Multiple excited system
- 1. EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 1 Content: Introduction to Multiply Excited Magnetic System with suitable expression Introduction to MMF of distributed windings References Multiply Excited Magnetic System
- 2. 2 Introduction to Multiply Excited Magnetic System • These systems are used where continuous energy conversion occurs. • Example: motors, alternators etc… • The doubly excited system has two independent sources of excitations. • Due to the 2 sources, there are two sets of 3 independent variables. • They are (λ1, λ2, θ) and (i1, i2, θ) EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 3. Multiply Excited Magnetic System Case 1: Independent variables are (λ1, λ2, θ) • We know that, 𝑇𝑓 = − 𝜕𝑊𝑓 𝜆1, 𝜆2, 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 −−−− −1 • The field energy is, 𝑊𝑓 𝜆1, 𝜆2, 𝜃 = 𝑖1 𝑑𝜆1 𝜆1 0 + 𝑖2 𝑑𝜆2 𝜆2 0 −−−− −2 𝜆1 = 𝐿11 𝑖1 + 𝐿12 𝑖2 −−− −3 𝜆2 = 𝐿12 𝑖1 + 𝐿22 𝑖2 −−− −4 3EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 4. Multiply Excited Magnetic System • Solve eqn 3 and eqn 4 to express i1 and i2 in terms of λ1 and λ2. • Multiply eqn 3 by L12 and eqn4 by L11, 𝐿12 𝜆1 = 𝐿12 𝐿11 𝑖1 + 𝐿12 2 𝑖2 −−− −5 𝐿11 𝜆2 = 𝐿11 𝐿12 𝑖1 + 𝐿11 𝐿22 𝑖2 −− −6 • Subtracting eqn 6 from eqn 5, 𝐿12 𝜆1 − 𝐿11 𝜆2 = 𝐿12 𝐿11 𝑖1 + 𝐿12 2 𝑖2 − 𝐿11 𝐿12 𝑖1 − 𝐿11 𝐿22 𝑖2 𝐿12 𝜆1 − 𝐿11 𝜆2 = 𝐿12 2 − 𝐿11 𝐿22 𝑖2 𝑖2 = 𝐿12 𝐿12 2 − 𝐿11 𝐿22 𝜆1 − 𝐿11 𝐿12 2 − 𝐿11 𝐿22 𝜆2 4EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 5. Multiply Excited Magnetic System 𝑖2 = 𝛽21 𝜆1 + 𝛽22 𝜆2 • Similarly i1 can be expressed in terms of λ1 and λ2 as, 𝑖1 = 𝛽11 𝜆1 + 𝛽12 𝜆2 𝛽11 = 𝐿22 𝐿11 𝐿22 − 𝐿12 2 𝛽22 = 𝐿11 𝐿11 𝐿22 − 𝐿12 2 𝛽12 = 𝛽21 = − 𝐿12 𝐿11 𝐿22 − 𝐿12 2 5EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 6. Multiply Excited Magnetic System • From eqn 2, 𝑊𝑓 𝜆1, 𝜆2, 𝜃 = 𝛽11 𝜆1 + 𝛽12 𝜆2 𝑑𝜆1 𝜆1 0 + 𝛽21 𝜆1 + 𝛽22 𝜆2 𝑑𝜆2 𝜆2 0 𝑊𝑓 𝜆1, 𝜆2, 𝜃 = 1 2 𝛽11 𝜆1 2 + 𝛽12 𝜆1 𝜆2 + 1 2 𝛽22 𝜆2 2 • The self and mutual inductances of the coils depend on the angular position θ of the rotor. EXCITED SYSTEM 6
- 7. Multiply Excited Magnetic System Case 2: Independent variables are (i1, i2, θ) • We know that, 𝑇𝑓 = 𝜕𝑊𝑓 ′ 𝑖1, 𝑖2, 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 −−−− −7 • The co – energy is given by, 𝑊𝑓 ′ 𝑖1, 𝑖2, 𝜃 = 𝜆1 𝑑𝑖1 𝑖1 0 + 𝜆2 𝑑𝑖2 𝑖2 0 −−−− −8 𝜆1 = 𝐿11 𝑖1 + 𝐿12 𝑖2 −−− −3 𝜆2 = 𝐿12 𝑖1 + 𝐿22 𝑖2 −−− −4 EXCITED SYSTEM 7
- 8. Multiply Excited Magnetic System 𝑊𝑓 ′ 𝑖1, 𝑖2, 𝜃 = 1 2 𝐿11 𝑖1 2 + 𝐿12 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 1 2 𝐿22 𝑖2 2 • Force in a doubly excited system, 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑊𝑓 ′ 𝑖1, 𝑖2, 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝐹 = 𝜕 𝜕𝜃 1 2 𝐿11 𝑖1 2 + 𝐿12 𝑖1 𝑖2 + 1 2 𝐿22 𝑖2 2 8
- 9. Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of 𝐿11 = 2 + 1 2𝑥 ; 𝐿22 = 1 + 1 2𝑥 ; 𝐿12 = 𝐿21 = 1 2𝑥 over a certain range of linear displacement of x. The first coil is excited by a constant current of 20 A and the second by a constant current of –10 A. Find mechanical work done if x changes from 0.5 to 1 m and also the energy supplied by each electrical source. 9EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 10. MMF of Distributed AC Windings • The armature of any machine has distributed winding wound for the same number of poles as the field winding. 10EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 11. MMF of a Single Coil • Assume a cylindrical rotor machine with a small air-gap. • The stator is wound for 2 poles with a single N turn coil carrying a current of i amps. • The MMF produced by the single coil is Ni. • This MMF creates a flux and each flux line crosses the air-gap radially twice. • Half of the MMF is used to create flux from stator to rotor and other half is used to create flux from rotor to stator. 11EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 12. MMF of a Single Coil • In the developed diagram shown, the stator is laid down with the rotor on the top of it. • The shape of the MMF is seen to be rectangular. • +Ni/2 is consumed in setting up flux from rotor to stator and –Ni/2 is consumed in setting up flux stator to rotor. 12EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 13. MMF of a Single Coil • MMF produced by the coil changes between +Ni/2 and –Ni/2 abruptly. • Using fourier analysis, the fundamental component of MMF can be found as, ℱ 𝑎1 = 4 𝜋 𝑁𝑖 2 cos 𝜃 = 𝐹1𝑝 cos 𝜃 𝐹1𝑝 = 4 𝜋 𝑁𝑖 2 13EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 14. MMF of a Distributed Winding • Consider a 2 pole, cylindrical rotor with, m = slots/pole/phase = 5 n = slots/pole = 5x3 = 15 • The distributed winding for phase A, occupying 5 slots per pole is shown below. • Let NC = turns in a coil • iC = conductor current • M.M.F in 1 slot = 2. NC.iC • As the No. of slots are odd, half of the ampere conductors produce south pole and remaining half produce north pole on stator. 14EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 15. MMF of a Distributed Winding • At each slot, the MMF wave has a step jump of 2 NCiC. • Total MMF produced in 5 slots is 10NCiC. • Half of this total MMF is used to set up flux from rotor to stator and remaining half is used to create flux from stator to rotor. • Now F1P, the peak of fundamental waveform has to be determined. 15EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 16. MMF of a Distributed Winding Let • Tph = series turns per parallel path of a phase. • A = Number of parallel paths. 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ = 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑐 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑖 𝑎 = 𝐴 × 𝑖 𝑐 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑎 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑎 𝑃 16EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 17. • Using fourier analysis, the equation for mmf wave is given by, ℱ 𝑎1 = 4 𝜋 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑎 𝑃 cos 𝜃 • Because of short pitched and distributed winding, the mmf gets reduced by a factor Kp and Kd. Hence the equation for mmf wave is given by, ℱ 𝑎1 = 4 𝜋 𝐾 𝑝 𝐾 𝑑 𝑇𝑝ℎ × 𝑖 𝑎 𝑃 cos 𝜃 = 𝐹1𝑝 cos 𝜃 17EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
- 18. Conclusion: • Multiple excited system with expression is explained in detail with suitable diagrams. • MMF of distributed windings also explained in detail with suitable diagrams. References: 1.P. C. Sen., ‘Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics’, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. 2.P.S. Bimbhra, ‘Electrical Machinery’, Khanna Publishers, 2003. 3.S.Sarma & K.Pathak “Electric Machines”, Cengage Learning India (P) Ltd., Delhi, 2011. 4.U.A.Bakshi&M.N.Bakshi “Electric Machines-I”,Technical publications,2015. 5.Other Web Sources 18EXCITED SYSTEM KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY