Mycotoxins an overview
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The document provides an overview of mycotoxins, their sources, and their harmful effects on livestock and crops, indicating that 25% of global crops are contaminated. It outlines specific mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins, detailing their impact on animal health, productivity, and food safety. The text emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing mycotoxins in feed to mitigate adverse outcomes in animal farming.
Mycotoxins an overview
- 1. Digital Re-print - November | December 2011 Mycotoxins an overview Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872 www.gfmt.co.uk NEXT PAGE
- 2. FEATURE Food and Feed Mycotoxins an overview Quality Control Reference and Fast-Screening Methods by Perstorp Performance Additives, The Netherlands I t has been estimated that 25 percent of 5 Fumonisins (FA1, FA2, Fb1, FB2, FB3 Furthermore T2 toxin can cause nervous the crops in the world are contaminated and FB) symptoms as well as abnormal feathering, with mycotoxins. And this results in an Most mycotoxins are region-specific. For decreased feed intake and egg production. annual loss of foodstuffs of over 1,000,000 example DON is mostly found in Europe Don and T2 are the most harmful to pigs. tonnes according to the FAO (Food and North America, while aflatoxins are They can cause reduced productivity and and Agriculture Organisation). mostly found in the Southern hemisphere. even infertility in the sow. In addition DON can cause acute diarrhea of suckling piglets Let’s have a look at what mycotoxins are, The effects of mycotoxins with a high mortality. what sub-types there are, what they do and Different mycotoxins have different harmful Fumonisins cause impaired immune func- how a consistent mycotoxin policy can help effects. The consumption of feed containing tion, liver and kidney damage, decreased minimise the damage. mycotoxins can lead to numerous problems weight gain and increased mortality in most including reduced immune response, species. It would appear that poultry is less What are mycotoxins? infertility and liver and kidney damage. sensitive to the effect of the fumonisins than Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabo- Aflatoxins are synthesized by Aspergillus pigs. The toxin FB1 in swine leads to specific lites produced by organisms of the fungus spp. and can severely damage the health disease called porcine pulmonary oedema kingdom - commonly known as moulds - of animals. In poultry liver damage, inferior which affects heart and lungs. such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillin. egg shell and carcass quality and increased It is also important to note that if feed is One mould species may produce many susceptibility to disease are the major symp- contaminated by more than one mycotoxin the different mycotoxins and/or the same myco- toms. effects can not only be additive but even syner- toxin as another species. They infect crops In pigs the main symptoms after high doses gistic meaning a far greater toxicity than expected in the field, can grow on feed or food as it is of aflatoxins are feed refusal, reduced weight on the basis of each mycotoxin on its own. stored if the environmental conditions (such gain, liver and kidney lesions. Furthermore, Discover the perfect interaction of BUCHI Instruments for food and feed Discover the perfect interaction of BUCHI Instruments for food and feed as temperature and humidity) are favorable. aflatoxins can alter the immune response and Mycotoxin management quality control. quality control. Although thousands of different myco- animal performance. Besides good farming practice to prevent Ochratoxins (OTA) are produced by mould growth and subsequent mycotoxin Solutions for protein analysis: BUCHI offers Kjeldahl Distillation and Digestion instruments ranging Solutions for protein analysis: BUCHI offers Kjeldahl Distillation and Digestion instruments ranging Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. and are toxic production it is essential that the producer from basic to fully automated. Kjeldahl serves as reference method for protein determination using NIR from basic to fully automated. Kjeldahl serves as reference method for protein determination using NIR “Depending on the mycotoxin for the kidney where they cause necrosis knows the mycotoxin status of his feed. Spectroscopy. The NIRMaster is the fi rst FT-NIR spectrometer, enabling rapid non-destructive Spectroscopy. The NIRMaster is the fi rst FT-NIR spectrometer, enabling rapid non-destructive of the tubules. Off all the mycotoxins OTA There is an almost bewildering array of determination of protein content at the production line or in the QC lab. determination of protein content at the production line or in the QC lab. and the quantity that has been is the most toxic for domestic poultry. It is testing possibilities available for mycotoxins even more deadly for poultry than aflatoxin. but they all stand or fall with the method of found, a suitable adsorbent can be In pigs OTA also causes kidney damage sampling. Solutions for fat analysis: For fat determination explore the unique automated Soxhlet or Hot Extraction Solutions for fat analysis: For fat determination explore the unique automated Soxhlet or Hot Extraction which can result in rejection of carcasses. At least 12-20 samples need to be taken instruments. These classical extraction techniques serve as reference methods for fat determination using NIR instruments. These classical extraction techniques serve as reference methods for fat determination using NIR chosen to which the mycotoxines It also affects boar fertility and can affect from the feed taking care to include samples Spectroscopy. The innovative NIRMaster is able to quantify fat content in just a few seconds per sample. Spectroscopy. The innovative NIRMaster is able to quantify fat content in just a few seconds per sample. the unborn foetus. In newborn piglets tail from the side where mould will more readily adhere and safely pass through the necrosis is often a sign of OTA. occur. These samples need then to be mixed Additional information is available on: www.buchi.com Additional information is available on: www.buchi.com animal without causing harm” Zearolenone is a mycotoxin produced thoroughly and a 500 gram sample can be by Fusarium moulds and has oestrogen-like taken and sent for testing. activity in cattle, sheep and pigs. Depending on the mycotoxin and toxins have been identified, only 300 are This mimicking of female hormones leads the quantity that has been found, a suit- detectable by regular analytical tests. to problems with ovulation, conception and able adsorbent can be chosen to which the The major mycotoxins are: foetal development. Poultry seems to be mycotoxines adhere and safely pass through 1. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) able to tolerated ZEA well, however turkeys the animal without causing harm. 2. Ochratoxins (OTA) are very sensitive. Depending on geographical and envi- 3. Zearalenone (ZEA) Trichothecenes are also produced by ronmental factors an absorbent could be BÜCHI Labortechnik AG BÜCHI Labortechnik AG 4. Trichothecenes (DON also known as Fusarium spp. In poultry T2 causes oral indicated all year round or at known critical 9230 Flawil/Switzerland 9230 Flawil/Switzerland Vomitoxin, T2) lesions which can be used as a field diagnosis. times. T +41 71 394 63 63 T +41 71 394 63 63 20 | november - december 2011 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy www.buchi.com Quality in your hands
- 3. This digital Re-print is part of the November | December 2011 edition of Grain & Feed Milling Technology magazine. Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website. LINKS Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com. November - December 2011 • See the full issue In this issue: • African advances Animal feed milling is one of the most • • Mycotoxins an overview Database for animal diet • Visit the GFMT website buoyant activities in formulation the agri related field techniques: A glance to last • Contact the GFMT Team • Get in line decade Process analysis solutions open new opportunities for improved • Food safety profit and quality in the grain milling industry • Recent advances in • Optical sorting • Subscribe to GFMT rapid grain Optical sorting has come of testing age and should be considered as a serious option for inclusion in any modern wheat cleaning plant A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891 GFMT11.06.indd 1 30/11/2011 17:28 To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link adove. INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE Article reprints All Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc). If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more information on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints www.gfmt.co.uk PREVIOUS PAGE