Module 4 module 2 structural layout & details

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Content Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates
understanding of concepts and
underlying principles in drafting
structural layout and details.
The learner independently drafts
structural layout and details
following the job requirements.
Quarter III Time Allotment: 20 hrs.
MODULE 4
Drafting Structural Layout and Details
Introduction
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) is one of the nomenclature in the
implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program (BEP) composed of four
components namely: Agri-Fishery Arts, Home Economics, Industrial Arts and Information
and Communications Technology (ICT). In this module, the focus is on Drafting
Structural Layout and Details.
In this course, you will be introduced to different learning activities that will prepare
you to be skillful before you take the plunge into the world of work as a draftsman and to
feel more confident while providing support where needed.
This module is specifically crafted to focus on Process and Delivery enriched with
hands- on activities that will assess your level in terms of skills and knowledge. Learning
procedures are divided into different sections such as: What to Know, What to Process,
What to Reflect and Understand and What to Transfer.
So, explore and experience the lessons in Structural Layout and details and be a
step closer to being a draftsman.

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At this point, you are
heading into meaningful
activities and learning
encounters. Complete the
exercises and answer the
suggested worksheets to
experience lifelong, practical
learning that awaits at the end
of this module.
ENJOYYOURJOURNEY!
Objectives:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
 draft foundation plans
 draft structural floor and roof framing plans
*****

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Pre-assessment:
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about Technical Drafting. This Phase will guide you in assessing yourself by
answering the questions below. As you go through the pre-assessment, you will be
exploring the basics of structural lay-outing and detailing.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided to each number.
_______1. Distributes the weight of a building over large area.
a. footing b. lintel c. pier d. walls
_______2. A footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the
wall.
a. cantilever footing c. isolated footing
b. combined footing d. wall footing
_______3. Footing which supports two column loads or sometimes three column loads
not in a row.
_______4. A footing which supports a row of three or more columns.
a. cantilever footing c. continuous footing
_______5. Are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
a. batter board b. level c. stake d. string
_______6. Is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the
wall.
_______7. Is amorphous silica cement that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically
with alkali in water.
a. pozzolan cement c. union cement
b. northern cement d. standard cement
_______8. Is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.
a. flat slab b. one way solid slab c. ribbed floor d. two way solid slab
_______9. Is for establishing reference point.

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______10. Usually built after the completion of the main structural framework of the
dwelling unit.
a. ceiling b. post c. stairway d. wall construction
______11. Is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts.
a. girder b. plywood c. purlins d. sill
______12. Part of the floor system that carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.
a. girder b. header c. sill d. trimmer
______13. Is transparent and measures ¼”Ø filled with water to establish level of
horizontal lines.
a. level b. plastic water hose c. stake d. string
______14. Is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings
connected together by a beam often called a strap.
a. cantilever footing b. combined footing c. isolated footing d. wall footing
______15. Refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
a. dead load b. live load c. load bearing d. wind load
______16. This type of roof has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
a. butterfly roof b. gable roof c. hip roof d. mansard roof
______17. The type of roof which is the most commonly used because it is economical.
______18. A roof where its sides slope steeply on each side.
______19. This type is a two shed combined.
______20. It is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
a. common rafter b. hip rafter c. jack rafter d. valley rafter
______21. This type of rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
______22. Rafter are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
______23. The height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
a. flight b. rise c. run d. tread
______24. The series of steps from one landing to another.
______25. The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.

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LearningGoalsandTargets:
After reading the introduction and carefully answering the pre assessment skills
test, you might have ideas of what you will be dealing with in this module. Now prepare
to set your goals and targets for this module by completing the activity below. Write your
answer in your notebook.
My goals are:
My targets are:
Goal 4
Goal 3
Goal 2
Goal 1
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3

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Introduction
Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to provide a
level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The foundation must be strong
enough to support and distribute the load of the structure. The foundation helps prevent
cold air and dampness from entering the house. It waterproofs the basement and forms
the supporting walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from cracking and the
doors and windows from sticking.
The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same, regardless
of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing foundation vary greatly
in different parts of the country and are continually changing.
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of
the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the science of soil mechanics confirms
that rock beds are the most stable medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the
building stands, serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other
construction material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel
and other materials used, as foundation is needed to transmit these loads to the soil.
Skills Assessment
Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order
to draft a quality floor plan. On the right side of the matrix lists the skills expected of you
to master. Rate yourself by checking “Not much”, if you are not so familiar yet, “A little”
and/or “A lot”, if you are already familiar with the skills. Don’t feel bad if you checked “Not
Much” in all of the skills. Keep in mind that this is being administered to determine your
pre-entry knowledge of and skills on the lesson to be presented.
Skills in Architectural Job Requirements Not Much A little A lot
I know how to draft foundation plans.
I can draft structural floors and roof framing plans.
After raising your awareness of what are the learning goals and targets that you
are supposed to do, are you ready to move on with this module? This will include topics
on the preparation of drafts in foundation plans and drafts in structural floors and roof

