Multiplicity of solutions for a reactive variable viscous couette flow

Mathematical Theory and Modeling www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online)
Vol.2, No.9, 2012

Multiplicity of Solutions for a Reactive Variable Viscous Couette Flow
under Arrhenius Kinetics
J.A Gbadeyan1 A.R.Hassan2*
1. Department of Mathematics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
2. Department of Mathematics, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ogun State, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: anthonyhassan72@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
This paper investigates the properties of solution for a reactive temperature dependent viscous Couette flow through parallel
plates with non-uniform temperature. We showed that the problem has two distinct solutions and the solution breaks down
for some values of the Frank-kameneskii parameter. Effect of various parameters in the model are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Arrhenius kinetics, Couette flow, variable viscosity, Bratu-type equation

1. Introduction
Studies on combustion problem has been an area of active research over the past few decades, this is because it has many
practical applications. Safety speaking is the major interest on the study of combustion which is to prevent unwanted
thermal ignition, pressure build up and detonation as described in (Williams, 1999). However, in many cases of interest,
exposure of reactive fluids to sufficiently hot surfaces cannot be avoided. This has led to significant amount of work in
literature (Kobo and Makinde (2010), Chinyoka and Makinde (2011), Makinde and Anwar Beg (2010) and Lacey (1998)) in
order to ensure safety of lives, properties and quality of the final product from the study of reactive hydromagnetic channel
flow. Other notable work on combustion includes (Goldshtein and Zinoviev (1991), Boling and Peicheng (1999) and
Palymskiy, Fomin and Hieronymus (1999)) and many more.
It is known that combustion models have multiple solutions, single solution or no solution depending on the value of the
Frank-kameneskii parameter as described in Buckmaster and Ludford (1983). Based on the fact by using asymptotic
techniques, multiple solutions were presented for the steady reactive-diffusive problem for a non-isothermal permeable
pellet with first-order Arrhenius kinetic as stated in Kapila and Matkowsky (1979) and Kapila et al (1980). Recently,
Mohammed (2006) applied the maximum principle to proof the existence of multiple solutions to a steady reactive-diffusive
problem for a non-isothermal permeable pellet with first-order Arrhenius kinetics.
In this paper attention is focused on the properties of solution for a reactive temperature dependent viscous Couette flow
under Arrhenius kinetics. In order to prove the existence of multiple solutions of the coupled non-linear problem, the
original problem is modified by using a suitable transformation and analytical solution in the form of Adomian
decomposition method is applied to the modified problem, we showed the upper and the lower branches of the solutions
exist.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 2 provides adequate information on the formulation and
non-dimensionalization of the problem. In section 3, the main results are presented. Section 4 presents the results and
discussions while section 5 concludes the work.

2. Mathematical Formulation
Consider a reactive, incompressible. The flow is considered steady and is fully developed between two infinite parallel
isothermal plates. Neglecting the reactant consumption, the dimensionless flow governing equations are following [2],
39

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

d  − 1+ βT du 
T
e  = 0; (1)
dy 
 dy 

together with
T 2 T
d 2T −  du 
2
+ Bre 1+ βT   + λ e 1+ βT = 0
  (2) such that
dy  dy 

u(0) = 0, u(1) = 1 (3)

T (0) = 0, T (1) = 0 (4)

For many cases of interest and by Frank-Kameneskii approximation, we take β =0 . A good example of such

approximation is the Bratu – type equation for combustion in Aregbesola (2003) such that (1) and (2) reduce to

d  −T du 
e  = 0; (5)
dy 
 dy 

2
d 2T  du 
2
+ Br e −T   + λe T = 0
 dy  (6)
dy  
Upon integration of (5) we get

du
= meT (7) where m is
dy
a constant to be determined by using the boundary condition (3).
Substituting (7) in (6) leads to

d 2T
+ γ eT = 0 (8)
dy 2

Where λ is the Frank – Kameneski parameter such that γ = (Brm 2 + λ ) (9)

3. Method of Solution

To show that (8) has two solutions if γ < γ c , one solution if γ = γ c and no solution if γ > γ c , we introduce the
transformation

w( y ) = e −T (10)

that is,

T = − ln w( y ) (11a)

40

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

and

w, ( y)
T, = − (11b)
w( y )
Differentiating again,

 w( y ) w ,, ( y ) − ( w , ( y )) 2 
T ,, = −   (11c)
 [ w( y )] 2 
Substituting (11a), (11b), and (11c) into (9), we have

 w( y ) w,, ( y ) − ( w, ( y )) 2   1 
−  +γ 
 w( y )  = 0
 (12)
 [ w( y )]2   
Writing (12) in a better form, we have

w( y ) w,, ( y ) − ( w, ( y )) 2 − γ w( y ) = 0 (13)

