • • •
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 90 • •
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 91 • Q. Which is NOT a good interview strategy for the Empathy step? • Encourage the person to talk about experiences. • Ask follow-up questions to get more information. • Try to uncover needs people may or may not be aware of. • Encourage short answers that get right to the point.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 92 • Which is NOT an aspect of the Define step of design thinking? • Create a composite user to give perspective to the solution • Develop a Point of View statement to state user's need • Define as many possible solutions to the problem as possible • Recognise a challenge with a "How Might We" question
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 93 • Which is NOT a guideline for the Ideate step? • Consider the practicality of each idea before sharing it. • Generate as many ideas as possible. • Reference the How Might We question frequently. • Don't worry about how good other peoples' ideas are.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 94 • Which statement about the Prototype step is true? • A prototype needs to be a realistic model. • The point is to get your idea out into the physical world. • You shouldn't worry about how someone might interact with it. • You shouldn't consider your composite user at this stage.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 95 • Which is NOT true about the Test step? • It is an opportunity to refine the solution. • You should come up with new ideas during the Test step. • Only consider positive feedback to get the best result. • You should assume that your solution can be made better.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 96 • Which is NOT an aspect of the Empathise step? • Evaluate: prioritise evidence that supports a chosen problem • Engage: Interact and interview users in real- life context • Observe: View users in the context of their lives • Immerse: experience what the user experiences
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 97 • . During which step do you explore the ways in which users experience your area of concern? • Prototype • Ideate • Define • Empathise
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 98 • . During which step do you narrow focus to a specific, meaningful challenge? • Define • Test • Empathise • Ideate
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 99 • During which step do you build a vast depository of suggestions to work with? • Test • Empathise • Ideate • Prototype
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 0 • During which step do you create a physical, interactive representation of your solution? • Prototype • Ideate • Test • Define
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 1 • During which step do you allow an authentic audience to interact with your proposed solution? • Prototype • Ideate • Empathise • Test
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 2 • During which stage would you: Brainstorm ideas based on your observations. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 3 • During which stage would you: Do the most whiteboarding. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 4 • During which stage would you: Start looking for alternative ways of viewing the problem. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 5 • During which stage would you: Want to try to "think outside of the box". • answer choices • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 6 During which stage would you: Create a model of your solution. Prototype Define Ideate Test
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 7 • During which stage would you: Gain feedback from others on how the solution meets the needs of the problems or concerns they shared with you in interviews. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Test
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 8 • Q. Which stage would you consider to be an experimental phase where you are trying out solutions you previously brainstormed? • Prototype • Define • Test • Ideate
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 9 • MVP is also known as minimum feature set • True • False • Which of the below is correct ? • MVP test the Product and prototype test the Idea • MVP test the idea and prototype test the Product • MVP and prototype both test the product • None of the above
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 0 • Amplification means through simplification, or pulling specific characteristics out of context. • True • False Which are the following statement is correct • CAD model is Highly Abstract but low resolution • Rough sketch is Highly Abstract and High Resolution • Both CAD model And Rough sketch are Highly abstract and High resolution • None of the above
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 1 • TBPM stands for • Tangible Business Prototype Model • Tangible Business Process Model • Tangible Business Practice Model • None of the Above
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 2 • • • • • •
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 3 • • • • •

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Module-1 Process of _Design Thinking

  • 1. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T Innovative and Design Thinking 21IDT19/29 Prof. Vijay Praveen P M Assistant Professor Department of ME
  • 2. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 2 WHAT WHY WHERE
  • 3. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 3 What? • Innovation - the act or process of introducing new ideas, devices, or methods • Through technology and innovation, they found ways to get better results with less work. • Design to plan and make (something) for a specific use or purpose. • Thinking - the action of using one's mind to produce thoughts
  • 4. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 4 Why ? • Design innovation supports creativity • Innovative design is important to development • Innovative designers are in high demand • Innovative design solves problems • Reducing waste and recycling • Better utilization of resources • Full fill the customer Satisfaction. • Increase the growth of organization
  • 5. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 5 Where?
