The document discusses different multi-threading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. The many-to-one model maps many user threads to a single kernel thread, allowing for efficient thread management but blocking all threads during system calls. The one-to-one model maps each user thread to its own kernel thread, enabling more concurrency and parallelism across processors but requiring more kernel resources. The many-to-many model multiplexes user threads to kernel threads, allowing scheduling around blocking system calls while using kernel resources efficiently.
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