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framing plans. Enjoy reading and have fun while performing the activities prepared for
you.
Lesson 1: Draft Foundation Plans
This lesson is designed in order that student may recognize the most appropriate
design, proper locations in doing such foundation plans (wall footing and columns) and to
be familiar to the different materials needed in making a concrete House or Building
foundations.
Skills Assessment
Skills in Drafting Foundation Plans Not Much A little A lot
I know how to indicate locations of wall footings, footing
and columns in the floor plan.
I can draw larger scale details of wall footings and
columns.
Technical Terms Encountered in Foundation Plans
Foundation - is the part of the building below the surface of the ground which is
sometimes called the substructure.
Footing - is an expansion at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the load
into the ground.

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Design of Foundation
The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is the result of
determining the soil surface and the condition of the soil. The topography of the surface
has to be considered prior to construction, as this might affect the construction
investigation.
A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive investigation as a
site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of determining soil condition. Sample
of soil extracted from the site is examined as to its consistency and relative density. The
area bored or drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring methods and
equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National Building Code
requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft. per ton or less than twice the maximum
bearing capacity desired for use.
To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a foundation, without
overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the soil
also behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed for the
worst times.
Laying-Out and Staking
The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the ground
is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this process is done which includes
demolition, clearing and establishing building measurement on the ground. Before a
foundation for a construction begins, the perimeter of the house or building should be laid
out on the ground. Please refer to the given illustrations below.

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The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
3. Level transit - is for establishing reference point.
4. Plastic water hose - which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to establish
level of horizontal lines.
5. String or chord - for connecting established point.
Excavation and Backfilling
Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories namely, the shallow
excavation and the deep excavation.
1. Shallow excavation - includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they are
independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil extends to 1.50 meters.

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2. Deep excavation - is for large building projects as this requires almost total extraction
of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring of the ground to project adjoining
properties. The process is defined as providing temporary support to the structure or
ground during excavation.
Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after the
foundation has been laid out.

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The design of a foundation always includes the following:
1. The dead load plus the live load
2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts
As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation which
includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also includes piles, piers
and caissons.
The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of nature.
Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of construction. But
physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of construction like steel, concrete
and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete, and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence
there is a foundation to transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the
soil will not be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a
structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation provides
lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be considered and that
foundation is designed for worst conditions that may develop.
There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The movement of the
foundation may be due to the following causes. Refer to the sample pictures below.
1. Soil bearing capacity failure

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2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
3. Shear distortion of the soil

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4. Compression of the soil
There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the foundation but these
are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the soil.
How did you find the given information? Which among the information matters to you
most? Well, you are just starting, move forward to enrich your understanding. Enjoy this
simple activity. Have fun!
Suggested Activity 1
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.

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__________ 2. They are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
__________ 3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
__________ 4.It provides ultimate support of the structure.
__________ 5.It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out?
2. Give the Four (4) causes of foundation movement?
Directions:
1. Read and answer honestly in a separate sheet of paper the questions below. You can
visit a site (construction) and see for yourself the importance of foundation in building high
rise structures and residential houses.
2. For the whole class:
2.1 Let the students group themselves into 3-5 depending upon the number of
students in the class.
2.2 Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid
foundation for a building or a residential unit.
2.3 Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.

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Questions to Ponder:
1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and construction
of a building?
2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building design and
its strength?
3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to construction?
Note: Rate yourself honestly using the assessment tool prepared for you below.
Criteria:
Performance Level and
Description Remarks
E
5
VS
4
S
3
Poor
2
NI
1
Clarity of content
Completeness of the
required data
Sequence of thought:
a. inductive
b. deductive
Delivery/Presentation
Total:
How did you find the given activity? Which among the elements in designing
foundation matters to you most? Well, you are just starting, move forward to enrich your
understanding. Enjoy reading. Have fun!

