Module_5-Processors and sockets.18213704.ppt

PC Hardware Basic Guide
Module 5 - Processors

2
 Overview
◊ It is a single chip CPU.
◊ It is an electronic component integrated with thousands and millions of
transistors for performing arithmetic and logic operations.
◊ The first processor under Advanced Technology is 80286. 80386,
80486 and the other Pentium processors.
 Lesson Covered in this Module
◊ Microprocessors
◊ Advanced Processors
◊ Choosing, Installing and troubleshooting a processor

3
Lesson 1 - Microprocessors
Introduction
◊ A single chip CPU is called as Microprocessor
◊ The CPU is made of two units namely the Arithmetic and Logic
Unit and the Control Unit
◊ It performs functions like executing the instructions given by
the user program, controlling the I/O operations and the
functions of peripheral devices

4
Lesson 1 - Microprocessors
 Topics Covered in this Lesson
◊ Microprocessors
◊ Logic Gates
◊ Number Systems
◊ System Bus
◊ 8085 Microprocessor
◊ Support Chips used in 8088

5
Topic 1 – Microprocessor
◊ The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) is used for performing
Arithmetic and logic operations
◊ The Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
◊ The logic operations are taking decision based on same
conditions.
◊ Block diagram of Microprocessor

6
Topic 2 – Logic Gates
AND Gate
◊ AND gate is a logic gate
which produces an output
“1” if both the inputs are
“1”.
OR Gate
◊ The output of OR gate is
logic 1 if any one of its
input is logic 1.

7
NOT gate or Inverter
◊ If the input is logic 1 the
output is 0 and vice versa.
XOR Gate
◊ The output of XOR gate is
one if one input is
complement of the other.

8
◊ NAND gate
◊ The output is logic 1 if at least one input is logic 0.
◊ The Register unit is used to store data.
◊ The control unit controls operations like generating the
control signals for reading, and writing data to memory or I/O
devices.

9
Topic 3 - Number Systems
The different numbers systems in use are
◊ Decimal Number System which has numbers in the range 0 to
9
◊ Octal Number System which has the numbers in the 0 to 7
◊ Binary Number System which has the numbers 0 and 1
◊ Hexadecimal Number System which has the numbers in the
range 0 to 9 and A to F

10
 Decimal to Binary Conversion
◊ For example: (29)10 converted to binary
29/2 = 14 remainder 1
14/2 = 7 remainder 0
7/2 = 3 remainder 1
3/2 = 1 remainder 1
1/2 = 0 remainder 1
◊ (Decimal) 27 = Binary (11101)2
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 For example: (11101)2
 Binary number (11101)2 = ( Decimal) 16+8+4+0+1= 29
1 1 1 0 1
1*24 =16 1*23 = 8 1* 22 = 4 0*21 = 0 1*20= 1*1= 1

11
 Hexadecimal Number System
 The hexadecimal numbers are 0 to 9 and A to F.
Continued….
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
1 01 0000 0000
2 02 0000 0010
3 03 0000 0011
4 04 0000 0100
5 05 0000 0101
6 06 0000 0110
7 07 0000 0111

12
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
8 08 0000 1000
9 09 0000 1001
10 0A 0000 1010
11 0B 0000 1011
12 0C 0000 1100
13 0D 0000 1101
14 0E 0000 1110
15 0F 0000 1111

13
Hexadecimal to Binary conversion
◊ (1A)16 = (0001 1010)2
◊ The binary value for 1 is 0001
◊ The binary value for A is 1010
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
◊ The binary number (0001 1010)2
◊ (0001)2 is 1; (1010) 2 is A
◊ The hexadecimal value is thus (1A)16

14
 Hexadecimal to Decimal Number
 The hexadecimal is first converted to binary and the binary
number is then converted into decimal.
◊ For example: Hexadecimal number (2B)16
◊ Step 1 - Hexadecimal number to binary
(2B)16 = (0010 1011)2
◊ Step 2 - Binary number (0010 1011)2 to decimal
32+8+2+1=43
 Hexadecimal number (2B) 16 = (0010 1011)2= (43)10
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0*27=0 0*26=0 1*25=32 0*24=0 1*23=8 0*22 =0 1*21=2 1*20= 1*1= 1

15
Topic 4 - System Bus
The system bus is divided into three namely
◊ Address bus
◊ Data Bus
◊ Control Bus
Address Bus - used to locate the unique locations to get the
data
Data Bus - used to send data between devices and memory
Control Bus – It carries control signal from the processor to
other devices or memory.

16
Topic 5 - Processors
8085 Microprocessor
◊ It is a 40 pin DIP package
IC
◊ It is an 8 bit processor
◊ It is 3.125 MHz
◊ It has16 bit address bus
◊ Operates on +5V DC power
supply
The pin diagram of 8085

17
The signals present in the
microprocessor are,
◊ Address and Data Bus
• The address bus of 8085
microprocessor is 16 bit.
• The low order address
lines AD0 to AD7 are
multiplexed.
• The High order A8 to A15
are dedicated for carrying
the address.
• Demultiplexed using
Address Latch Enable
(ALE) signal.

18
 Control and Status Signals
◊ Control signals - RD and WR
◊ Status signals - IO/M, S0 and S1
◊ Special signal - ALE to demultiplex the address and the data signals.
• ALE (Address latch Enable) - Generates every time during the beginning
of the operation.
• RD (Read) - indicates that the selected memory location or the I/O device
has to be read.
• WR (Write) - indicates that data is available on the data bus and the data
has to be written to the memory location or the I/O device Provided by the
address bus.
•

19
IO/M
◊ Low signal it indicates a memory operation
◊ High signal indicates an input output operation
Power Supply and Frequency Signals
◊ Vcc – It is the power supply given to the microprocessor for its
operation.
◊ Vss – It is the ground reference
◊ X1 and X2 are the two ends which are connected to the crystal
◊ CLK (OUT) – used as a system clock for other devices.

20
Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals
◊ Interrupt Request (INTR) signal is generated by the peripheral
devices to catch the attention of the CPU.
Externally Initiated Signals
◊ RESET (RESET IN and RESET OUT), HOLD, READY.
◊ RESET IN: the microprocessor is reset
◊ RESET OUT: used by the processor to reset the other
peripheral devices
◊ HOLD: generated by the DMA controller requesting the
microprocessor to grant the bus.

21
 Serial I/O Ports
◊ SID and SOD are two signals used for serial transmission.
◊ SID is used to receive data bit by bit
◊ SOD pin is used to output data bit by bit.
 Flag Registers
◊ Indicates the status of the Arithmetic and Logic operations.
◊ The Flag registers present in 8085 microprocessor
• Sign Flag
• Zero Flag
• Carry Flag
• Auxiliary Carry Flag
• Parity Flag

22
Topic 6 - Features of 8086 Microprocessor
◊ 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor
◊ The clock speed varies from 4 MHz to 10 MHz
◊ The data bus width is 16 bit
◊ The width of the address bus is 20 bits.
◊ Operates with +5V DC power supply
◊ It is a 40 pin DIPP Package
◊ It has a pipelined architecture
◊ Does not provide a coprocessor support

23
◊ The data bus is 8 bit.
◊ The clock speed supported is 4.77 MHz
◊ It supports the 8087 coprocessor
◊ Supports DMA data transfer
◊ Supports pipelined architecture.
◊ Supports nine flags
◊ Provides large number of I/O ports up to 64K
◊ The 8088 microprocessor operates in two different modes.
• Minimum Mode
• Maximum Mode

24
◊ The pin MN/MX decides the mode in which the processor
can operate.
◊ Under Minimum Mode, there is no coprocessor support.

25
◊ The MN/MX pin should be low to operate in Maximum mode.

26
► Basic units of 8088
Microprocessor
 Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
 Execution Unit (EU).
 Functions performed by the
BIU
◊ I/O read and write
◊ Memory read and write
◊ Address generation and
storing pre-fetched
instructions
 Functions performed by the EU
◊ Decoding the instructions
fetched by the Bus Interface
Unit
◊ Executing the instructions to
generate the result

27
 Co-Processor 8087
◊ Used for performing
arithmetic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithmic
instructions.
◊ So it is termed as Numerical
Data Processor (NDP).
 Working of 8087 Co-
Processor
◊ The results of floating point
operations are desired to
have 18 decimal digit
accuracy.

28
Interface between 8088 and 8087 in a PC
◊ The address/data bus lines of he 8088 microprocessor are
connected directly with the 8087 Co-Processor.

