Tiancheng Zhao - 2017 - Learning Discourse-level Diversity for Neural Dialog Models Using Conditional Variational Autoencoders

Learning Discourse-level Diversity for
Neural Dialog Models Using Conditional
Variational Autoencoders
Tiancheng Zhao, Ran Zhao and Maxine Eskenazi
Language Technologies Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Code&Data: https://github.com/snakeztc/NeuralDialog-CVAE

Introduction
● End-to-end dialog models based on encoder-decoder models have shown great promises for
modeling open-domain conversations, due to its flexibility and scalability.
System Response
Encoder Decoder
Dialog History/Context

Introduction
However, dull response problem! [Li et al 2015, Serban et al. 2016]. Current solutions
include:
● Add more info to the dialog context [Xing et al 2016, Li et al 2016]
● Improve decoding algorithm, e.g. beam search [Wiseman and Rush 2016]
YesI don’t knowsure
Encoder Decoder
User: I am feeling quite happy today.
… (previous utterances)

Our Key Insights
● Response generation in conversation is a ONE-TO-MANY mapping problem at the
discourse level.
● A similar dialog context can have many different yet valid responses.
● Learn a probabilistic distribution over the valid responses instead of only keep the
most likely one.

Our Key Insights
● Response generation in conversation is a ONE-TO-MANY mapping problem at the discourse
level.
○ A similar dialog context can have many different yet valid responses.
● Learn a probabilistic distribution over the valid responses instead of only keep the most likely
one.

Our Contributions
1. Present an E2E dialog model adapted from Conditional Variational Autoencoder
(CVAE).
2. Enable integration of expert knowledge via knowledge-guided CVAE.
3. Improve the training method of optimizing CVAE/VAE for text generation.

Conditional Variational Auto Encoder (CVAE)
● C is dialog context
○ B: Do you like cats? A: Yes I do
● Z is the latent variable (gaussian)
● X is the next response
○ B: So do I.

Conditional Variational Auto Encoder (CVAE)
● C is dialog context
○ B: Do you like cats? A: Yes I do
● Z is the latent variable (gaussian)
● X is the next response
○ B: So do I.
● Trained by Stochastic Gradient Variational
Bayes (SGVB) [Kingma and Welling 2013]

Knowledge-Guided CVAE (kgCVAE)
● Y is linguistic features extracted from responses
○ Dialog act: statement -> “So do I”.
● Use Y to guide the learning of latent Z

Training of (kg)CVAE
Reconstruction loss
KL-divergence loss

Optimization Challenge
Training CVAE with RNN decoder is hard due to the vanishing latent variable problem
[Bowman et al., 2015]
● RNN decoder can cheat by using LM information and ignore Z!
Bowman et al. [2015] described two methods to alleviate the problem :
1. KL annealing (KLA): gradually increase the weight of KL term from 0 to 1 (need early stop).
2. Word drop decoding: setting a proportion of target words to 0 (need careful parameter
picking).

BOW Loss
● Predict the bag-of-words in the responses X at once (word counts in the response)
● Break the dependency between words and eliminate the chance of cheating based on LM.
z
c
RNN Lossx

BOW Loss
● Predict the bag-of-words in the responses X at once (word counts in the response)
● Break the dependency between words and eliminate the chance of cheating based on LM.
z
c
RNN Lossx
xwo
FF Bag-of-word Loss

Dataset
Data Name Switchboard Release 2
Number of dialogs 2,400 (2316/60/62 - train/valid/test)
Number of context-response pairs 207,833/5,225/5,481
Vocabulary Size Top 10K
Dialog Act Labels 42 types, tagged by SVM and human
Number of Topics 70 tagged by humans

Quantitative Metrics
Ref resp1
Ref resp Mc
Context
Hyp resp 1
Hyp resp N
ModelHuman ... ...

Quantitative Metrics
d(r, h) is a distance function [0, 1] to measure the similarity between a reference and a hypothesis.
Appropriateness
Diversity
Ref resp1
Ref resp Mc
Context
Hyp resp 1
Hyp resp N
ModelHuman ... ...