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Foundation
Foundations are important components in the construction of a building. It is the
foundation that carries the load of the building.
Types of foundations:
1. Spread Foundation - includes all those types where the load is distributed into the
soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called piles.
Sample Spread Foundation

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2. Pier Foundation - is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender
vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles. It is in this foundation
where concrete piers are carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing
power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached.
3. Slab Foundation - is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground with
footings placed where extra support is needed.

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4. T- Foundation - consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall or a
concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in structures
with basement.
6. Mat Foundation - assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the entire
area of the building floor.
Foundation Members
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design and size of
the foundation
1. Footing – is a portion of the foundation of a structure which directly distributes the
weight of a building over large area. Concrete is commonly used for footings
because it can be poured to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil.

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2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to support the load of the
building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house to the
footing.
2. Piers and Columns Piers and columns - are vertical members usually made of
concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support the floor systems and can
be used as sole support of the structure.
Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the foundation.
Kinds of Footings
1. Wall footing - is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire
length of the wall.
Wall Footing

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2. Isolated footing - is one which supports a single column, post, pier or other
concentrated load.
Isolated Column Footing
3. Combined footing - is one which supports two column loads or sometimes
three column loads not in a row.
Combined Column Footing
4. Cantilever footing - is one which supports two column loads and consists of two
footings connected together by a beam often called a strap.
Cantilever Footing

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5. Continuous footing - is one which supports a row of three or more columns.
Continuous Footing
6. Raft or mat footing - is one which extends under the entire building area and
supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
Raft or Mat Footing
7. Trapezoidal footing
Trapezoidal Footing

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Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and write it on a
__________ 1. A footing which supports a wall.
__________ 2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.
__________ 3. A footing which supports a single column.
__________ 4. A kind of foundation wherein concrete is poured directly to the ground
with footings placed where extra support is needed.
__________ 5. A wall that supports or carries a load.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What are the two (2) types of walls?
2. Give the three (3) kinds of loads?
3. Enumerate the seven (7) classes of footings according to load.
4. What are the six (6) types of foundations?

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Draft Foundation Plan
Follow the given Procedure:
1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the Floor Plan.
2. Indicate sizes of columns and footings to be used based on accepted
architectural and structural requirements ( in this case we may simply assume).
3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and 0.40) width
of footing.
4. Draw outlines of footings and columns based on accepted architectural drawing
practices.
5. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detail drawing of
footings and columns.
Drafting Detail of Columns and Footings
Procedure:
1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation, determine the types
of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing must be drawn)
2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan.
3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used.
4. Layout the column section following the measurement used.
5. Draw the reinforcing bars and label.

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Note: Your output will be evaluated according to the following criteria below. The
teacher will assigned the percentage rating accordingly:
1. Accuracy of:
a. lines used according to standards
b. scaled measurements
c. notations and specifications
2. Work Values:
a. work attitude/behavior
b. safe work habits
c. housekeeping and maintenance
d. time management
How did you find the given activities? Are they challenging? Now, after knowing
all the theories, concepts and practices in drafting structural layout and details, you are
going to assess yourself how far your understanding about the topic is. Perform the
activity below to measure if you already acquired the needed skills by performing the
given assessment. Good luck!!
Summative Assessment: Lesson 1
You are now going to prove yourself how much learning you had acquired.
This is also to test your skills in precise measurements and proper notations…Go!
Directions: Draft the following. Use appropriate drawing tools and materials.
A. Foundation Plan
B. Detail of Columns and Footings
Note: Use the given floor plan on page 47 of module 1. Your output will be evaluated
according to the given sample rubrics below.

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Sample Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Line Technique Application of (all)
various lines was
used according to
standards
At least 3-5 lines
were used not
according to
standards
More than 5 lines
were used not
according to
standards
Accuracy All measurements
and notations
needed were
accurately done
At least 3-5
measurements
and notations
needed were
inaccurately done
More than 5
measurements and
notations needed
were inaccurately
done
Layout/Proportion All drawings were
drawn
proportionately
and was layout
properly
Layout was good
but 1-2 drawing
were out of
proportion
More than 2
drawings were
drawn out of
proportion and
improperly layout
Neatness Finished output
was neatly done,
no erasures nor
any smudges
Erasures/smudges
are observable on
the finished output
Finished output has
so many erasures/
smudges present
Time Management Finish the task
ahead of the given
time/date
Finish the task on
the given
time/date
Unable to finish the
task on the given
time/date
RATING SCALE:
Points earned Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating
21 - 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 - 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11- 15 81 - 85 Good
6 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
1 - 5 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
Teacher’s Comments:
Teacher’s Signature: _____________________ Date: _____________
Congratulations! You have done a great job!
After gaining knowledge from previous activities, you are about to learn new topic,
and this is the preparation of floor plans. Let’s proceed to another learning experiences.
Enjoy and have fun!