  • 6. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 6
  • 7. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 7
  • 8. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 8
  • 9. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 9
  • 10. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 Module-1 understanding of Design thinking
  • 11. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 • Design thinking is a methodology that designers use to brainstorm and solve complex problems related to designing and design engineering. • It is also beneficial for designers to find innovative, desirable and never- thought-before solutions for customers and client
  • 12. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 12
  • 13. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 13 • Design thinking is used extensively in the area of IT,healthcare and wellness, agriculture, food security, education, financial services, and environmental sustainability, to name a few. • Design thinking has helped in the digital space, contributed to the development of physical products, social innovation projects and much more
  • 14. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 14 • The iterative design process helps the designers to involve clients and customers in meaningful ways. It is not just a strategy to come up with feasible solutions to a problem, but also a method to think of unimaginable solutions and then trying to make them not just feasible, but also viable. • Design thinking is a blend of logic, powerful imagination, systematic reasoning and intuition to bring to the table the ideas that promise to solve the problems of the clients with desirable outcomes. It helps to bring creativity with business insight
  • 15. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 15 Origin of Design Thinking • It is a methodology of design that originated in Stanford University and is today considered to be one of the most sought after skills in the industry. • The concept of design thinking began only with a few domains under consideration, but is now found to be applicable to a myriad of disciplines, ranging from medicine and aeronautics to management, operations, and human resource planning. • The teaching of design thinking skills has assumed so much importance that it is now being taught at some of the leading universities of the world, as well as the leading global corporate houses across the globe
  • 16. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 16 Application Across Professions • Design thinking is a methodology for finding simplicity in complexity, improving quality of experience with the designed products and serving the needs of customers by addressing the target problem faced by them. • Design thinking is at the core of the development of efficient and effective strategies for organizational change.
  • 17. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 17 • Such problems require multidimensional solutions. Design thinking helps in this regard. It not only assists a professional to come up with a solution, but it also helps the organization to gain a competitive edge over its rivals. Following are the benefits conferred by design thinking. These are incidentally also the distinguishing features of design thinking.
  • 18. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 18 Features of Design Thinking
  • 19. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 19 Features of Design Thinking • Finding simplicity in complexities. • Having a beautiful and aesthetically appealing product. • Improving clients’ and end user’s quality of experience. • Creating innovative, feasible, and viable solutions to real world problems. • Addressing the actual requirements of the end users.
  • 20. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 20 • Design thinking helps to gain a balance between the problem statement and the solution developed. A design-oriented mindset is not problem focused, but solution focused and action oriented. It has to involve both analysis and imagination. Design thinking is the way of resolving issues and dissolving problematic situations by the help of design.
  • 21. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 21 Strategy of Innovation • Design thinking is also considered to be a strategy for innovation. It leads to dramatic improvements in innovation. This is why design thinking forms the core of effective strategy development and seamless organizational change. Anything that involves human interaction, from products, services, processes etc., can be improved through design thinking. It all depends on the designer’s way to create, manage, lead, and innovate.
  • 22. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 22 Use of Design Thinking • The basic principle of design thinking is that innovation can be disciplined. Innovation is not an elusive(difficult to fin) entity that only a few genius people can experience. It is, rather, a practice that can be systematically approached by a set of practical and meticulous tools, methodologies, and frameworks.
  • 23. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 23 • How to optimize the ability to innovate? • How to develop a variety of concepts, products, services, processes, etc. for end-users? • How to leverage the diverse ideas of innovation? • How to convert useful data, individual insights and vague ideas into feasible reality? • How to connect with the customers and end-users by targeting their actual requirements? • How to use the different tools used by designers in their profession for solving your customers’ problems?
  • 24. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 24
  • 25. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 25 • Design thinking is halfway between analytical thinking and intuitive thinking. Analytical thinking involves purely deductive reasoning and inductive logical reasoning that utilize quantitative methodologies to come to conclusions. However, intuitive thinking refers to knowing something without any kind of reasoning.
  • 26. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 26 • These are two extreme kinds of thinking. Design thinking makes use of both the extremes in an optimum manner. The intuitive thinking helps in invention for the future, whereas analytical thinking to create something creative in the present, which is replicable.
  • 27. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 27 Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method • The design thinking approach is altogether different from the scientific method. The scientific method begins with rigorously defining all the parameters of the problem, so as to arrive at a solution. But a design thinker is supposed to identify both the known and the ambiguous facts of the problem statement along with the current situation. This method of thinking helps to unearth hidden parameters and open alternate paths to reach the solution. • Iterative approach − As design thinking is an iterative approach, intermediate solutions in the process of developing the larger solution to achieve the end goal can also act as prospective starting points for chalking out alternative paths. This can, at times, also lead to redefinition of the problem statement.