Subject to the following boundary conditions

w(0) = 1 and w(1) = 1 (14)

Introducing a series solution S ( y ) that satisfies (14) in the form

w( y ) = 1 + S ( y ) , (15a)

w' ( y ) = S ' ( y ) and (15b)

w'' ( y ) = S '' ( y ) (15c)

where S ( y ) is a series solution that is needed to seek the two solutions. Using (15a), (15b) and (15c) in (13), we deduced

as follows:

[1 + S ( y )]S ''' ( y ) − [S ' ( y )]2 − γ [1 + S ( y )] = 0 (16) Subject to

S (0) = S (1) = 0 (17)

Simplifying (16) in a proper way, we have

[ ] [
S '' ( y ) = γ [1 + S ( y )] + S ' ( y ) − S ( y )( S '' ( y ))
2
] (18)
Integrating (18), we obtain the integral equation
y

[ ] [ ]
S ' ( y ) = A + ∫ γ [1 + S ( y )] + S ' ( y ) − S ( y )( S '' ( y )) dy
2
(19a)
0

41

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

Where S
'
(0) = A , is a constant to be determined by using the boundary condition.
Integrating (19a) again, we have
y y

[ ] [ ]
S ( y ) = Ay + ∫ ∫ γ [1 + S ( y )] + S ' ( y ) − S ( y )( S '' ( y )) dy dy
2
(19b)
0 0

We define a series of the form
∞
S (y) = ∑ Sn (y) (20)
n =0

Substituting (20) in (19b) we get
∞ y y  ∞ y y 2 ∞ ∞ ∞ 
∑ S n ( y ) = A y + ∫∫ γ dydy + ∫∫  ∑ S ′ ( y ) + γ ∑ S ( y ) − ∑ S ( y )∑ S ′′( y )dydy (21)
 n  n n n

n =0 0 0 0 0   n =0  n =0 n =0 n =0

We let the nonlinear terms be represented as
∞ 2
∞ 
∑ Bn = ∑ S n′ ( y ) ,
n =0  n =0 
(22)

∞ ∞ ∞

∑ C = ∑ S ( y )∑ S ′′( y )
n =0
n
n =0
n
n =0
n (23)

Using (22) and (23) in (21) and taking the Taylor’s expansion we obtained few terms for Bn and Cn

B0 = (S 0 ( y ))
′ 2

B1 = 2S 0 ( y )S1′( y )
′
B2 = 2 S 2 ( y )S 0 ( y ) + (S1′( y ))
′ ′ 2
(24)
B3 = 2S 3 ( y )S 0 ( y ) + 2(S1′( y )S 2 ( y ))
′ ′ ′
...
and
C0 = S 0 ( y )S 0′( y )
′
C1 = S 0 ( y )S1′′( y ) + S1 ( y )S 0′( y )
′
C 2 = S 0 ( y )S 2′( y ) + S1 ( y )S1′′( y ) + S 2 ( y )S 0′( y )
′ ′
C3 = S 0 ( y )S 3′( y ) + S1 ( y )S 2′( y ) + S 2 ( y )S1′′( y ) + S 3 ( y )S 0′( y )
′ ′ ′ (25)

......
Then the zeroth component of (21) can be written following new modification in Wazwaz and El – Sayed (2001)

42

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

y y

S 0 ( y ) = ∫ ∫ γ dydy (26)
0 0

y y ∞
 
S1 ( y ) = Ay + ∫ ∫  B0 + γ ∑ S 0 ( y ) − C 0 dydy (27)
0 0  n =0 
To obtain other terms of the series, we use the recurrence relation
y y ∞
 
S n+1 ( y ) = ∫ ∫  Bn + γ ∑ S n ( y ) − C n dydy (28)
0 0 n =1 
Obtaining few terms of the series leads to

γ y2
S 0 ( y) = (29)
2

γ 2 y4
S1 ( y ) = Ay + (30)
12

γ 3 y6 Aγ y 3
S2 (y) = + (31)
180 3

γ 4 y8
Aγ 2 y 5 A2 y 2
S3 ( y ) = + + (32)
5040 30 2
Where A is a constant to be determined later and required to seek the two solutions of the problem. Then the partial sum
3
 γ A2  2 Aγ 3 γ 2 4 Aγ 2 5 γ 3 6 γ 4 8
S ( y ) = ∑ S n ( y ) = Ay +  + 
 2 2  y + 30 y + 12 y + 30 y + 180 y + 5040 y (33)
n =0  
It is important to note that the accuracy of the series can be drastically improved by computing more terms of the series.

