nanomaterials are defined as materials where at least one of their dimensions is in the nanoscale
- 2. Contents 01 Definition of nano materials 02 Classification 03 Preparation of nano materials 04 Characteristics 07 06 05 Their relevance in advanced bioprocessing Applications synthesis
- 3. What are nano materials? • Nanomaterials are defined as materials where at least one of their dimensions is in the nanoscale, i.e. smaller than 100 nm
- 4. Classification of nano materials Nano materials can be classified basing on their: • origin • dimensions • composition
- 5. 01 Based on their dimensionalities • Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0-D): the nanomaterials in this class have all their three dimensions in the nanoscale range. • One-dimensional nanomaterials (1-D): the nanomaterials in this class have one dimension outside the nanoscale. • Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2-D): the nanomaterials in this class have two dimensions outside the nanoscale. • Tree-dimensional nanomaterials (3-D) or bulk nanomaterials: in this class the materials are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension.
- 6. 02 Based on their composition • Organic nanoparticles This class comprises NPs that are made of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polymers, or any other organic compounds. • Inorganic nanoparticles This class comprises NPs that are not made of carbon or organic materials • Carbon-based nanoparticles This class comprises NPs that are made solely from carbon atoms
- 7. 03 Based on origin • Natural NPs These occur naturally in the environment. • Synthetic NPs These are intentionally engineered and produced by humans through various manufacturing processes.
- 8. Preparation of nano materials
- 9. Top-Down Methods The top-down, or destructive, approach involves breaking a material down to its atomic building blocks. Nanolithography, which scientists are currently studying, is used to produce structures on the nanometric scale, often with at least one dimension in the 1 to 100 nm range. Nanoparticles can be synthesized using a variety of solvents and laser ablation synthesis in solution. Laser irradiation of a metal immersed in a liquid solution forms nanoparticles by condensing a plasma plume. Sputtering is the process by which atoms are ejected from the surface of a substance (the target) via the bombardment of energetic particles . Atoms on a cathode/target are sputtered when they are accelerated away from the cathode/target by the impact of bombarding ions, which is a momentum transfer process. Mechanical attrition, in which the kinetic energy of the grinding medium is transferred to the material being reduced, is the mechanism by which nanomaterials are synthesized in a ball mill.
- 10. Nanoparticles that are safe for humans and the environment can be synthesized using biosynthesis. The synthesis of nanoparticles using biological systems is fast, practical, and environmentally beneficial. Pyrolysis Method: One type of thermochemical process in which the substance is broken down into smaller components involves heating the material to very high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. This technique is the standard method used for mass producing nanoparticles in the industry. A chemical process, chemical vapor deposition, involves the reaction of volatile precursors in the gas phase to generate a solid molecule that is deposited on surfaces. A spinning disc reactor is the equipment that is used to carry out the spinning method of nanoparticle synthesis (SDR). A disc rotates inside a chamber/reactor whose physical properties, such as temperature, can be adjusted. The sol–gel technique is a highly adaptable soft chemical process that is extensively utilized in the synthesis of metal oxides, ceramics, and glasses Bottom-Up Method The bottom-up, or self-assembly, method of nanofabrication involves the utilization of chemical or physical forces acting at the nanoscale to combine building blocks into functional structures.
- 11. Characteristics • Electronic and optical properties such as linear absorption, photoluminescence emission, and nonlinear optical properties due to the quantum confinement and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect • Large surface to volume ratio • High percentage of atoms on the surface • exhibit enhanced chemical stability or reactivity compared to bulk materials. • unique optical properties such as enhanced light absorption and scattering • nano materials exhibit unique thermal properties such as high thermal conductivity. • mechanical properties such as enhanced strength, increased hardness and improved toughness • exhibit a wide range of magnetic properties such as superparamagetism
- 12. Why are nanomaterials relevant in advanced bioprocessing ? • drug delivery systems • biosensors and diagnostics • biocatalysis and enzyme immobilization
- 13. Applications • Cancer diagnosis and therapy • Cellular imaging or in biosensors for DNA, carbohydrates, proteins, and heavy metal ions • Determination of blood glucose levels • Medical diagnostics to detect bacteria nd viruses • Targeted drug delivery • Tumor growth inhibition Medicine • Food processing for example smart delivery • Food preservation due to antimicrobial activity • Food packaging for example nano films • Supplement like nano additives Food • Nano fertilizers • Nano pesticides Agriculture • Magnetic separation and detection • Biosensors • NPs improve the imaging quality and the contrast agent administration dose of magnetic resonance imaging • used in batteries to prevent the physical contact of anode and cathode, and to provide channels for the transport of ions. Biotechnology
- 14. How they can be synthesized from natural materials?
- 15. THANK YOU