Module 2 part 6 and writing plan
- 1. WBS 3630 Module 2 Advice for planning the inquiry (20/11/14)
- 2. Where are you now in Module 2? How does Part 4 – (lines of inquiry) go together with Part 5 – (ethics)? How do I use Part 6 for my inquiry planning ? How do I complete the proposal/plan for submission?
- 3. Part 4 is about to starting to develop your inquiry question – and to find out what others beyond your immediate circle think – it is about exploring the expertise from those who ‘know’ about your area of interest 1. You should have draft inquiry questions that you can later fine-tune for your plan. Discuss these with your adviser and SIGs. 2. You should have some literature that you have read for its meaning and informs your topic – this literature will help you start to plan a literature review for Module 3
- 4. 1. You need to understand your professional context and get permission from any gatekeepers in your workplace. You need to fill out an Employer Support form. 1. You need to plan how to gain people’s permission to ask them questions, using consent forms and filling out an Ethics Form for the university - the actual activity for the inquiry will be in Module 3. Part 5 is about your professional ethics and understanding informed consent…
- 5. Part 6 is about understanding the tools/methods to carry out practitioner research – using ethical practice from Part 5… As a part of your inquiry you will probably do some practitioner research - so you need to plan this for Module 3. Module 2 is about understanding the tools in order propose how you will use them in Module 3 – you will get ethical permission from the university to carry out your practitioner research.
- 6. What are the inquiry tools and what do we do with them for Module 2? What is the plan? Inquiry Tools Observations Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents Why do I need an Inquiry question(s)? What is the crtical review? How do I fill out the forms? What needs to be handed in for assessment? Writing the plan/proposal The forms The critical reflection
- 7. Observations Observations can be a rich source of information and look at events and behaviour. http://www.ehow.co.uk/ Inquiry Tools Observations Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents
- 8. Observations The observation method involves the researcher in watching, recording and analysing events of interest. Events may be recorded, by the researcher - data may be structured more openly or using a predetermined framework using a observation grid to examine the number of times that behaviour occurs or to record specific responses or interventions. The observer may also be a participant in the events being studied… this participant observation can be recorded in your journal.
- 9. Observations Data is often both qualitative (how and why) and quantitative (how much and when). You can prepare a ‘coding framework’ or grid that ensures data is collected within agreed boundaries of subjectivity-objectivity. Interactions with interviewees are noted in the analysis AND describe how you carried out the observation – include the insider-researcher perspective. You can practice developing your analytical skills by observing meetings (or similar events) in the workplace (Bell, 2005).
- 10. Analysing Observations The data is gathered and displayed as descriptions and quotes, you can use diagrams, charts or photographs to show relationships/ Record what has happened sensitively and appropriately to issues of ethics, permission and confidentiality. You need to report an understanding of the context for the event or meeting that was observed in order to draw conclusions from the data.
- 11. Surveys news.bbc.co.uk Inquiry Tools Observations Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents The main advantage of the survey approach is the ability to gather data from wide range of representative respondents.
- 12. Surveys Surveys are associated with asking groups of people questions about who they are or what they ‘think’ using their attitudes to issues. Surveys can be both quantitative (counting up the responses and giving percentages of the responses) and qualitative (leaving space for participants to make comments). The survey approach can use a representative sample of the population of interest. BAPP Arts survey are generally small-scale (so they are indicative but not considered statistically sound) but the national census and large-scale MORI polls are examples of large probability surveys – some of which you can use as datasets. .
- 13. Surveys The aim is to devise precise written questions for answer by a predetermined group or sample. If closed questions are used, the questionnaire can provide a means of gathering data from a wide range of respondents in a comparatively short space of time. Low response rates are often problematic as they can affect the validity and reliability of your data. Questions need careful definition as does their positioning and layout in the printed questionnaire. These questions can be factual in nature, finding out basic information for comparison and correlation, or using attitudinal scale that was popularised by Likert (Bell, 2005) that allow for a greater range of response than yes or no answers. “Attitudes can … be ascertained by presenting a list of declarative statements and asking respondents to rate them in terms of agreement or disagreement” (Black, 1999, p.227).