Invoking the boundary condition S (1) = 0 gives

 γ γ2 γ γ2 γ3 γ4
A1, 2 = −1 + +  ± 1 − +
 3 30  + + (34)
  3 90 90 1400
Hence we write the two solutions as follows

γ A 2  Aγ γ 2 4 A1γ 2 5 γ 3 6 γ 4 8
S1( y ) = A1 y +  + 1  y 2 + 1 y 3 +
2 2  y + y + y + y (35)
  30 12 30 180 5040
and

 γ A2 2  2 A2γ 3 γ 2 4 A2γ 2 5 γ 3 6 γ 4 8
S 2( y ) = A2 y +  +
 y +
 y + y + y + y + y (36)
 2 2  30 12 30 180 5040
43

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

Back-solving, (15a) becomes

γ A 2  Aγ γ2 Aγ 2 γ3 6 γ4 8
w1 ( y) = 1 + S1( y) = 1 + A1 y +  + 1  y 2 + 1 y3 + y 4 + 1 y 5 +
  y + y (37) and
2 2  30 12 30 180 5040

γ A 2  Aγ γ2 Aγ2 γ3 γ4 8
w2 ( y) =1+ S2( y) =1+ A2 y + + 2 y2 + 2 y3 + y4 + 2 y5 + y6 + y (38)
2 2  30 12 30 180 5040
 
  γ A 2  2 A γ 3 γ 2 4 Aγ 2 5 γ 3 6 γ 4 8 
T1( y) = −Log w1( y)) = −Log1+ A y +  + 1 y + 1 y + y + 1 y +
( 1 2 2  y + y  (39) and

   30 12 30 180 5040 
 γ A 2  Aγ γ2 Aγ2 γ 3 6 γ 4 8
T2 ( y) = −Log w2 ( y)) = −Log 1+ A2 y +  + 2 y2 + 2 y3 + y4 + 2 y5 +
(  2 2
 y + y  (40)

   30 12 30 180 5040 
Therefore, (39) and (40) give the two solutions of temperature distribution with the channel.
To find the velocity of the fluid flow, we reconsider (8) and integrate to obtain
y

u ( y ) = m ∫ eT dy (41)
0

Where m is to be evaluated using u 1 ( ) = 1 , the two solutions of the velocity are as follows:
y y
 1 
u1 ( y ) = m1 ∫ Exp(− Log (w1 ( y )))dy = m1 ∫ 
 w ( y ) dy
 (42) and
0 0 1 
y
 1 
y

u 2 ( y ) = m2 ∫ Exp(− Log (w2 ( y )))dy = m2 ∫ 
 w ( y ) dy (43)

0 0 2 
It is obvious that (41) cannot be solved in algebraic way therefore the exponential function needed to be Taylors’ expanded
to be able to get the two solutions for velocity profiles.
4. Discussion of Results
Figure 1 displays the upper and lower solutions for γ = 0.5. It showed that the maximum values of the upper and lower
solutions occurred at the centre line of the channel, that is, when y = 0.5. In general, the temperature is maximal at the
centre and decreases as we move towards the boundaries in the channel.
The lower and upper solutions of velocity profile are shown in figure 2. The two solutions satisfy the boundary conditions.
It is observed that the fluid velocity is zero at the lower region and increases gradually towards the upper moving plate. The
lower solution increases linearly while the upper solution increases nonlinearly across the channel.
The temperature profile of the upper solution with various values of γ is shown in figure 3. It is noticed that the temperature
is almost the same before the centre line and decreases as γ increases after the centre line. The fluid behaviour as secondary
solution is highly noticed.
Figure 4 shows the typical variations of the fluid temperature of lower solution which is similar to [2]. The fluid temperature
increases with increasing values of γ. This is due to an increase in heat generation within the fluid due to exothermic
reaction as shown in figure 4.
44

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

The upper solution of the velocity profiles for various values of γ is shown in figure 5. It is observed that, the parameter γ
increases causing the velocity profile to increase nonlinearly across the channel to a maximum of y = 1.
Figure 6 displays the lower solution of the velocity profiles for various values of γ. It is good to note that, the velocity
remained unchanged for various values of γ as the profile maintain a linear flow that is equivalent to y = u(y) which is
standard Couette flow.

5. Conclusion
We have studied the multiplicity and properties of solutions for a reactive variable viscous Couette flow through parallel
plates with non-uniform temperature under Arrhenius Kinetics. It is shown that there exist two distinct upper and lower
solutions and the solution breaks down for some values of the Frank-kameneskii parameter for temperature and velocity
profiles using Adomian decomposition method with suitable transformation to the modified problems.