29
Topic 8 - Support Chips Used in 8088
 Different support chips present
in the 8088 motherboard.
◊ 8284 – Clock Generator is
used to generate the clock
◊ 8259-- Interrupt controller.
◊ 8288 is the bus controller.
◊ 8237 is the DMA controller.
◊ 8253 is the programmable
Timer
◊ 8255 is the Programmable
Peripheral Interface
 373 and 245 are address
latches and buffer

30
 Classification of Support Chips
 Dumb Chip
◊ No intelligence and it is not programmable
◊ Does not have separate memory to store the commands and the
controls
◊ Function of the dumb chip is fixed and is according to the input
 Smart Chip
◊ It is programmable and has intelligence.
◊ Separate memory to store the commands and the controls
◊ Troubleshooting of a smart chip is complex

31
Programmable Interrupt
Controller (PIC) – 8259A
◊ It is used in the XT
motherboard to generate
an interrupt signal
◊ PCI is an interface
between the CPU and the
device.
◊ The XT motherboard
supports one interrupt
controller which can
support eight devices

32
The AT motherboard supports two interrupt controllers
(8259) for supporting 15 interrupts.

33
► Programmable DMA Controller
8237
 Inn XT motherboard only one DMA
controller is present.
 In AT motherboards, two DMA
controllers are cascaded.
 The DMA controller has four
channels
◊ Channel 0 is used for refreshing
RAM
◊ Channel 1 is not used
◊ Channel 2 is used by Floppy
Disk Controller for performing
data transfer
◊ Channel 3 is used by Hard Disk
Controller for performing data
transfer
Memory
Refresh
Not Used
FDC
HDC
Channel 0
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3

34
Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors
Introduction
◊ The advancement in technology brought many variations to
the Extended Technology XT and the Advanced Technology
was introduced
◊ It is very much essential to identify the different processors,
their features and the sockets or the slots where they can be
connected.

35
Lesson 2 - Advanced Processors
 Topics Covered in this Lesson
◊ 80286 Processor
◊ 80386 Processor and 80486 Processor
◊ Types of Instruction Set
◊ Pentium Processor
◊ Processor Generations
◊ Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors
◊ Pentium II Processors
◊ Pentium Xeon Processors
◊ Celeron Processors
◊ Pentium III Processors
◊ Pentium IV Processor
◊ AMD Processor
◊ Processor Identification

36
Topic 1 - 80286 Processor
◊ The registers and the ALU is 16 bit.
◊ The width of the address bus is 24 bit.
◊ It operates with +5V DC
◊ It operates in 8 MHz, 10 MHz and 12.5 MHz
◊ It has Non-Multiplexed address/data bus

37
Topic 1 - 80286 Processor
◊ There are four stage
in executing an
instruction.
◊ The instruction
execution in a
pipeline.

38
Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors
 Intel 80386 processor
◊ It is a 32 bit
microprocessor.
◊ Two types are 80386 SX
and 80386 DX.
◊ They are real mode,
protected mode and
virtual 86 mode.
◊ The 80386 SX has 24
address lines and the
80386 DX has 32
address lines
◊ Supports instruction
pipelining

39
Topic 2 - 80386 and 80486 Processors
Intel 80486 Processor
◊ Two types
◊ 80486 SX and 80486 SL
◊ 80486 DX
• 80486 DX2
• 80486 DX4
◊ It has inbuilt Numeric
Data processor
◊ It has a unified inbuilt
cache memory

40
Topic 3 - Types of Instruction Set
 Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
◊ This processors are provided with large number of complex
instructions
 Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
◊ It has less number of transistors and is cheaper.
 Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)
◊ It has combined features of both CISC and RISC.
 Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW)
◊ The VLIW type processors will be able to receive many instructions
per word.

41
Topic 4 - Pentium Processors
► Comparison
80486 Microprocessor Pentium Processor
It has one pipelined 32 bit
processor
It has two pipeline stages
namely the U pipeline and the V
pipeline
The parity logic is available
only for data bus.
The parity logic is present for
both address bus and the
internal data bus.
The cache write policy
followed is write-through
policy
Pentium processor follows
write-back policy
Supports Burst Bus cycle Pentium processor also
supports burst bus cycle

42
► Features of Pentium Processor
Pentium processor supports Superscalar architecture.
Supports Functional Redundancy Check.
Supports effective power management feature.
Supports multiprocessor

43
► Cyrix 686 Processor
◊ The pin of the Cyrix
processor was Pentium
compatible and could be
placed in SOCKET 7.
► AMD Processors
► The series of AMD
processors
◊ K5 processor
◊ K6, K6-2, K6-3
processors
◊ K7 Athlon processor.

44
Topic 5 - Processor Generations
SOCKET TYPE /
NAME
CPU PINS VOLTAGE
SOCKET 1: 486 SX & DX 169 5v.
SOCKET 2: 486 SX, DX, & DX2 238 5v.
SOCKET 3: 486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4,
586, Pentium Overdrive
237 3v. & 5v.
SOCKET 4: Pentium 60 & 66 273 5v.