- 14. Analysing the data The framework for data analysis of replies determined in advance. Coding your questionnaire: There are five steps involved in the coding process (Survey Monkey can export this data): 1. Develop the coding frame for both pre-coded (closed) and open questions. 2. Create a codebook and coding instructions. 3. Code the questionnaires. 4. Transfer the values to a computer (as in an Excel spreadsheet). 5. Check and clean the data (you can make simple graphs with the data). Interpretation involves identifying significant results, trends, patterns, similarities and differences and offering an explanation for them. This can be expressed in the form of numbers or words in your findings…
- 15. Interviews Inquiry Tools Observations Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents (Image courtesy of beewebhead on Flickr obtained from MIT open access website)
- 16. Interview- what is it? It is a qualitative method where you collect what people say (from your sample) in order to use it as evidence. Its advantage is that you “can follow up on ideas, probe responses and investigate motives and feelings” (Bell, 2005, p.157). You can ask the why questions… It is an occasion to gather information ‘for the record’, with a specific agenda set out by the researcher, it is not just a conversation (Denscombe,2007). When it is processed, the evidence from the interview will provide data for your research.
- 17. Sampling – choosing who to interview There are a number of different ways to design a sampling frame and this will depend on your approach and access. Match your methods to your research problem and work-based learning project Purposive - choosing people who can answer the questions using defined criteria like expertise or their being in certain roles within the workplace (qualitative) Representative - selection of the sample population (quantitative and mixed - i.e. the interviews might follow a survey) more ‘scientific’ - using a version of probability or non-probability sampling
- 18. Types of Interview Structured - closed questions to illicit information that can be turned into data, like a social survey in person or for targeted information, uses identical questions that can be standardised Semi-structured - broad topic questions but with some built in flexibility, usually some standardisation Open – usually around a general topic but where you allow the participant to introduce subjects and/or narratives more freely.
- 19. Developing questions and trying them out Interview Questions - ask what you would like to know about for your project. Think this process through. Piloting the process - draft the questions and their sequence. Try this out with a willing participant who can offer you suggestions for any changes - you can also talk about this stage with your Academic Advisor. Change your interview process as needed. How does this differ from professional networking? How is it similar?
- 20. Interview Preparations Consent Forms - the ‘researcher’ needs to ensure informed consent from the participants – more in the campus session on ethics Access and/or Gatekeeper Permission – you may need to write or email the Manager telling them what you are doing and receive the ok to interview people You may need a letter from Middlesex University to formalise your agreement with the workplace, especially if confidentiality agreements are required.
- 21. Protocols - arranging the meeting Send an information sheet, interview questions and consent form prior to the meeting if possible. Tell the participant what they will need to do to prepare and how much time you will need. Make clear your needs… Allow time to contact people to agree to interview, for example, to work with children you might need a CRB (Criminal Records Bureau) check. Most people at work are busy and scheduling is required, other interviews might take place outside of work because of confidentiality or preference. You may have to do interviews over the phone or Skype.
- 22. Notes and taping Gain permission to record the audio visual – use 2 devices to ensure you get the interview - digital devices mean that you can store the information but be careful about the storage and confidentiality You may want to take a few notes to highlight certain responses - have sheets prepared and maybe a clipboard. This may not be possible in an ‘ethnographic’ situation i.e. an evening performance venue.
- 23. Doing the interview Be punctual and have all handouts ready (Consent form, questionnaires, etc.). Arrange the surroundings, i.e. the seating and recording devices, so that the participant is comfortable. It is important that the participant is supported in the process and that you also engage with them in a professional manner BUT that you come away from the interview with the evidence that you need for your inquiry
- 24. Asking the questions Keeping a neutral tone and ‘chairing the process’ to keep it on time, stopping if necessary or asked to stop. Taping also means the recording of your voice, so you want to keep your talking down to a minimum. Don’t ask leading questions - this is harder than it sounds - BUT try to ask clarification questions to bring out interesting points, that is why you are there. In a semi-structured or open interview or focus group - there will be extra information that you may need to sift out, but try not to cut off the flow of the speaker.
- 25. Managing data from interviews • Generally the interview data is transcribed into written findings. • Quotes should be written as they are spoken, and you can add in non-verbal responses to the text. • Generally, this data is kept in a secure place that you describe in your writing up, and is only viewed by the original researcher although in some cases academic advisors may need to check this process. • In this case, transcriptions and tapes should be kept until the end of the programme.
- 26. Analysing interviews The analysis of data collected from interviews can be complex. It has been collected within a certain context or a variety of different ones and must be analysed with that in mind. Use research sources to help you decide your approach… Quotes can be selected because they typify the data (common responses) or there might be some statements that are significant though only said once (significant).
- 27. Analysing interviews The qualitative researcher can categorise (code) data that has emerged into themes, and the data may include the researchers own ideas, impressions and interpretations that are observed. The data is organised so that comparisons, contrasts and evaluations can be made with the aim of finding the meaning of the evidence presented. Content analysis can also looks at how often words and phrases are used to explain meaning by a systematic review of the data that could be subjected to statistical significance testing, e.g. categorising the positive and negative statements in a transcript of the interview or related documents (like government policy papers).