References
Aregbesola, Y.A.S (2003), “Numerical solution of Bratu problems using the method of weighted residuals”, Electrinc
Journal of Southern African Math. Sci Association (SAMSA), 3, 1 – 7.
Boling Guo and Peicheng Zhu, (1999), “Asymptotic behaviour of the solution to the system for a viscous reactive gas”,
Journal of Differential Equations 155, 177 – 202
Buckmaster J. D. and Ludford G. S. S., (1983), “Lectures on Mathematical combustion”, Society for industrial and Applied
Mathematics, Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd.
Chinyoka T. and Makinde O. D. (2011), “Analysis of transient generalized Couette flow of a reactive variable viscosity third
– grade liquid with asymmetric convective cooling”, Journal of Mathematical and Computer Modeling 54 160 – 174
Goldshtein V. and Zinoviev A. (1991), “Thermal explosion in multiple phase media”, Journal of nonlinear analysis, theory.
Methods & Applications, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 4111- 4780,
Kapila A.K and Matkowsky B. J. (1979), “Reactive – Diffuse systems with Arrhenius Kinetics: Multiple Solutions, Ignition
and Extinction”, SIAM T. Applied Mathematics, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp 373 – 389
Kapila A.K and Matkowsky B. J. and Vega J., (1980), “Reactive-diffusive system with Arrhenius kinetics: peculiarities of
the spherical geometry”, Journal of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Vol. 38, No. 3, pp382 – 401.
Kobo N.S. and Makinde O. D. (2010), “Second Law Analysis for a Variable Viscosity Reactive Couette Flow under
Arrhenius Kinetics”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2010, pp 1-15
Lacey A.A. (1998), “Diffusion models with blow – up”, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 97(1998) 39 –
49
Makinde O.D. and Anwar Beg O. (2010), “On inherent Irreversibility in a Reactive Hydromagnetic Channel Flow”, Journal
of Thermal Science, Vol. 19, No. 1 pp 72 – 79.
Mohammed Al – Refai,(2006), “Bounds and Critical parameters for a combustion problem”, Journal of Computational and
Applied Mathematics 188 33 – 43
Palymskiy I. B., Fomin P. A. and Hieronymus H., (2008), “Rayleigh–Benard convection in a chemical equilibrium gas
(simulation of surface detonation wave initiation)”, Journal of Applied Mathematical Modeling 32 660–676
Wazwaz A.M. and El-Sayed, (2001), “A new modification of the Adomian decomposition Method for linear and nonlinear

45

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

operators”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation, 122 393 – 405.
Williams F.A., (1999), “Combustion”, University of California, San Diego, pp 315 – 338

Nomenclature
L Channel characteristic length E Activation energy
G Reaction Kinetic R Universal gas constant
ρ Fluid density ε Channel aspect ratio
λ Frank – Kamenettski parameter β Activation energy parameter
T Fluid temperature (k) To plate surface temperature (k)
Co Reactant species initial concentration Cp Specific heat at constant pressure
µ Viscosity Re Reynolds number
-1
U Velocity scale (ms ) Pe Peclet Number
-1 -1
k Thermal conductivity coefficient (Wm k ) Q Heat generation term (W)
Br Brinkman number Qo Dimensional heat generation coefficient
A Reaction rate constant u Axial velocity (ms-1)
v Normal velocity (ms-1) x, y Coordinate system (m)

T

0.6 T1

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
T2
0.1

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Figure 1: Graph showing upper and lower solutions for temperature when γ = 0.5

46

Vol.2, No.9, 2012

u
1.0

0.8
u2

0.6 u1

0.4

0.2

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

T1
0.7
 
Figure 2: Graph showing upper and lower solutions for velocity when γ = 0.5


 0.1, 0.5, 1

 0.1
=
0.6  0.5
=

0.5 1
=

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 3: Upper solution of temperature profiles for various values of γ

47


 
Vol.2, No.9, 2012


 0.1, 0.2, 0.3
T2
 0.3
=

0.03
 0.2
=

0.02
 0.1
=

0.01

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Figure 4: Lower solution of temperature profiles for various values of γ

u1 y
1.0
 

 0.1, 0.2, 0.3

 0.3
=
0.8
 0.2
=

0.6  0.1
=

0.4

0.2

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 5: Upper solution of velocity profiles for various values of γ

48


 
Vol.2, No.9, 2012


 0.1, 0.2, 0.3
u2 y
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 6: Lower solution of velocity profiles for various values of γ

49

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