Distance Functions used for Evaluation
1. Smoothed Sentence-level BLEU (1/2/3/4): lexical similarity
2. Cosine distance of Bag-of-word Embeddings: distributed semantic similarity.
(pre-trained Glove embedding on twitter)
a. Average of embeddings (A-bow)
b. Extrema of embeddings (E-bow)
3. Dialog Act Match: illocutionary force-level similarity
a. (Use pre-trained dialog act tagger for tagging)

Models (trained with BOW loss)
Encoder Sampling Decoder
Encoder Greedy Decoder
Encoder Greedy Decoder
z
z
y
sampling
sampling
Baseline
CVAE
kgCVAE

Quantitative Analysis Results
Metrics Perplexi
ty (KL)
BLEU-1
(p/r)
BLEU-2
(p/r)
BLEU-3
(p/r)
BLEU-4
(p/r)
A-bow
(p/r)
E-bow
(p/r)
DA
(p/r)
Baseline
(sample)
35.4
(n/a)
0.405/
0.336
0.3/
0.281
0.272/
0.254
0.226/
0.215
0.387/
0.337
0.701/
0.684
0.736/
0.514
CVAE
(greedy)
20.2
(11.36)
0.372/
0.381
0.295/
0.322
0.265/
0.292
0.223/
0.248
0.389/
0.361
0.705/
0.709
0.704/
0.604
kgCVAE
(greedy)
16.02
(13.08)
0.412/
0.411
0.350/
0.356
0.310/
0.318
0.262/
0.272
0.373/
0.336
0.711/
0.712
0.721/
0.598
Note: BLEU are normalized into [0, 1] to be valid precision and recall distance function

Qualitative Analysis
Topic: Recycling Context: A: are they doing a lot of recycling out in Georgia?
Target (statement): well at my workplace we have places for aluminium cans
Baseline + Sampling kgCVAE + Greedy
1. well I’m a graduate student and have two
kids.
1. (non-understand) pardon.
2. well I was in last year and so we’ve had
lots of recycling.
2. (statement) oh you’re not going to have a
curbside pick up here.
3. I’m not sure. 3. (statement) okay I am sure about a recycling
center.
4. well I don’t know I just moved here in new
york.
4. (yes-answer) yeah so.

Latent Space Visualization
● Visualization of the posterior Z on the test
dataset in 2D space using t-SNE.
● Assign different colors to the top 8 frequent
dialog acts.
● The size of circle represents the response
length.
● Exhibit clear clusterings of responses w.r.t the
dialog act

The Effect of BOW Loss
Same setup on PennTree Bank for LM
[Bowman 2015]. Compare 4 setups:
1. Standard VAE
2. KL Annealing (KLA)
3. BOW
4. BOW + KLA
Goal: low reconstruction loss + small
but non-trivial KL cost
Model Perplexity KL Cost
Standard 122.0 0.05
KLA 111.5 2.02
BOW 97.72 7.41
BOW+KLA 73.04 15.94

KL Cost during Training
● Standard model suffers from vanishing
latent variable.
● KLA requires early stopping.
● BOW leads to stable convergence
with/without KLA.
● The same trend is observed on CVAE.

Conclusion and Future Work
● Identify the ONE-TO-MANY nature of open-domain dialog modeling
● Propose two novel models based on latent variables models for generating diverse yet
appropriate responses.
● Explore further in the direction of leveraging both past linguistic findings and deep models
for controllability and explainability.
● Utilize crowdsourcing to yield more robust evaluation.
Code available here! https://github.com/snakeztc/NeuralDialog-CVAE

References
1. Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016a. A persona-based neural conversation model.
arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06155
2. Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2015. A diversity-promoting objective function for neural
conversation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.03055 .
3. Samuel R Bowman, Luke Vilnis, Oriol Vinyals, An- drew M Dai, Rafal Jozefowicz, and Samy Bengio. 2015. Generating
sentences from a continuous space. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06349 .
4. Diederik P Kingma and Max Welling. 2013. Auto- encoding variational bayes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6114 .
5. Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016a. A persona-based neural conversation model.
arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.06155

Training Details
Word Embedding 200 Glove pre-trained on Twitter
Utterance Encoder Hidden Size 300
Context Encoder Hidden Size 600
Response Decoder Hidden Size 400
Latent Z Size 200
Context Window Size 10 utterances
Optimizer Adam learning rate=0.001

Testset Creation
● Use 10-nearest neighbour to collect similar context in the training data
● Label a subset of the appropriateness of the 10 responses by 2 human
annotators
● bootstrap via SVM on the whole test set (5481 context/response)
● Resulting 6.79 Avg references responses/context
● Distinct reference dialog acts 4.2

Tiancheng Zhao - 2017 - Learning Discourse-level Diversity for Neural Dialog Models Using Conditional Variational Autoencoders

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