Nanotechnology scope and application in plant pathology
- 1. Nanotechnology scope and application in plant pathology by GHULAM HASSAN ( M.Sc. Pl PATH)
- 2. Nanotechnology/Nanoscience Nanotechnology The design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale
- 3. Nano scale The term ‘nanotechnology’ is based on the prefix ‘nano’- Greek word meaning ‘dwarf’ Word ‘nano’ means 10ˉ⁹ or one billionth part of a metre 1 nanometre= one billionth (10ˉ⁹) of metre Size range between 1 - 100 nm The term ‘nanotechnology’ is based on the prefix ‘nano’- Greek word meaning ‘dwarf’ Word ‘nano’ means 10ˉ⁹ or one billionth part of a metre 1 nanometre= one billionth (10ˉ⁹) of metre Size range between 1 - 100 nm
- 4. “Adaptability to manipulate, control, assemble, produce and manufacture things at atomic precision” (THERE’S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM ) Richard Feynman, Physicist “ The father of nanotechnology”
- 5. “Nano-technology’’ - processing, separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. Norio Taniguchi, Professor - coined the term “Nanotechnology” (1974)
- 6. Time Line of Nanotechnology 11/27/18 ~ 2000 Years Ago Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair ~ 1000 Years Ago Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows 1959 There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman 1974 “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time 1986 “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler 1991 Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima 1999 “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas 2000 “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched
- 7. Properties Of Nanoparticles • Nanoparticles show unusual physical,chemical and biological properties,which are completely lacked in their bulk molecule. • Nanoparticles have a high surface to volume ratio that increase their reactivity and biochemical activity. • Nanoparticles possess strong affinity to targets such as proteins.
- 9. Synthesis Of Nanoparticle • Chemical method • Physical method • Biological method
- 10. Chemical method • Chemical reduction method :In this method,a copper salt is reduced by a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride,ascorbic acid into copper nanoparticle. • Sonochemical method : In this method powerful ultrasound radiation of 10 -20 Hz are applied to molecule to enhance the chemical reaction.
- 11. Physical method • Electro chemical method :In this method electricity is used as the driving or controlling force to produce nanoparticles of metal.
- 12. Biological Synthesis Of Nanoparticles • Microbial synthesis of nano particle: Numerous micro organism have been found to produce nanoparticles in the substrate. 11/27/18
- 13. sssss Nanoparticle Microganism Reference Gold nanoparticles Verticillium sps, Mukher jee et al. (2001) Fusarium oxysporum Mukher jee et al. (2002) Trichothecium Ahmad et al. (2005) Penicillium Du et al. (2011) Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Brevibacterium casei Kalishwaralal et al. (2010) Bacillus Subtilis Reddy et al. (2010) Silver nanoparticles Fusarium semitectum Basavaraja et al. (2008) Alternaria alternata Gajbhiye et al. (2009) Trichoderma Devi et al. (2013) Phytophthora infestans Thirumurugan et al. (2011)
- 14. Photosynthesis Of Nanoparticles • Plant extracts can also serve as one of the effective and eco friendly material for synthesis of nanoparticles. E.g extract from Ocimum tenuiflorum ,Solanum tricobatum,Citrus sinensis were used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution.
- 16. Application in Plant pathology •Detection of plant disease •Plant disease management
- 17. Nanotechnology In Detection of .. Phytopathogens • Nanoparticle based sensors are used for detection of pathogen or to detect compounds indicative to disease condition(jasmonic acid,methyle-jasmonate and salicyclic acid level can be detected with help of sensitive electrochemical sensor)
- 18. Dendrimers Nanosensors FullerenesCarbon Nanotubes Nano Chips C60 3D macromolecules Sequence nanoscale Tools of Nanotechnology C60
- 19. Nanoparticles in disease management Biopolymer nanoparticles eg. Chitosan Metallic nanoparticles eg. Silver nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles Copper nanoparticles Zinc nanoparticles Nanocomposites eg. Chitosan Silver NP
- 20. Mode of action of nanoparticles 11/27/18
- 21. Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles
- 22. Chitosan Has various applications in biology due to its biodegradable and nontoxic properties chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles are found to be more effective against plant pathogens like Fusarium solani The chitosan therefore could be formulated and applied as a natural antifungal agent in nanoparticles form to enhance its antifungal activity (Ing et al., 2012)
- 23. Mode of action of chitosan against fungi can be explained by following mechanisms: The positive charge of chitosan interacts with negatively charged phospholipid components of fungi membrane, which in turn alter cell permeability of plasma membrane and causes the leakage of cellular contents, which consequently leads to death of the cell (García-Rincón et al., 2010) Chitosan chelates with metal ions, which has been implicated as a possible mode of antimicrobial action (Rabea et al., 2003). On binding to trace elements, it interrupts normal growth of fungi by making the essential nutrients unavailable for its development (Roller and Covill, 1999). It is suggested that chitosan could penetrate fungal cell wall and bind to its DNA and inhibit the synthesis of mRNA and, in turn, affect the production of essential proteins and enzymes (Sudarshan et al. , 1992; Kong et al., 2010)
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- 25. Metallic nanoparticles Metallic nanoparticles ( Ag, Zn, Cu, Si) possess unique chemical and physical properties, small size, huge surface to volume ratio, structural stability and strong affinity to their targets (Kumar et al., 2010) These can be used as new antimicrobial agents and an alternative to synthetic fungicide to delay or inhibit the growth of many pathogens species because of its multiple mode of inhibition
- 26. Silver nanoparticles Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent since ancient civilizations; it has been used extensively due to its broadspectrum and multiple modes of antimicrobial activity (Wei et al., 200 The application of silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents is because of its multiple modes of inhibitory action to microorganisms (Clement and Jarrett, 1994) Ionised silver binds to tissue protein and brings structural change in cellwall of bacteria and cellmembrane leading to cell distotion and cell death.
- 27. Silica nanoparticles Silicon (Si) increases disease resistance and stress resistance in plants (Brecht et al., 2004) It also stimulates the physiological activity and growth of plants (Carver et al., 1998) Torney et al. (2007) used honeycomb mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) system with 3nm pores to deliver DNA and chemicals into plant cells and intact leaves
- 28. Copper nanoparticles Copper-based fungicides produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals which can damage lipids, proteins, DNA, and other biomolecules It plays an important role in disease prevention and treatment of large variety of plants (Borkow and Gabbay, 2005) Because of its bio-compatibility, these nanohydrogels are included as a new generation of copper-based bio-pesticides and it could also be developed into an efficient delivery system for copper based fungicides for plant protection (Brunel et al., 2013) Complexation of copper with chitosan nanogel was shown to have strong synergistic effect between chitosan and copper in inhibiting the growth of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum
- 29. CASE STUDY : 1 Antifungal effectiveness of nanosilver colloid against rose powdery mildew in greenhouses Kim et al., 2008
- 30. Silver have long been known to have strong antimicrobial activity and AgNP because of their specific surface area have high activity than their bulk siver metal Nanosilver colloid that is a well-dispersed and stabilized silver nanoparticle solution will be more adhesive on bacteria and fungus and so have enhanced antibacterial activity
- 31. Photographs of leaves with powdery mildew Before treatment a week after treatment
- 32. Before treatment Optical microscope (80 magnification) images of powdery mildew on leaf of rose week after treatment
- 33. Nano material Application Functions Refrerance Nano sliver Antibacterial activity of nano sliver against Xanthomonas campestris towards the control of cabbage black rot in the pot Dose dependent study of nano sliver on the X.campestris pv campestris showed significant reduction of cabbage black rot in the pot experiment. Gan et al (2010) Chitosan nano particles Efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles on fungal growth and chilli seed quality. Chitosan nano particles at a concentration of 0.6% (w/v) significantly delayed mycelil growth of Rhizopus sp. Colletotricum capsici , C. gloeosporioides and Aspergillus niger when compared with control. Chookh ongkha et al (2012) Copper nano particals Copper based nano particles (11-55 nm) were tested on tomato against phytophthora infestans for their anti fungal activity . The synthesized Cu-based NPs were more effective than the commercial agrochemicals at lower concentrations and drastically reduced the active ingredient rate. The particleswere not showed phytotoxicity on treated plants Giannousi et al. (2013) NANO MATERIAL FOR CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS Condt….
- 34. Chitosan based nanoparticle (chitosan saponin and Cu-chitosan nano particles) In vitro evaluation of Chitosan based nanoparticles against Alternaria alternata, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani Cu-chitosan nanoparticles were most effective at 0.1% concentration and showed 89.5, 63.0 and 60.1% growth inhibition of A. alternata, M. phaseolina and R. solani respectively. Nanoparticles were very effective in inhibiting spore germination Saharan et al. (2013)
- 35. Scope Of Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology can be used as alternative tool for existing plant disease management. • Nanotechnology can be used for combating the plant disease either by controlled delivery of functional compounds or as diagnostic tool for disease . • Importance of nanoscale delivery system in agriculture is because of its improved solubility and degradation in the environmental factors.
- 36. Conclusion • Use of nanoparticles in plant disaese management is a novel and fancy approach that may prove in future with the progress of application aspect of nanotechnology. • Despite of tremendous application scope of nanotechnology in plant disease management ,there are certain demerits, risk and apprehension in the use of NPs in agriculture which are required to be worked out on priority and before the commercial use of nanotechnology in agriculture