NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN Pl.Pathology
- 1. 3 Credit seminar on APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT PATHOLOGY PRADEEP M 2017811503
- 2. SYNOPSIS Introduction Background about nanotechnology Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and allied fields Application of nanotechnology in plant pathology Conclusion
- 3. Nanotechnology British Standards Institution (BSI,2005) “Nanotechnology is science ,engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale,which is about 1 to 100 nm ” Broad idea of nano : •Reduce the size •Increase the efficiacy
- 4. Nano scale The term ‘nanotechnology’ is based on the prefix ‘nano’- Greek word meaning dwarf Word ‘ nano means 10-9 or one billionth part of a meter 1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) of meter Size range between 1 and 100 nm (Hussain, 2017)
- 5. Nanopaticles (NPs) Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. (Sekhon , 2014 )
- 6. Types of Nanopaticles (NPs) and their use in plant pathology Type Definition Potential use in plant pathology Metalloids,metallic oxides, nonmetals,and their composites Engineered metals at nanoscale in cubes,spheres, bars, and sheets Bactericides/Fungicides Nanofertilizers Delivery vehicle for antimicrobials and genetic material Carbon nanomaterials Allotropes of carbon designed at the nanoscale Multiple uses Single-walled or multiwalled nanotubes Graphene sheets rolled into single or multiple tubes Antimicrobial agents Delivery vehicle for antimicrobials and genetic material Fullerenes (buckyballs) 60 carbon atoms in a specific soccer-ball arrangement Antimicrobial agents Delivery vehicle for antimicrobials and genetic material
- 7. Graphene oxide sheet (reduced or oxide forms) Graphene oxide sheet Antimicrobial agents Delivery vehicle for antimicrobials and genetic material Liposomes A lipid enclosing a water core Delivery vehicle for genetic or antimicrobial products Dendrimers Nanomaterial with tree- like appendages that radiate from a central core Delivery vehicle for genetic or antimicrobial products Nanobiosensor A nanoparticle that combines a biological component for detection Diagnostics, research tool Nanoshell Nanoparticles composed of a gold shell surrounding a semiconductor Diagnostics, research tool Quantum dots Inorganic fluorescent, crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles used in biosensors Diagnostics, research tool (Elmer et al., 2018)
- 8. 1857 1936 1959 1974 1981 1991 Time line of nanotechnology Michael Faraday Erwin Muller Richard feynman Norio Taniguchi Sumio illijma
- 9. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and allied fields (Singh et al., 2016)
- 10. Application of nanotechnology in plant science
- 11. Application of nanotechnology in plant pathology Nanotechnology application in phytopathology Detection of plant pathogens : • Quantum dots (QDs) • Gold nanoparticles • Super paramagnetic iron oxides • Biosensors / nanosensor Plant disease control : • Nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents • Nanoparticles as antifungal agents • Nanosized silica- silver • Nano-delivery system
- 12. Biosensors (a) antibody- based (b) DNA/ RNA based biosensor for analyte detection (Elmer et al., 2018)
- 13. Biosensor – use biological sensing elements – integrated into physio-chemical transducer – produce electronic signals – when contact with pathogen Biosensor nano Ag – detects R. solanacearum (Khaledin et al., 2017) Nanobased biosensor - cowpea mosaic virus, TMV and lettuce mosaic virus (James, 2013& Lin et al., 2014) Cont.,
- 14. Super paramagentic iron oxides Super paramagentic iron oxides nano particles – pathogen detection – recent explored Magnetic nano particles – attach to biological tissue and to DNA – facilitating detection and extraction (Rispail et al., 2014) Super paramagnetic iron oxides – differ from QDs – F. oxysporum
- 15. Application of nanotechnology in plant disease management Nanoparticles as antimicrobi al agents Nanoparticles as antifungal agents Nanosized silica- silver Nano- delivery system
- 16. Antimicrobial mechanisms of nano particles Release of toxic ions Genotoxic Interruption of electron transport Generation of ROS Interference with nutrient uptake