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Lesson 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
This lesson is design so that students will become more knowledgeable on
how to draft a proper layout of structural floor and roof framing plans based on the
considerations of the shapes, sizes and detailed connections.
Skills Assessment
Skills in Drafting Structural Floors and Roof
Framing Plans
Not Much A little A lot
I can draft structural floor and roof framing plans based
on floor and foundation plans using timber, concrete or
steel construction.
I know how to draft structural floor and roof beams
showing sizes, shapes and detailed connections.
Listed below are technical terms that you may encounter while preparing the
details of the plan.
Compression Test - determines behavior of materials under crushing loads.
Concrete Slump Test - is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh
concrete. It measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch. The test is
popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.
Dead Load - refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable materials.
Framing - is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of another.

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Girder - is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.
Heel Plate - is the plate at the end of a truss.
Hip Roof - is a roof with four sloping sides.
Jack Rafter - is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.
Joist - is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or ceiling
system.
Lally Column - is a steel column used to support girders and beams.
Pier - is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.
Pilaster - is a decorative column attached to a wall.
Piles - are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.
Pillar - is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.
Purlins - are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.
Ridge - is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.
Slab - is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.
Span - is the distance between structural supports.
Valley - is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.
Valley Jacks - is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.
Valley Rafters - is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping roofs.

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Concrete
The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete, which is an
artificial stone. It is a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water. This
is known as plain concrete. If there is a reinforcement embedded in order that they act
together in resisting forces it is called a reinforced concrete.
Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone-hard
substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland cement. Joseph Aydin
introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement is categorized as to its type,
whether for general construction or where high early strength or resistance is required.
Pozzolana cement is amorphous silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically
with alkali in water. The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing. Admixture, on the
other hand is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete, before
or during mixing. The ability of concrete to flow freely and fill all voids is known as
workability of the concrete mixture. Workability is sometimes described as consistency,
plasticity and mobility. Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity
refers to the ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to obtain a good
mixture required for a particular work. The strength of concrete is measured in its ability
to resist stresses such as compressive, tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion:
The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a balance for
economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Class of
Mixture
Cement
40 kg.
Sand Gravel
Cu.Ft. Cu.M. Cu.Ft. Cu.M.
AA 1 1 ½ .043 3 .085
A 1 2.0 .057 4 .113
B 1 2 ½ .071 5 .142
C 1 3.0 .085 6 .170
Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:

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1. On the job site – hand mixing
2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers
Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the concrete has
been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical reaction between the
cement and water. The building code provides that concrete shall be maintained above
10˚c temperature for at least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength
concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and the footings
are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The main purpose of a column
is to support a beam or girder, floor or roof. Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.
1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the shortest
lateral dimension of the cross section.
2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times.
Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:
1. Tied column reinforcement
2. Spiral reinforcement
3. Composite reinforcement
4. Combined reinforcement
5. Lally column reinforcement

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A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI code provides a
specific size of ties as follows:
1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar
2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel bars
Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the main
reinforcing bar.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the lateral
ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the cross
section of the column.
The Reinforced Concrete Floor
The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the floor slab. The
floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the human occupants and all
unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the beams then to the columns.
A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support while
girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams. Beams are classified as
simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam while cantilever beams are supported on
one end and the other projecting beyond the support.
A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load has to carry
its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational effect of its own weight will
cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other hand, a bending moment is the tendency
of a force to cause rotation at an axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending.
The Reinforced Concrete Slab

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Reinforced concrete slab is classified as:
1. One way solid slab
2. Two way solid slab
3. Ribbed floor
4. Flat slab or Girder less floor.
The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these considerations:
1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported
3. The length of the span
4. Cost of construction
A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system. This
is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders, floor slab needs no web
reinforcements. The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same
quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.

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The American Concrete Institute code provides that the thickness of the slab shall
not be less than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the ratio of
reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.
The other most common type of slab used in building residential dwelling is the
two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by beams or girders, the
reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right angle to each other. The
reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the side support.

