Multiagent System Communication
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The document discusses agent communication, highlighting the importance of agent communication languages (ACLs) like KQML and KIF for facilitating interaction among autonomous systems. It describes the Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE), which developed technical infrastructure for knowledge sharing and produced KQML and KIF as crucial languages. Additionally, it introduces the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), which aims to establish standards for agent systems and support the growth of agent-based applications.
Multiagent System Communication
- 1. Agent Communication By: Ahsan Rahim
- 2. Introduction An agent is a computer system capable of autonomous action in some environment in order to meet its design objectives Agent communication is essential for facilitating cooperation, coordination, negotiation, and other aspects of agent interaction
- 3. Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) Agents Communication Language (ACL) provides agents with a means of exchanging information and knowledge. Number of languages have been developed specifically for agent communication.
- 4. Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) In the early 1990s, Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) was formed & sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) The Knowledge-Sharing Effort (KSE) is an initiative to develop the technical infrastructure to support the sharing of knowledge among autonomous information systems The goal of this effort is to develop a technology that will enable researchers to develop new systems Participation by dozens of researchers in academia and industry
- 5. Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) The KSE generated two main deliverables as follows: i. The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) ii. The Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF)
- 6. Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) KIF is a computer-oriented language for the interchange of knowledge This language was originally developed with the intent of being a common language for expressing properties & representing knowledge of a particular domain It was not intended to be a language in which messages themselves would be expressed KIF is a Langauge for expressing message content
- 7. Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) KIF is used to state: i. Properties of things in a Domain (e.g. ‘John is a Chairman‘) ii. Relationships between things in a Domain (e.g. 'Michael is Janine’s Boss') iii. General properties of a Domain (e.g. 'everybody has a mother')
- 8. Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) “The temperature of m1 is 83 Celsius”: (= (temperature m1) (scalar 83 Celsius)) “An object is a bachelor if the object is a man and is not married”: (defrelation bachelor (?x) := (and (man ?x) (not (married ?x)))) “Any individual with the property of being a person also has the property of being a mammal”: (defrelation person (?x) :=> (mammal ?x))
- 9. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) KQML is a message-based language for agent communication. Thus KQML defines a common format for messages It was developed by the ARPA-supported Knowledge Sharing Effort and independently implemented by several research groups KQML is a language that is designed to support interaction among intelligent software agents The KQML language simplifies its implementation by allowing KQML messages to carry useful information: Such as the names and addresses of the sending and receiving agents, a unique message identifier, and notations by agents
- 10. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) KQML is a language that defines various acceptable ‘communicative verbs’, or Performatives (such as: ask, reply) Example Performatives: • ask-if (‘is it true that. . . ’) • perform (‘please perform the following action. . . ’) • tell (‘it is true that. . . ’) • reply (‘the answer is . . . ’)
- 11. KQML: The 3 Layers Communication Layer Mechanics of communication, e.g. Sender, receiver Performatives (Message Layer) Specifies the actual content of the message e.g. a KIF expression Content Layer Logic of communication, The set of performatives provided by the language e.g. ask, tell
- 12. KQML Example (ask-one : content (PRICE IBM ?price) : receiver stock-server : language LPROLOG : ontology NYSE-TICKS 1 ) The intuitive interpretation of this message is that the sender is asking about the price of IBM stock
- 13. The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) In 1995, the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) began its work on developing standards for agent systems The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) is a non-profit association FIPA’s purpose is to promote the success of emerging agent-based applications, services and equipment FIPA operates through the open international collaboration of member organisations: companies, universities and government organisations The most important difference between the KQML & FIPA is in the collection of performatives they provide
- 14. FIPA Here is an example of a I FIPA ACL message ( inform :sender agent1 : receiver agent2 :content (price good2 150) :language sl : onto1ogy hpl –auction )