- 17. Nano materials – Cu, Zn, Ti, Mn, Au and Ag – Ag NPs efficient against bacteria, virus and fungi (Gong et al., 2007) Ag NPs – effective antimicrobial surface coating (Prabhu and Poulose., 2012) Nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents
- 18. Pathogens Types of NPs Applications Reference A. clavatus Ag antifungal Verma et al., 2010 A. niger Ag antifungal Kumar et al., 2008 A. spp Zn ND Raliya and Tarafdar, 2014 Yeast cells Cd ND Bao et al., 2003 V. luteoalbum Au ND Gricke et al., 2016 Nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents ND : Not determined
- 19. Various modes of action of silver nanoparticles on bacteria Prabhu and Poulose., 2012
- 20. Nanoparticles as antifungal agents Pathogens Types of NPs Applications Reference B. cinerea Ag-SiO2 antifungal Gajbhiye et al., 2009 A. niger Ag2S antifungal Fateixa et al., 2009 A. niger ZnO antifungal Jo et al., 2009 Bipolaris oryzae and Maganporthe grisea Ag antifungal Woo et al.,2009 F. oxysporium Ag antifungal Musarrat et al., 2010 Penicillium expansum ZnO antifungal He et al., 2010 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Ag antifungal Mendez et al., 2010 A. alternata Chitosin antifungal Saharan et al., 2013
- 21. Nanosized silica-silver - 100% growth inhibition of Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria occurred at100 ppm M. grisea, B. cinerea, C. gloeosporioides, Pythium ultimum and R. solani - 100 % growth inhibition at 10 ppm (Oh et al., 2006) Nanosized silica- silver
- 22. Nanosized silica-silver 0.3 ppm - powdery mildews of pumpkin (Kim et al., 2008) Nano copper- controlling bacterial diseases viz. bacterial blight of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and leaf spot of mung (X. campestris pv. phaseoli) (Gogoi et al., 2009) Cont.,
- 23. • Banner MAXX Fungicide (active ingredient propiconazole), Apron MAXX (active ingredient fludioxonil) for seed treatments. • Cyclopropyl derivative of cyclohexenone (Primo MAXX) - plant growth regulator - the plant in withstanding abiotic as well as biotic stresses including plant pathogens (Gogoi et al., 2009) • ‘Nano-5’ - natural mucilage organic solution -control several plant pathogens and pests besides improving crop yield. Nano-delivery system
- 24. • Nano Green- eliminate blast disease (Magnaporthe grisea) from infected rice plant. Cont.,
- 25. Application of Silver Nanoparticles for the Control of Colletotrichum Species In Vitro and Pepper Anthracnose Disease in Field Kabir Lamsal, Sang Woo Kim, Jin Hee Jung, Yun Seok Kim,,Kyong Su Kim Mycobiology .,2011 Silver nanoparticles (WA-PR-WB13R) - Colletotrichum species- inhibition effect 100 ppm conc – maximum inhibition – fungal hyphae – conidial germination Scanning electron microscope – AgNPs – effect on mycelial growth
- 26. Fungal isolates PDA 10 ppm 30 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm C-3 62.30a 76.80a 81.30a 100a C-4 22.26d 40.26c 51.60c 77.30d C-5 52.70b 57.53b 63.50b 100a C-6 18.56e 23.53e 24.36f 52.63e C-7 25.70c 37.40d 47.20d 94.21c C-8 15.36f 23.33e 36.30e 96.43b Control 0 0 0 0 Inhibition rate (%) of silver nanoparticles WA-PR-WB13R against Colletotrichum species on different growth medium and concentrations (ppm) Data followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from each other according to Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at p = 0.05
- 27. Fungal isolates MEA 10 ppm 30 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm C-3 20.23d 22.40e 25.70f 15.60e C-4 37.40b 62.16b 69.43c 44.60b C-5 35.33 60.10c 64.63dc 42.50c C-6 48.33a 84.50a 84.56a 48.53a C-7 11.33f 62.26b 77.53b 50.06a C-8 15.36e 29.40e 34.26e 20.46d Control 0 0 0 0 Data followed by the same letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different from each other according to Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at p = 0.05
- 28. Scanning electron microscopy of hyphae of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides treated with silver nanoparticles Fungal hyphae grown on potato dextrose agar plates were sprayed with either water as a control (A) or equal volume of 30, 50, and 100 ppm silver nanoparticle solution (B~D, respectively). Photos were taken three days after the treatment (scale bars = 5 μm).