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Reinforced Concrete Stairways
The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form of a concrete
stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a transverse one bar per
tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be short and no break in flight between
floors. If the stair is divided into two or more flights, intermediate beams should be used
to support the landing. The building code provides that all stairs shall be so designed to
give safety and convenience to climbing.
Here are standard dimensions provided for by the code:
1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of any landing
shall be 110 cm.
2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive of the
nosing is 25 cm.
3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.

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Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the main structural
framework of the dwelling unit.
LAY-OUT THE STAIRWAY
A. Directions: Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a
__________ 1. It is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in concrete.
__________ 2. It is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone hard
substance.
__________ 3. It is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water.
__________ 4. Supports the transverse load with each end resting on a support.
__________ 5. The minimum width of any stair slab.
__________ 6. It is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.

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__________ 7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded.
__________ 8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10 times the
lateral dimension
__________ 9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.
__________ 10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.
Procedure:
1. Draft Reinforced concrete floor based from the given floor plan. Indicate the detail
of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions. Note: You will be provided
with a copy of the plan.
2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness of gravel
bedding.
3. Indicate size and distances of reinforcing bars as per standard specification on
the national building code.
4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.
5. Draw a sectional detail of the plan and label the drawing.
Sample Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
Line Technique Application of (all)
various lines was
used according to
standards
At least 3-5 lines
were used not
according to
standards
More than 5 lines
were used not
according to
standards
Accuracy All measurements
and notations
needed were
accurately done
At least 3-5
measurements
and notations
needed were
inaccurately done
More than 5
measurements and
notations needed
were inaccurately
done

204
Layout/Proportion All drawings were
drawn
proportionately
and was layout
properly
Layout was good
but 1-2 drawing
were out of
proportion
More than 2
drawings were
drawn out of
proportion and
improperly layout
Neatness Finished output
was neatly done,
no erasures nor
any smudges
Erasures/smudges
are observable on
the finished output
Finished output has
so many erasures/
smudges present
Time Management Finish the task
ahead of the given
time/date
Finish the task on
the given
time/date
Unable to finish the
task on the given
time/date
RATING SCALE:
Points earned Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating
21 - 25 91 - 100 Outstanding
16 - 20 86 - 90 Very Good
11- 15 81 - 85 Good
6 - 10 76 - 80 Fair
1 - 5 71 - 75 Needs Improvement
Teacher’s Comments:
Teacher’s Signature: _____________________ Date: _____________
Congratulations! You have done a great job!
Reinforced Steel Bars
The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel bar. It is
designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building load even in simultaneous
deformation; otherwise it might skip out from the concrete if there is no sufficient bond.

205
Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein it is pre-
assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where heavy tension forces
are applied before pouring.
Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their diameters were
standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience, a number is assigned for each
size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.
Bar Spacing
The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the American
Concrete I:
1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not be less than
25 mm.
2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance shall be
25 mm.
3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter.
4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than 2.5 cm.
10 mm minimum diameter.
Bar Splicing, Cutting and Bending
In building construction, tension bars may be spliced by:
1. Welding
2. Tying
3. Sleeves
4. Mechanical devices w/c provides full positive connection between bars.
 Compression bars are spliced by using the following process:
1. Lapping
2. Direct and bearing
3. Welding
4. Mechanical device w/c provides full positive connection.

206
Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook
BAR SIZE MINIMUM DIAMETER
No. 3 to 8 6 Bars Diameter
No. 9 to 11 8 Bar Diameter
No. 14 to 18 10 Bar Diameter
For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement consists of 4
longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or the U-type stirrups is secured
by wires. The stirrups take care of the diagonal tension and also keep the steel
reinforcement in their proper position.

207
Concrete Floor Slabs
They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed reinforcing
bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6” to 8”(0.15 to 0.20) thick above
grade for the ground floor specifications that are to be included. Slabs plans include the
thickness of the slab, size and spacing of reinforcing bars and concrete pounds per
square inch (PSI).

208
Steel Reinforcing Bars
Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry
constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension, compression and other
forces are applied.
Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction. They may be
plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface for increased bond between
concrete and steel. The end of the bars are bent to determine the hooks.
Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0 meters. Other
lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to meet specific needs of
consumers.
Sizes of Bars.
Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most common sizes
of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for stirrups and 0.12mm and
0.16mm for vertical members. See the Table of Specifications below.
TABLE 1.
Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes (diameters).
BAR ENGLISH METRIC
Designation Size (Diameter) Size (Diameter)

209
No. 2 ¼” 8mm
3 3/8” 10
4 ½” 12
5 5/8” 16
6 ¾” 20
8 1” 25
10 1 ¼” 32
12 1 ½” 40
Figure 1. Shows how a 12 mm. rebars are bent.
Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter 12 mm.
Figure 2.
Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars.