  • 28. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 28 Divergent Thinking vs. Convergent Thinking • Divergent thinking involves finding many possible solutions in the first stance. This is the essence of design thinking process. The design thinkers are required to think of as many solutions as strike their brain, even if some of them don’t look viable. • Convergent thinking is a method of narrowing the available solutions to a final solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to come up with various unique ideas adherent to a single theme. Convergent thinking is the ability to find the correct solution to the given problem
  • 29. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 29 Analysis + Synthesis = Design Thinking • Analysis and synthesis, thus, form the two fundamental tasks to be done in design thinking. Design thinking process starts with reductionism, where the problem statement is broken down into smaller fragments. Each fragment is brainstormed over by the team of thinkers, and the different smaller solutions are then put together to form a coherent final solution
  • 30. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 30 Case Study • Problem Statement − High quality employees leave the organization, mainly after the appraisal cycle. As a result, an average company loses its valuable human resources and suffers from an overhead of transferring the knowledge to a new employee. This takes time and additional human resource in the form of a trainer, which adds to the company’s costs. Devise a plan to contain attrition in the company.
  • 31. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 31 • Analysis − Now, let’s break down the problem statement into various constituent parts. Following are the subparts of the same problem statement, broken down to elementary levels. • The employees are not motivated anymore to work in the company. • Appraisal cycle has something to do with attrition. • Knowledge transfer is necessary for new employees. • Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company.
  • 32. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 32 • Synthesis − Now, let's start solving each problem individually. In this step, we will do synthesis. Let's look at one problem at a time and try to find a solution only for that problem statement, without thinking of other problem statements. • To solve the problem of lack of motivation, the management can plan some sort of incentives that can be given on a regular basis. The efforts put in by the employees must be rewarded well. This will keep the employees motivated. • To solve the issue of occurrence of attrition during appraisal cycle, the management can conduct a meeting with the employees leaving the organization, and take their insight as to what led them to leave the company. • For knowledge transfer, the management can hire only those people who are experts in a domain. • Regarding concerns for budget of knowledge transfer, the management can have a document prepared by experts in a domain and this document can be uploaded on intranet. This can be made available to new joinees. Hence, additional human resource is not required for knowledge transfer and this will reduce the figures in the company's budget.
  • 33. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 33 Final solution • Now, if we observe carefully, the third solution may not be feasible all the time. We cannot be assured of expert professionals coming for interviews all the time. Moreover, expert professionals demand more compensation than not-so-expert professionals. This will increase the company's budget. • Hence, we will now combine the other three solutions to form a coherent one. The final solution will be for the management to first have a talk with the employees leaving the organization to know the reasons behind attrition, then come up with awards in suitable categories and then, create an easily and universally accessible document in the organization for knowledge transfer.
  • 34. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 34 convergent thinking and divergent thinking. • Design thinking involves two types of thinking, viz. convergent thinking and divergent thinking. One needs to think of many solutions to a common problem statement and then arrive at the correct and the best solution. • Divergent thinking is the process of devising more than one solution for a problem statement. It refers to the thought process of generating creative solutions
  • 35. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 35
  • 36. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 36
  • 37. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 37 • Convergent thinking is exactly opposite of what divergent thinking is. The term ‘Convergent Thinking’ was coined by Joy Paul Guilford in 1956. The concept of convergent thinking requires the design thinker to go through all the possible solutions thought during divergent thinking and come up with a correct solution. This convergence on a single solution or a mix of limited number of solutions is the essence of convergence thinking. • Convergent thinking is the type of thinking in which a thinker is generally supposed to come up with a single well-established best-possible solution to a problem. This step delivers the best and a concrete solution to a problem statement, taking into account all the factors and requirements specified in the problem statement. • Convergent thinking requires speed, accuracy, efficiency, logical reasoning, and techniques. A thinker is supposed to recognize the patterns, reapply a few techniques, and accumulate and organize the stored information.
  • 38. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 38 Principles of DT rinciples of Design Thinking
  • 39. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 39 Principles of DT • 1. The human rule – This rule says that humans are an integral part of design, as we design with other designers, use ideas from past designers, and ultimately design for humans. • 2. The ambiguity rule – This rule says that design solutions are confusing in nature, so removing ambiguity restricts creativity. • 3. The re-design rule – This rule says that everything around is a re-design or demands a re-design because humans demand change constantly. • 4. The tangibility rule – This rule says that tangible designs and ideas make communication easier, so designers should use prototypes to support their thoughts and ease communication.
