3. What is
Operating
System?
An operating system is an
organizedd set or collection of
software programs that controls
the overall operation of the
computer system.
It controls and directs the flow of
data and instruction from one
part of the computer to another.
4. What is MS-DOS?
MS-DOS stands for Micro Soft
Disk Operating System.
It was developed by Microsoft
Corporation for the IBM-PC.
6. What is Memory in
Computing?
• Memory refers to any physical device that stores
data temporarily or permanently. It is essential for
storing and retrieving information used by the
computer’s processor.
8. The Primary
Memory -
RAM
(Random
Access
Memory)
Is a type of computer memory
that temporarily stores data that
the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
needs to access quickly.
It stores programs and data when
the computer is on.
10. Virtual Memory
• A section of the hard drive used
as temporary RAM when
physical RAM is full, allowing the
system to handle more
applications at once.
11. Flash Memory
Used in USB drives, memory cards,
and SSDs for fast, non-volatile
storage.
12. Uses of RAM
Running Applications – RAM allows software programs, web browsers, and
games to run smoothly by providing fast access to necessary data.
Multitasking – More RAM enables a computer to handle multiple programs
at once without slowing down.
Gaming – High-performance games require more RAM to store textures,
maps, and game data for smooth gameplay.
Video Editing & Rendering – Applications like Adobe Premiere Pro and After
Effects need a large amount of RAM to process high-resolution videos.
13. Uses of RAM
Data Caching – Operating systems and applications use RAM to store
frequently accessed data for faster processing.
Virtual Machines – Running multiple operating systems
simultaneously requires significant RAM to allocate memory to each
instance.
Web Browsing – Modern browsers like Chrome and Firefox use RAM
to store open tabs and load pages faster.
14. The Initializing and Loading Routines
These routines first test the system and each of
the peripheral devices, initialize various
components and make sure that the devices
that are necessary for running the system are
present and operational.
Then these programs search the disks for the
OS routines and programs.
Once the OS routines and programs are found,
ROM loading routines load the OS routines into
the main memory and then pass the control
over to the operating system.
This process of loading the OS is called Booting.
15. The Internal Commands
Internal commands in Windows are command-line
instructions that are built into the Command Prompt
(CMD) and do not require an external file or program
to execute.
These commands are directly processed by the
cmd.exe command interpreter, making them faster
and always available.
16. The Commands
DIR – Displays a list of files and directories in the current directory.
Syntax: DIR
CD (Change Directory) – Changes the current working directory.
Syntax: CD Folder name
MD (Make Directory) – Creates a new directory.
Syntax: MD New Folder name
RD (Remove Directory) – Deletes an empty directory.
Syntax: RD Folder name
COPY – Copies one or more files from one location to another.
Syntax: COPY file1.txt D:Backup
17. The Commands
DEL (Delete File) – Deletes a specified file.
Syntax: DEL file.txt
REN (Rename File) – Renames a file or folder.
Syntax: REN oldname.txt newname.txt
TYPE – Displays the contents of a text file.
Syntax: TYPE file.txt
CLS – Clears the command prompt screen.
Syntax: CLS
ECHO – Displays messages or enables/disables command echoing.
Syntax: ECHO Hello, World!
18. The Commands
VER – Shows the current version of DOS.
Syntax: VER
DATE – Displays or sets the system date.
Syntax: DATE
TIME – Displays or sets the system time.
Syntax: TIME