210
Figure 3.
Sample arrangement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings.

211
ISOMETRY ISOMETRY
Kinds of Loads:
1. Live load - refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
2. Dead load - is the load of wood, steel, and furniture.
3. Wind load - is the load or strength of wind.
Kinds of Walls:
Walls are important components of a building; they may be made of wood, or
concrete.
1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior walls.
2. Non-Load Bearing Wall – does not carry or support a load as in partitions or
interior walls.

212
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it
is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel Bar.
__________ 2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of 6-8
steel bars.
__________ 3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall not be
less than 25mm.
__________ 4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.
__________ 5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.
__________ 6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.
__________ 7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.
__________ 8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.
__________ 9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.
__________ 10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.
Drafting a concrete Two-way slab
Procedure:
1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their learning. The
duration of this activity will be for four meetings or four hours. The students will be
provided a copy of the plan.

213
From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with concrete
slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications of reinforcement bars. For this, the
rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at 0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way
slab.

214
2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the whole plan or
select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of the rebars on the floor and the
floor beam.

215
3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by indicating the
distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam
4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and indicate the
position and bend of the tension bar.

216
5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars and their
distances.

217
Lumber
Steel is becoming a trend in building construction today. This is because it is more
economical and easier to work on and there is always available supply. Wood is still
sometimes preferred, most specially for low cost housing units. Technically, wood is
known as xylem.
The following as the properties of wood as building material:
1. Strong material
2. Durable
3. Light in weight
4. Ease of working and fastening
5. With artistic and natural beauty
Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to use it
despite that it has become costly and scarce.
Physical Properties of Wood
1. Wood is resistant to compression
2. Wood has the ability to resist bending stress
3. It has the ability to resist lengthwise stress
4 It has the ability to resist rupture along or across the grain.
Wood which is classified as good lumber for building constructions should be
prepared and seasoned well from the logging or harvesting to the lumberyard for
seasoning. Natural or Air seasoning is one of the best methods although it takes a longer
period. In artificial seasoning, a drying kiln is used and the lumber subjected to hot air
pressure.
Measuring Lumber
The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means one square
foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.

218
The formula for board foot is:
Bdft. = Thickness X Width X Length
12
Where:
Thickness in inches
Width in inches
Length is in feet
Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common building
materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products common nowadays.
Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or marine plywood.
The Wood Floor System
The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to floor framing,
roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of reinforce concrete and steel.
And also lumber material has become scarce.
The wood floor system includes:
1. Girders
2. Floor joist
3. Joist bridging
4. Wood plate
5. Header
6. Trimmer
7. Beam
8. Flooring
9. Stop plate
10. Ledger strip

219
The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist. They may
either be solid or built girder.

220
A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may also be
fastened to a foundation wall.

221
A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header supports
the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue and groove wood
common as flooring materials.

222
A. Directions: Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
__________ 1. The unit of measure for wood or lumber.
__________ 2. It is known technically as xylem.
__________ 3. A beam from wall to wall which supports the floor joist.
__________ 4. The minimum height of straight flight between landing.
__________ 5. The method of drying lumber in a seasoning.
B. Directions. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Find the total number of Bdft. for 10 pcs. 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for rafters.
2. Find the number of Bdft. for 24 pcs. purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x 12’.
Drafting a Structural Timber Floor Plan
Procedure:
1. Study the floor plan already drawn and make an assessment as to the location
of stairwells, opening columns and girders.
2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at standard
spacing of 0.30m on center.
3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.
4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center.
5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan.

226
The Roof System
The roof system has numerous types according to construction. These shapes
are referred to as:
1. Shed or Lean-to type
2. Gable or Pitch roof
3. Saw tooth roof
4. Double gable
5. Hip roof
6. Hip and Valley
7. Pyramid roof
8. Gambrel
9. Ogee roof
10. Mansard roof
11. Dome
12. Conical roof
13. Butterfly roof
14. French or Concave roof
The most commonly used type of roof system for a residential houses are the following:
Shed or Lean- to - is the simplest form.
Gable or pitch - is the most common type and economical.
Saw-tooth roof - is an adaptation of a series of lean-to roofs.
A double gable - is a gable roof modified.
Hip roof - has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
Hip and valley roof - is a combination of hip and gable.
Pyramid roof - is a modification of the hip.
A gambrel roof - is a modified gable roof having two slopes.