- 29. Fungal hyphae grown on potato dextrose agar plates were sprayed with either water as a control (A) or equal volume of 30, 50, and 100 ppm silver nanoparticle solution (B~D, respectively). Photos were taken three days after the treatment (scale bars = 5 μm). Scanning electron microscopy of hyphae of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides treated with silver nanoparticles
- 30. a) Mycelium covering plant stems near the soil surface. b) Mycelium invading pods causing rotting of tissues Papaiah et al.,2014 Silver nanoparticles, a potential alternative to conventional anti- fungal agents to fungal pathogens affecting crop plants Papaiah, Seshadri Goud, Devi Prasad, Vemana, Narasimha International Journal of Nano Dimension.,2014
- 31. a.Seedling wilt. b. Shredding of root Silver nanoparticles, a potential alternative to conventional anti-fungal agents to fungal pathogens affecting crop plants Papaiah et al.,2014
- 32. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles at different concentrations Papaiah et al.,2014
- 33. (c): Dry Root Rot (R. bataticola)(a): Stem Rot (S.rolfsii) (b): Collar Rot (A.niger) Papaiah et al.,2014 Silver nanoparticles, a potential alternative to conventional anti- fungal agents to fungal pathogens affecting crop plants
- 34. Plant-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trifolium resupinatum seed exudate and their antifungal efficacy on Neofusicoccum parvum and Rhizoctonia solani Mehrdad Khatami, Meysam Soltani Nejad, Samira Salari, Pooya Ghasemi IET Nanobiotechnology.,2015 •Antifungal efficacy – AgNPs •Neofusicoccum parvum and Rhizoctonia solani – in vitro •Highest inhibition – R.solani – 40ppm (94.1%) - N.parvum – 84%
- 35. Colour change of the T. resupinatum seed exudates solution containing silver before and after synthesis of AgNPs. a: T. resupinatum seed exudates solution. b, c, d, e: T. resupinatum seed exudates solution containing 1, 2.5, 4, 5 ppm of synthesised AgNPs, respectively Antifungal activity of AgNPs
- 36. TEM images of AgNPs in different scales Khatami et al.,2015
- 37. Histogram of particle size distribution of the AgNPs Khatami et al.,2015
- 38. Inhibition effect of AgNPs against R. solani on PDA in vitro Inhibition effect of AgNPs against N. parvum on PDA in vitro Plant-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trifolium resupinatum seed exudate and their antifungal efficacy on Neofusicoccum parvum and Rhizoctonia solani
- 39. Kim et al.,2009 An In Vitro Study of the Antifungal Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Oak Wilt Pathogen Raffaelea sp. Kim, Sang Woo, Kyoung Su Kim, Kabir Lamsal, Young-Jae Kim, Seung Bin Kim, Mooyoung Jung Microbiol. Biotechnol.,2009
- 40. Effect of combining different forms of silver nanoparticles on hyphal growth in Raffaelea sp. Kim et al.,2009
- 41. Electron micrographs of hyphae of Raffaelea sp. 10 ppm silver nanoparticle solution ATwater as a control (Mock). Kim et al.,2009
- 42. Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles, optimization andevaluation of in vitro antifungal activity against human and plantpathogens. P. Balashanmugama, M.D. Balakumarana, R. Murugana, K. Dhanapalb, P.T. Kalaichelvanaa Microbiological Research.,2016 Silver nanoparticles – cassia spp. AgNPs exhibit antifungal activity - R.solani, F.oxysporum and Curvularia sp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) – structural changes in cell membranes
- 43. D - Silvernitrate, S - Phytosynthesized AgNPs, A - Amphotericin-B, P –Host leaf extract. Antifungal activity of phytosynthesized AgNPs against Plant pathogens (I) Rhizoctonia solani (II) Fusarium oxysporum (III) Curvularia sp.
- 44. (a) Control (b) Treated with AgNPs