45
PC CPU Year Transistors
5th Generation Pentium, Cyrix 6X86,
AMD K5, IDT WinChip C6
1993-95
1996
1996
1997
3,100,000
--
--
3,500,000
6th Generation Pentium Pro, AMD K6,
Pentium II, AMD K6-2
1995
1997
1997
1998
5,500,000
8,800,000
7,500,000
9,300,000
7th Generation AMD Original Athlon,
AMD Athlon Thunderbird
Pentium 4
1999
2000
2001
22,000,000
37,000,000
42,000,000

46
 The table shows the size of cache memory supported by different
processors
CPU Cache size in the CPU
Celeron 32 KB L1 + 128 KB L2
Pentium III
Cumine
32 KB L1 + 256 KB L2
AMD K6-3 64 KB L1 + 256 KB L2
AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1
AMD Duron 128 KB L1 + 64 KB L2

47
 Some of the specifications, the significance and example of
processor.
Characteristic
s of CPU
Significance Example
Internal clock
frequency
Speed of data processing
inside the CPU.
800 MHz
External clock
frequency
Speed of data transfer to
and from the CPU via the
system bus (or Front Side
Bus).
133 MHz
Internal data
width
The number of bits the
CPU can process
simultaneously.
32 bits

48
The figure below shows the different generations of
computers and the processors

49
Topic 6 - Pentium MMX and Pentium PRO Processors
Pentium MMX
◊ It has on chip multimedia
architecture.
◊ Supports enhanced Pipeline
feature
◊ Operates with 2.8V
Intel Pentium PRO
◊ Super pipelining Architecture
◊ Integrated L1 Cache
◊ Optimized performance for
32 bit code

50
Topic 7 - Pentium II Processor
◊ It integrated MMX feature in it.
◊ Runs at different speeds of 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 300 MHz, 333
MHz.
◊ Supports 512 KB of L2 cache
◊ Supports 32 KB of L1 cache
◊ Supports 32 bit and 64 bit pipelined floating point unit

51
Topic 8 - Pentium Xeon Processor
◊ It is a combination of the Pentium Pro and the Pentium II
technology.
◊ It supported 512 KB or 1 MB of Level II cache memory
◊ The Level 2 cache ran at the same frequency as the core
frequency of the processor.
◊ Support multi processor configuration.
◊ Not available in higher clock speeds.

52
Topic 9 - Celeron Processor
◊ Intel 266 MHz processor
◊ Celeron processor operating
at 366 MHz with 128 KB L2
cache.
◊ Coppermine Celeron
processor operating at 950
MHz with 128 KB L2 cache.
◊ Intel Celeron processor with
an integrated heat sink.

53
Topic 10 - Pentium III Processor
◊ Supports different applications like 3-D, imaging, streaming
video, speech recognition and audio applications.
◊ support clock speed up to 800 MHz.
◊ suited to Multimedia applications called MMX.
◊ The instruction set of Pentium supports Single Instruction
Multiple Data (SIMD).
◊ The Pentium III processor comes in three different packages.
• Single Edge Contact Cartridge 2
• Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array
• Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array 2

54
Topic 11 - Pentium IV Processor
◊ Supports Netburst architecture.
◊ Characteristics of Netburst architecture
• Hyper pipelined Technology
• Rapid Execution Engine
• Execution Trace cache
• 400 MHz System bus
◊ 256 KB L2 cache
◊ The ALU runs at twice the clock speed
◊ Sits in the 423 pin socket
◊ Clock frequencies from 1.5GHz with 20 stage pipeline

55
Topic 12 - AMD Processors
 AMD64 family consist of
◊ AMD Opteron processor
◊ AMD Athlon 64 processor
◊ AMD Turion 64 mobile
technology
 AMD Opteron
◊ Enables simultaneous
32- and 64-bit computing.
◊ AMD64 Dual-Core
Technology directly
connects two processor
cores to a single die

56
Topic 12 - AMD Processors
AMD Athlon
◊ Enhanced Virus Protection when supported by the OS.
◊ Run 32-bit applications at full speed
◊ Enable 64-bit software applications
AMD Turion
◊ It is used for simultaneous 32- and 64-bit Windows compatible
processors.
◊ AMD PowerNow technology, longer the battery life
◊ Deliver AMD64 performance in thinner and lighter notebook.