- 28. Focus Groups Inquiry Tools Observations Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents http://guides.library.duke.edu/content.php?pid=466734&sid=3820865 Your choice of setting, public or private, depends on the situation.
- 29. Focus Groups Focus groups are similar to group interviews but they have a different dynamics because of the interaction between the participants. “Focus groups are more likely to include members who either have similar characteristics or experience… or are known to have a professional concern about and knowledge of the issues involved.” (Bell, 2005, p. 162).
- 30. Focus Groups Focus groups can also be hard to manage so the role of the moderator or facilitator (yourself) is an important one to make sure to provide the ‘trigger’ topic or questions and to channel the discussion to elicit the data needed for the research (Denscombe, 2007, p. 179). With focus groups you may want to have everyone identify themselves first so that you can identify their voice - these are more difficult to transcribe.
- 31. Focus Groups - the setting Researcher Gatekeeper Recording devices Actual seating arrangement for a recent focus group in which Paula took part.
- 32. Actions for after the interview or focus group Transcription should be verbatim – including pauses, nonverbal responses, repetitions in order to analyse the data after the interview If you are transcribing yourself, leave enough time (rule of thumb is 1 hour = 8 hours of transcription) OR transcribe only the quotes you need. You can pay someone to do this but need to insure confidentiality and anonymity – i.e. use pseudonyms or name substitutes like Respondent 1, Actor 1, Actor 2 etc. or describe them by their role UNLESS you have permission to do otherwise.
- 33. Inquiry Tools Observations Documents Surveys Interviews Focus Groups Documents These include papers or digital materials that would be like talking to someone about your area of interest – in Part 5 you looked at ethical documents from you work for example – these might also include policy documents or web research about your topic that are ‘artefacts’ that do not ‘critique’ but represent points of view or practice.
- 34. So in response to the questions at the beginning… Part 4 - The lines of inquiry is what you are trying to find out… you use expertise from your ‘field’ to define your inquiry questions… Part 5 - Ethical practice and consent are a part of practitioner research – so are built into your process of finding out and doing activities after you find out… Your main inquiry question (sub-questions ) are written into the proposal /plan You need to decide what literature you will need to ‘theorise’ your topic and area of interest Ethical principles are summarised in the plan/proposal accompanied by the 3 forms and a Critical Reflection
- 35. So in response to the three questions at the beginning… Part 6 tools/methods are used to gather data about your inquiry to add to what you can find out from literature – you should now decide what tools will be used for your inquiry In the plan you decide who you need to ask permission from the Gatekeepers – this might be the person who signs your Employer Support form (your main employer or a professional peer) AND who you need to talk to - the specific people - their roles and the criteria you are using to choose them for your sample - and the reasons (the rationale) about why you want to speak with them
- 36. So in response to the three questions at the beginning… Writing the plan/proposal How do I complete the proposal/plan for submission? Use what you have learned during the Module to draft a plan – send the draft to your adviser for feedback.
- 37. Outline of the Inquiry Plan Use the following headings for your inquiry plan: Title of Inquiry (a working title of your inquiry) Context of the Inquiry (why it is important and who will benefit) Rationale and Inquiry Question(s) Aims / Objectives (explain what you are actually going to do in the inquiry) Literature and Publicly available Ideas – what is already known about the topic of your inquiry? Inquiry tools that you will use and why (based on your review of pilots conducted with SIGs) Approach to analysis of information you will collect in the inquiry Ethical practice in your inquiry (summarise + do Ethics form) Resources Needed Schedule (when will you be dong the activities_
- 38. So in response to the three questions at the beginning… The forms • Employer form is signed by someone you work for or a professional peer • Ethics form you do yourself but it explains the process you are using for your practitioner research • Award Title form is about your degree title (not the title of the inquiry ) but the BA (Hons) Professional Practice in Arts (and your specialism in brackets).
- 39. So in response to the three questions at the beginning… The critical reflection The critical reflection is similar to what you did in Module 1 – it talks about what you have learned during the module. Write this on a blog and then reproduce the blog (cut and paste the text or pdf the blog post) as an appendix of the plan – so Appendix 1. So once again a portfolio approach to the submission – ask you adviser any questions you might have!!!
- 40. Where are you now in Module 2? So in response to the this question at the beginning… what more do you need to know? •Refer to your Module 2 Handbook •Reader 4, Reader 5, Reader 6 •the Reading List up on the Library on the UniHub/MyUniHub site. •Your adviser •Your SIGs What is the plan? Why do I need an Inquiry question(s)? What is the crtical review? How do I fill out the forms? What needs to be handed in for assessment?