227
A mansard roof - where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side.
Ogee roof - is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.
Examples of Types of Roof:
Sample Types of Roof
Dome - is a hemispherical type of roof used in observatory buildings.
French or concave mansard roof - is a modified mansard roof where the sides are
concave.

228
Butterfly roof - is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof that tapers
to a point.
Sample Types of Roof
The Roof Frame
The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly used which are:
1. Rafter type
2. Truss type
3. Laminated
Rafters used for the framing are also classified as:
1. Common rafter - extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge.
2. Hip rafter - are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
3. Valley rafter - doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
4. Octagonal rafter - are those placed on an octagonal.
5. Jack rafters - is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.

229
 Jack Rafter is of two (2) types: valley jack and cripple jack.
a. Valley jack - is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.
b. Cripple jack - is that between the hip and valley rafter.
The Truss
The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a built-up frame used
on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with a series of triangles to stiffer
the structure and distribute the roof load and to stay rigid and with flexibility and strength.
Trusses used in building construction are of two types:
1. Light trusses which includes the following:
a. Pitched truss
b. Howe truss
c. Scissor truss
d. Raised chord truss
e. Saw tooth
f. 1 ½ storey frame
g. Utility

230
h. Flat
i. Bow string
1. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial buildings and
they are longer:
a. Howe truss
b. Belgian truss
c. Fink truss
d. Pratt truss
e. Scissors truss
f. Cambered truss
g. Saw tooth truss
h. Flat pratt truss
i. Flat howe truss
j. Warren truss

231
A. Directions: TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is
wrong.
__________ 1. Shed or Lean - to is the most complex type of roof.
__________ 2. Dome is a hemispherical shape of roof used in observatory.
__________ 3. The saw tooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean to roofs.
__________ 4. A modified gable roof is the gambrel roof.
__________ 5. A two shed roof is known as gable roof.
__________ 6. Hip rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
__________ 7. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
__________ 8. The truss is designed as a series of triangles.
__________ 9. The truss is a built-up frame used on a supported span.
__________ 10. Heavy trusses are used for low-cost housing units.

232
B. Directions: Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in residential houses.
2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing.
Draft a Roof Framing Plan
Direction: From the given floor plan, draw roof framing plan following the given
procedures. Note: The same floor plan will be used.
1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the
roof framing layout.
2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and rafters.
3. Determine distance of purlins.
4. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
5. Label the roof frame members, title of the plan, and scale used.

233
Draft a Truss Detail
Direction: From the given floor plan, draw the truss detail following the given procedures.
Note: The same floor plan will be used.
1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of the eaves.
2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80
3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web member.
4. Determine sizes of lumber to be used. Normally, timber truss bottom chord is
2” X 5” and top chord is 2” x 6”
5. Darken lines and label the drawing.

234
Detail of Gutter and Downspout

235
Details of Gutter (Types: Exposed and Concealed)

236
Detail of Connection of Purlins and Gutter

237
Detail of Top Chord to King Post and Detail of Ridge Roll

238
Detail of Splice and Detail of Connection of Top Chord to Web Member

239
The Wooden Stair
The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one-storey to another.
It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all carpenters have the skill to
construct one; those who have the knowledge in the use of the steel stair are a cut above
the rest.
In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional drawing of the
proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the run and the rise. After you
have known the number of tread and the height per rise of the steps, the length of the
stringer could be determined by the formula:
L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run) 2
Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those carpenters who have
tried and succeeded have found that building the stair is an art in itself. There are several
stairway designs or types. Some of these are the straight vein, where the stair steps
ascend in one direction, the L-shaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral stairway.
Parts of a Stair: (Refer to the following illustrations below).
 Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing
 Baluster – the small post supporting the handrail
 Flight – the series of steps from one landing to another.
 Handrail – a rail parallel with the inclination of the stair that hold the balusters.
 Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stair.
 Rise – the height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
 Riser – the vertical face of a stair step.
 Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.
 Stairwell – the vertical shaft containing the staircase.
 Winders – are steps not parallel with each other.