57
Topic 13 - Processor Identification
FC-LGA4 Package
◊ This is used in
Pentium4 processors
that fit to the LGA775
socket.
◊ The figure below
shows the LGA 775
socket in comparison
with socket 478

58
 FC-PGA2 Package
◊ It is used in Celeron
Processor with 370 pins
◊ In Pentium Processor with
478 pins.
 Flip Chip –Pin Grid Array
Package (FC-PGA)
◊ It has pins on the underside
of the chip and are inserted
into sockets.
◊ Present in Pentium III
processors and Celeron
Processors with 370 pins.

59
 Organic Land Grid Array
(OLGA) Package
◊ In this package the
processor makes use of
the flip chip design.
◊ It is employed in the
Pentium 4 processor
with 423 pins.
 Pin Grid Array (PGA)
package
◊ The pins are arranged in
a manner that chip sits
in only one direction.

60
 Short Edge Contact
Cartridge Package
◊ The processor is
connected to the
motherboard with the
help of slot
◊ seen in Pentium II
processors
 S.E.C.C.2 Package
◊ Thermal plate is not
present in this
package
◊ Used by Pentium II
Processor and
Pentium III processor

61
Single Edge Processor SEP Package
◊ There is no covering in this package
◊ The circuit board is seen clearly from the rear side.
◊ used in early Intel Celeron processor with 242 contact points.

62
 Package Types for Mobile
Processors
 Micro-FCPGA
◊ Provided with 478 pins.
◊ uses Zero Insertion Force
techniques which ensures
easy placement and removal
of the package.
 Micro-FCBGA
◊ It is provided with ball like
contacts instead of pins.
◊ Used by Pentium III mobile
processors and has 495 balls.

63
 Micro PGA2 Package
◊ This package used the
Zero Insertion Force
removal and addition of
processors.
◊ The capacitors placed on
the bottom side of the
package
 Mobile Module Cartridge-2
(MMC-2 ) Package
◊ This package consists of
the processor and the host
bridge controller on a
single electronic circuit.

64
Topic 14 – Processor Technologies
VRM
◊ A CPU is a collection of transistors. These transistors work at a
specific voltage level.
◊ If excessive voltage is supplied to the transistor it will burn off
◊ Hence the motherboard manufacturers had to take special
care of the CPU voltages.

65
Topic 14 – Processor Technologies
Hyperthreading
◊ A processor architecture where simultaneous multi-threading is
done is called hyper-threading
◊ It is a method of making a single chip operates like two
separate devices
Throttling
◊ CPU throttling is a feature which protects the CPU from
overheating and thus increases the life-cycle of a CPU.
◊ It is a dynamic way of controlling the processor speed as a
function of the temperature.

66
Lesson 3 – Choosing, Installing and Troubleshooting a
processor
Introduction
◊ CPU is the main component next to the motherboard. It yields
the system, the ability to process information.
◊ It runs at a speed in GHz. i.e. 1 by 1000000000th of a second.
◊ A single hitch can make it non-functional. It seldom fails.
Topics covered are
◊ Choosing a CPU
◊ Installing a CPU
◊ Troubleshooting a CPU

67
Topic 1 – Choosing a CPU
Choosing a CPU
◊ The CPU that is chosen must be appropriate for the CPU slot
on the Motherboard.
◊ Motherboards can have a ZIF socket or SECC slot. Choose
the right CPU (either slot or socket.
◊ The motherboard has a chipset which controls the functioning
of the system.
◊ The CPUs work on a specific voltage supplied to them. It gets
this voltage from the motherboard.

68
Topic 2 – Installing a CPU
Installing a CPU
◊ While installing the CPU, never touch the pins of the CPU.
◊ As general CPU is much easier than a Socket CPU. A slot type
CPU is simply inserted into the CPU slot
◊ when it comes to the Socket CPU, you have to align the notch
on the CPU with the notch on the ZIF socket.
◊ Latest CPU technology uses a 4-pin Auxiliary connector to
supply power to the connector.

69
Topic 3 – Troubleshooting a CPU
Troubleshooting a CPU
◊ Troubleshooting a processor is a task which is usually is done
by the manufacturer. Leave alone troubleshooting,
◊ The identification of the problem can be only done by one
method.
◊ The overheating might be due to various reasons like a bent
pin, over-voltage.
◊ As troubleshooting can be done only at the chip-level,
replacing the CPU is the only solution.

70
Conclusion
◊ Logic gates are the basic fundamental units of electronic
circuits
◊ The 8088 microprocessor has two basic units namely the Bus
Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU).
◊ Intel 80486 is a 32 bit processor.
◊ The Intel Pentium PRO processor was the first in the Pentium
II generation
◊ Troubleshooting a CPU can be done only at the chip-level,
replacing the CPU is the only solution

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