  • 40. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 40
  • 41. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 41 Process of DT
  • 42. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 42 1. Empathize
  • 43. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 43
  • 44. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 44
  • 45. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 45 2.Define
  • 46. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 46 3. Ideate
  • 47. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 47
  • 48. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 48
  • 49. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 49
  • 50. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 50
  • 51. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 51
  • 52. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 52
  • 53. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 53
  • 54. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 54 Case study
  • 55. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 55
  • 56. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 56 Case study 2
  • 57. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 57
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  • 67. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 67 MVP
  • 68. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 68
  • 69. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 69 • A minimum viable product (MVP) is a version of a product with just minimum enough features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development. • A focus on releasing an MVP means that developers potentially avoid lengthy and (ultimately) unnecessary work. Instead, they iterate on working versions and respond to feedback, challenging and validating assumptions about a product's requirements. • The term was coined and defined in 2001 by Frank Robinson and then popularized by Steve Blank and Eric Ries. It may also involve carrying out market analysis beforehand. • Steve Blank typically refers to minimum viable product as minimum feature set
  • 70. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 70 • The MVP is analogous to experimentation in the scientific method applied in the context of validating business hypotheses. It is utilized so that prospective entrepreneurs would know whether a given business idea would actually be viable and profitable by testing the assumptions behind a product or business idea. The concept can be used to validate a market need for a product and for incremental developments of an existing product. • "The minimum viable product is that version of a new product a team uses to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort."[2] The definition's use of the words maximum and minimum means it is not formulaic. It requires judgment to figure out, for any given context, what MVP makes sense
  • 71. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 71 Benefits • Be able to test a product hypothesis with minimal resources • Accelerate learning • Reduce wasted engineering hours • Get the product to early customers as soon as possible • To establish a builder's abilities in crafting the product required • Brand building very quickly
  • 72. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 72 Difference between Prototype and MVP 1. A prototype tests the idea. An MVP tests the product. 2. A prototype tests the basic concept; an MVP tests features, treating the basic concept as already proven. 3. An MVP is functional, it can be used (in however limited a way). A prototype is often more like the visual appearance of the product. 4. A prototype can be a foundation for the MVP design (in some cases, it makes sense to validate the basic hypotheses using the prototype, and then develop an MVP to progress the work further).
  • 73. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 73 Team based shared Model • As its name suggests, the team-based organizational structure is one in which a group of employees works together as a team. ... The team- based organizational structure may be highly fluid with people working on one team, finishing a project.
  • 74. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 74 Media Models Media Models can be used to assess characteristics of various models. Designers can utilize the media-model framework to make informed judgments about appropriate prototyping and modeling approaches within various stages of the design process. New research in the application of media-models to Business Process Modeling (BPM), which traditionally employs electronic media (in the form of complex computer-generated flow-charts) aids in the generation of Business Process Models. This research has resulted in the development of an innovative modeling tool, called Tangible Business Process Modeling, or TBPM.
  • 75. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 75 Resolution • By resolution we mean the level of refinement or granularity that can be observed in the fit and finish of a shared representation. • Figure shows two shared representations used in the development of a test car at a major university in the United States. The sketch of the car on the left exhibits lower resolution than the CAD model on the right
  • 76. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 76 Abstraction • By abstraction we mean amplification through simplification, or pulling specific characteristics out of context. four classes of abstraction: • 1. Material, e.g., material construction • 2. Formal, i.e., shape or appearance • 3. Functional, e.g., “works-like” • 4.Mathematical, e.g., dimensions, optimization
  • 77. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 77
  • 78. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 78 The Media-Models Framework • Figure 4 shows the framework for media models as a conceptual 2×2matrix.
  • 79. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 79 • CAD models are both highly abstract and highly resolution. • In CAD rendering, specific and actual physical things are reduced to geometric boundaries, or lines, which have no specific material existence • Rough sketches and prototypes exhibit low resolution and varying levels of abstraction, depending on the context in which they are used.
  • 80. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 80 • Media-models may be classified into three categories – • ambiguous media • mathematized media, • hybrid media. Each class encourages a different kind of completion.
  • 81. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 81 Ambiguous media • Ambiguous media, such as rough sketches and rough physical prototypes, serve as a scaffold for engineers to fill in the gaps, and are completed as engineers posit many possible formulations of the problem. • They are potential objects, and may express as variants depending on the experience and knowledge of each design engineer who works with them. They encourage divergent conversations
  • 82. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 82 Mathematized media • Mathematized media, maps, and highly realistic images are completed through refinement of what is presented. Thus they encourage convergent conversations.