240
Types of Stringers for Stairs:
There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching riser to treads.
1. Cut stringer – used in modern building design.
2. Cleated stringer – used for very rough work.
3. Robbeted stringer – adopted for fine work.
4. Built up – Stringer – with blocks cut from outside stringers.

241
LAYING OUT THE WOODEN STAIR

244
Details of Allowed Openings along Corridors and Distance between Landings

247
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper.
1. The ____________ is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
2. The ____________ are the steps where to ascend and descend in a building.
3. The ____________ is the vertical face of a stair step.
4. The steps that are not parallel to each other are ___________.
5. A ___________ stinger is used for modern buildings.
6. The ___________ is the horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
7. The ___________ is the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of the
flight.
8. The ____________ stinger is used for very rough work.
9. The ____________ stairwell is the shaft containing the staircase.
10. The ___________ is the angle of inclination of the stair.
Summative Assessment
Drafting a Stair
Procedure:
1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18 centimeters and
minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally accepted standard
2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number of steps.
3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a whole number
next lower or greater.
4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each step

248
5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more than 19
centimeters for an ideal stair.

249
Post-assessment:
You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous
experiences about Technical Drafting. This Phase will guide you in assessing yourself by
answering questions below you further explore the basics of structural lay-outing and
detailing.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in the space
provided to each number.
_______1. Distributes the weight of a building over large area.
a. footing b. lintel c. pier d. walls
_______2. A footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the
wall.
_______3. Footing which supports two column loads or sometimes three column loads
not in a row.
_______4. A footing which supports a row of three or more columns.
a. cantilever footing c. continuous footing
_______5. Are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
_______6. Is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the
wall.
_______7. Is amorphous silica cement that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically
with alkali in water.
a. pozzolan cement c. union cement
b. northern cement d. standard cement
_______8. Is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor system.
a. flat slab b. one way solid slab c. ribbed floor d. two way solid slab

250
_______9. Is for establishing reference point.
______10. Usually built after the completion of the main structural framework of the
dwelling unit.
a. ceiling b. post c. stairway d. wall construction
______11. Is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts.
a. girder b. plywood c. purlins d. sill
______12. This is the unit of measure for measuring wood.
a. Board foot b. yard c. meter d. square foot
______13. Is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to establish level of horizontal lines.
a. level b. plastic water hose c. stake d. string
______14. Is one which supports two column loads and consists of two footings
connected together by a beam often called a strap.
a. cantilever footing b. combined footing c. isolated footing d. wall footing
______15. Refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
a. dead load b. live load c. load bearing d. wind load
______16. This type of roof has the sides sloping and used in modern houses.
______17. The roof which is the most common type and economical.
______18. A roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side.
______19. This type is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular roof that
tapers to a point.
______20. It is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
______21. This type of rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
______22. Rafter are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
______23. The height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
______24. The series of steps from one landing to another.
______25. The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.

251
REFERENCES
Books and Articles and Printed Materials:
1. TESDA Training Regulations and Competency-Based Curriculum in Drafting
Architectural Lay-out and Details
Electronic Resources:
1. www.ths.gardenweb.com
Drafting Elevations
2. http://www. homedecorreport.com
Floor Plan
3. http://www. www.rightmove.co.uk
Longitudinal Section
4. http:// chezerbey.com
Traverse Section
5. http:// roofgenius.com
Roof Plan
6. http:// www.hollandamerica.com
Ceiling Plan
7. http://www. www.houzz.com
Detail of Baluster
8. http://www. www.homedepot.ca
Schedule of Doors
9. http:// www.designoffurniture.com-
Toilet and Bath
10.http:// www.homedesignersoftware.coml-
Types of Roof
11.http:// www.sketchuptips.getprobooks.com
Longitudinal Section
12.http:// www. homerenovations.about.com
Floor Plan
13.http:// www.nshorephoto.com
Schedule of Doors and Windows

252
14.http:// www.nesc.wvu.edu
Septic Tank
15.http:// www.smartdraw.com
Electrical Circuit
16.http:// www.actewagl.com.au
Electrical Lighting
17.http:// www.monsterhouseplans.com
Electrical Layout
18.https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=site+development+plan&source=lnms&tb
m=isch&sa=X&ei=Tbp5UoXRDe-
SiQfS4YDgBA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#facrc=0%3Bresidenti
al%20site%20development%20plan&imgdii=_&imgrc=
Site Development Plan
19.http:// www.ptcgovernment.org
Lot Plan
20.http:// www.familyhandyman.com
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