MODULE 5 - Copy - Copy.pptx personality development
2. The Brain
Is major part of the nervous
system, responsible for the
peripheral and autonomic
responses of the other
parts of the system in the
body.
5. A NERVE CELL OR NEURON HAS 3 MAJOR BASIC STRUCTURE:
CELL BODY
Is shaped roughly like sphere or a pyramid.
it contains the biochemical machinery for keeping
the neuron alive.
It is responsible in the transmission of messages to
other neurons.
DENDRITES
look like a branches of a tree, which is used as an
antennas, receiving messages from other nerve cells
and transmitting them toward the cell body.
AXONS
can be likened to trunk of a tree, which is more
slender. It transmits messages away from the cell
body to other cells
Axons have branches at their tips, but these
branches are usually less numerous than dendrites.
6. NERVES- The axons of individual cells collect in bundles.
MYELIN SHEATH- Insulated by a layer of
fat cells
- a major purpose of this
covering is to prevent signals from adjacent
cells from interfering with each other.
- is divided into segments that make the
axon look a little like a string of link sausages.
SYNAPSES- The communication of neutron
to neutron usually involves separated tiny
gaps.
7. THE BRAIN
Storage of our memories
The seat of our intelligence
Also where our emotions
The three main sections divided:
1. HINDBRAIN ( RHOMBENCEPHALON)
- THIS PART OF THE BRAIN STARTS AT THE
BASE OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN STEM.
- IT IS THE REGION OF THE BRAIN IN
WHICH THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA,
PONS AND CEREBELLUM.
- COORDINATES FUNCTIONS THAT ARE
FUNDAMENTAL TO SURVIVAL,
INCLUDING RESPIRATORY RHYTHM,
MOTOR ACTIVITY, SLEEP AND
WAKEFULNESS.
8. 2. THE MIDBRAIN ( MESENCEPHALON)
LOCATED TOWARDS THE BASE OF YOUR BRAIN
IS A SMALL BUT IMPORTANT REGION CALLED THE
MIDBRAIN ( DERIVED FROM THE
DEVELOPMENTAL MESENCEPHALON)
WHICH SERVED AS A VITAL CONNECTION POINT
BETWEEN THE OTHER MAJOR REGIONS OF THE
BRAIN- THE FOREBRAIN & THE HINDBRAIN.
IS THE TOPMOST PART OF THE BRAINSTEM
THE CONNECTION CENTRAL BETWEEN THE BRAIN
AND THE SPINAL CORD.
3 MAIN PARTS OF THE MIDBRAIN:
1. COLLICULI
2. TEGMENTRUM
3. CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
9. 3. FOREBRAIN ( PROSENCEPHALON)
WHICH CONTAIN THE ENTIRE CEREBRUM AND SEVERAL STRUCTURES
DIRECTLY NESTLED WITHIN IT- THE THALAMUS, HYPOHALAMUS, THE
PINEAL GLAND AND THE LIMBIC SYSTEM.
This area of the brain plays a central role in the processing of
information related to complex cognitive activities, sensory and
associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.
CEREBRUM- IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS OR MOST POPULARLY KNOWN
FOR THE TWO MAJOR DIVISION OF THE BRAIN, CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES.
CEREBRAL CORTEX- W/C IS THE CAP OF THE BRAIN, HAS (4) LOBES.
- FRONTAL,PARIETAL, TEMPORAL AND OCCIPITAL LOBES
HEMISPHERES -CAN CONTROL OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE BODY.
CORPUS CALLOSUM- IS A BRIDGE THAT CONNECTS THE INTERACTION
OF THE TWO HEMISPHERES
OF THE BRAIN.
- IS SEVERED, THE BRAIN’S HEMISPHERES ARE NOT
ABLE TO COMMUNICATE PROPERLY, AND THE LOSS OF A RANGE OF
FUNCTIONS CAN OCCUR
CEREBELLUM- IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COGNITIVE SKILLS, PROCEDURAL
LEARNING & MOVEMENT COORDINATION.
10. FOREBRAIN is located in the uppermost region of the
brain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic
system
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain covered by the
cerebral cortex. It regulates senses, memory, emotions,
intellectual activities, and body movement
Cerebral Cortex is responsible for processing information
that is divided into two hemispheres: the right cerebral
hemisphere controls the left side of the body while the
left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the
body.
11. Each cerebral hemisphere contains four lobes that shares complex relationships
together to function.
Frontal Lobe is situated at the front part of the brain which controls memory,
emotion, stress response, speech, decision making, and planning.
Parietal Lobe is situated near the back of the frontal lobe which regulates
sensory perception. The ability to understand and interact with the
environment using senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch.
Temporal Lobe is located at the side of the head which regulates memory,
hearing, and comprehension.
Occipital Lobe is situated at the back of the head which regulates sight.
13. Thalamus is connected to the
cerebral cortex that sends, receives,
and organized information.
Hypothalamus is located below the
thalamus and above the brainstem
which links the nervous system with
the endocrine system that regulates
digestive process and is also
responsible for growth and
development.
Limbic System composes parts of
cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
which regulates various types of
emotions that affect blood
temperature and blood pressure
facilitated by the hypothalamus.
14. Midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain. It is
responsible for motor movements particularly the visual and
auditory processing.
Hindbrain is situated at the back of the head which includes
Cerebellum that receives information from the sensory system
and the spinal cord to regulate balance, postures, and
coordinate movement.
The midbrain and hindbrain form the brainstem
15. Brainstem is located at the lower part of the brain which leads to
spinal cord.
It connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It
composes nerve fibers that carry signals to and from all parts of
the body.
Its functions are for safety and survival as it regulates breathing,
consciousness, heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure,
digestion, and wake and sleep cycles.
18. Cerebrum
The cerebrum (front of brain)
comprises gray matter (the
cerebral cortex) and white
matter at its center. The largest
part of the brain, the cerebrum
initiates and coordinates
movement and regulates
temperature. Other areas of the
cerebrum enable speech,
judgment, thinking and
reasoning, problem-solving,
emotions and learning. Other
functions relate to vision,
hearing, touch and other
19. Brainstem
The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the
cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem
includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.
Midbrain. The midbrain (or
mesencephalon) is a very complex
structure with a range of different neuron
clusters (nuclei and colliculi), neural
pathways and other structures.
Pons. The pons is the origin for four of the 12
cranial nerves, which enable a range of
activities such as tear production, chewing,
blinking, focusing vision, balance, hearing
and facial expression.
Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem,
the medulla is where the brain meets the
spinal cord. The medulla is essential to
survival. Functions of the medulla regulate
many bodily activities, including heart
rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen
and carbon dioxide levels.
20. The spinal cord extends
from the bottom of the
medulla and through a
large opening in the
bottom of the skull.
Supported by the
vertebrae, the spinal cord
carries messages to and
from the brain and the rest
of the body.
21. Cerebellum
The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a
fist-sized portion of the brain
located at the back of the head,
below the temporal and occipital
lobes and above the brainstem.
Like the cerebral cortex, it has two
hemispheres. The outer portion
contains neurons, and the inner
area communicates with the
cerebral cortex. Its function is to
coordinate voluntary muscle
movements and to maintain
posture, balance and equilibrium.