  • 83. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 83 Hybrid media • Hybrid media allow several kinds of operations and discussions. Media-models in this category are in the sweet spot for design engineers. They often involve using physical interfaces in conjunction with high-level frameworks. • Hybrid models often involve combinations of different media, such as photographs, drawings, and text. • The type of media enlisted in hybrid media has an effect of how the model is completed.
  • 84. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 84 Tangible Business Process Modelling(TBPM) • TBPM is used to get meaningful information about processes from end users • TBPM explicitly delivers control of the model into the hands of all participants at the table, allowing the ability to “think with their hands” as they work out what the nature of their implicit process is. • TBPM affords moving, rearranging, adding, and putting aside its elements.
  • 85. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 85
  • 86. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 86 MCQ • • • • •
  • 87. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 87 • • • • •
  • 88. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 88 • • • • • • • • For IDEO, design thinking is a way to solve problems through creativity.
  • 89. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 89 • • • • •
  • 90. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 90 • •
  • 91. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 91 • Q. Which is NOT a good interview strategy for the Empathy step? • Encourage the person to talk about experiences. • Ask follow-up questions to get more information. • Try to uncover needs people may or may not be aware of. • Encourage short answers that get right to the point.
  • 92. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 92 • Which is NOT an aspect of the Define step of design thinking? • Create a composite user to give perspective to the solution • Develop a Point of View statement to state user's need • Define as many possible solutions to the problem as possible • Recognise a challenge with a "How Might We" question
  • 93. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 93 • Which is NOT a guideline for the Ideate step? • Consider the practicality of each idea before sharing it. • Generate as many ideas as possible. • Reference the How Might We question frequently. • Don't worry about how good other peoples' ideas are.
  • 94. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 94 • Which statement about the Prototype step is true? • A prototype needs to be a realistic model. • The point is to get your idea out into the physical world. • You shouldn't worry about how someone might interact with it. • You shouldn't consider your composite user at this stage.
  • 95. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 95 • Which is NOT true about the Test step? • It is an opportunity to refine the solution. • You should come up with new ideas during the Test step. • Only consider positive feedback to get the best result. • You should assume that your solution can be made better.
  • 96. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 96 • Which is NOT an aspect of the Empathise step? • Evaluate: prioritise evidence that supports a chosen problem • Engage: Interact and interview users in real- life context • Observe: View users in the context of their lives • Immerse: experience what the user experiences
  • 97. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 97 • . During which step do you explore the ways in which users experience your area of concern? • Prototype • Ideate • Define • Empathise
  • 98. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 98 • . During which step do you narrow focus to a specific, meaningful challenge? • Define • Test • Empathise • Ideate
  • 99. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 99 • During which step do you build a vast depository of suggestions to work with? • Test • Empathise • Ideate • Prototype
  • 100. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 0 • During which step do you create a physical, interactive representation of your solution? • Prototype • Ideate • Test • Define
  • 101. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 1 • During which step do you allow an authentic audience to interact with your proposed solution? • Prototype • Ideate • Empathise • Test
  • 102. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 2 • During which stage would you: Brainstorm ideas based on your observations. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
  • 103. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 3 • During which stage would you: Do the most whiteboarding. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
  • 104. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 4 • During which stage would you: Start looking for alternative ways of viewing the problem. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
  • 105. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 5 • During which stage would you: Want to try to "think outside of the box". • answer choices • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Empathize
  • 106. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 6 During which stage would you: Create a model of your solution. Prototype Define Ideate Test
  • 107. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 7 • During which stage would you: Gain feedback from others on how the solution meets the needs of the problems or concerns they shared with you in interviews. • Prototype • Define • Ideate • Test
  • 108. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 8 • Q. Which stage would you consider to be an experimental phase where you are trying out solutions you previously brainstormed? • Prototype • Define • Test • Ideate
  • 109. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 10 9 • MVP is also known as minimum feature set • True • False • Which of the below is correct ? • MVP test the Product and prototype test the Idea • MVP test the idea and prototype test the Product • MVP and prototype both test the product • None of the above
  • 110. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 0 • Amplification means through simplification, or pulling specific characteristics out of context. • True • False Which are the following statement is correct • CAD model is Highly Abstract but low resolution • Rough sketch is Highly Abstract and High Resolution • Both CAD model And Rough sketch are Highly abstract and High resolution • None of the above
  • 111. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 1 • TBPM stands for • Tangible Business Prototype Model • Tangible Business Process Model • Tangible Business Practice Model • None of the Above
  • 112. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 2 • • • • • •
  • 113. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING www.rljit.in RLJIT R L J I T 11 3 • • • • •