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NAT and Subnetting

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Saad Tanvir

The document discusses subnetting, a method of dividing a large network into smaller networks using IPv4 addresses, detailing the structure of IP addresses and subnet masks. It explains classful networks, address classes (A, B, C), subnet masks, and calculations for network IDs, host IDs, broadcast IDs, and valid IP addresses. The document also introduces Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and provides examples and methodologies for subnet calculations.

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Subnetting & NAT
Names ID’s Maria Ahmed 14005065-083 Saad Tanvir 14005065-045 Talha Imdad 14005065-084 Hina Ilyas 14005065-068 Group Members SE332 – Computer Networking Presentation no. 1 Presented to: Sir Mustahsan Hammad Naqvi
Subnetting is a process of dividing large network into the smaller networks . OR Subnetting means we borrow some bits from the Host part to add to the Network part. Every computer on network has an IP address that represent its location on network. Subnetting
• The version of IP address used is IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4). • Each number of an IP address is made from eight individual bits known as octet. • Each octet can create number value from 0 to 255. • An IP address would be 32 bits long in binary divided into the two components, network component and host component. Subnetting – Classful Networks
• IP addresses are broken into the two components: • Network component :- Defines network segment of device. • Host component :- Defines the specific device on a particular network segment. IP Classes in decimal notation Subnetting – Classful Network Class A addresses range from 1-126 Class B addresses range from 128-191 Class C addresses range from 192-223 Class D addresses range from 224-239 Class E addresses range from 240-254
• 0 [Zero] is reserved and represents all IP addresses. • 127 is a reserved address and is used for testing, like a loop back on an interface. • 255 is a reserved address and is used for broadcasting purposes.  Subnet Mask Subnet mask is always used with IP address. Subnet mask has only one purpose, to identify which part of an IP address is network address and which part is host address. Subnetting – Classful Network
• In decimal notation subnet mask value 1 to 255 represent network address and value 0 [Zero] represent host address. • In binary notation subnet mask ON bit [1] represent network address while OFF bit[0] represent host address. • Example: IP address is: 192.168.1.10 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 Subnetting – Classful Network 192 168 1 10 255 255 255 0 IP Address Subnet Mask Network Address Host Address
Subnetting – Classful Network Class name Default subnet mask Networks bits Host bits CIDR Class A 255.0.0.0 First 8 bits Last 24 bits /8 Class B 255.255.0.0 First 16 bits Last 16 bits /16 Class C 255.255.255.0 First 24 bits Last 8 bits /24
Subnetting – Classful Network  Notations There are two notations to represent IP address and Subnet Mask. • Decimal notation. • Binary notation. Each octet has eight individual bits which has following pattern: 192 168 1 10 255 255 255 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classful Network A network has following things to be calculated: Followings are calculated using IP address and Subnet Mask Network ID of each network Host ID of each network Broadcast ID of each network Hosts per Network
Subnetting – Classful Network A network has following things to be calculated: Followings are calculated using IP address and Subnet Mask First valid IP address of each network Last valid IP address of each network Total Subnet
Subnetting – Classful Network Total Subnets/Number of the networks Calculation Methodology: In order to calculate the total subnet of a network, we need the subnet masks of the IP address class. As we know that the classful networks uses default subnet mask according to the IP address class. General Formula: 2^N where N= Number of the host bits added to the network bits of a given subnet mask as compared to the default subnet mask of given IP address class. Considerable things while calculating total Subnets: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • Given subnet mask.
Subnetting – Classful Network Total Subnets/Number of the networks Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate total subnet available. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . As the no number of network bits added to the host bits as compared to the default subnet mask of the IP address class. So here N will be zero . (Because no other subnet mask is given and we uses the default subnet Mask). So Total Subnet = 2^0 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the host bits of the IP address to 0’s while keeping the network bits unchanged . The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Network ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the host bits of the IP address to 0’s we will get the Network ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Network ID Decimal Network ID 192.168.1.0 /24 No. of network bits
Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the network bits of the IP address to 0’s while keeping the host bits unchanged. The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Host ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the network bits of the IP address to 0’s we will get the Network ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Host ID Decimal Host ID 0.0.0.20
Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the Host bits of the IP address to 1’s while keeping the network bits unchanged. The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Broadcast ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the host bits of the IP address to 1’s we will get the Broadcast ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Broadcast ID Decimal Broadcast ID 192.168.1.255/24 No. of network bits
Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid host address of each network Calculation Methodology: we need to calculate the Network ID first (already mentioned details in slide 14-16) then we will easily calculate the first valid IP address. General Formula: Find the Decimal Notation of Network Id and add 1(integer) to the address of the Network ID. Considerable things while calculating: • Network ID
Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid Host Address ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate First valid host address. Solution: Step 1: Step 2: Decimal Network ID 192.168.1.0 /24 (Already Calculated) 192.168.1.0 + 1 192.168.1.1 Decimal Network ID First Valid Address
Subnetting – Classful Network Last Valid host address of each network Calculation Methodology: we need to calculate the Broadcast ID first (already mentioned details in slide 20-22) then we will easily calculate the last valid IP address. General Formula: Find the Decimal Notation of Broadcast Id and subtract 1(integer) to the address of the Broadcast ID. Considerable things while calculating: • Broadcast ID
Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid Host Address ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate First valid host address. Solution: Step 1: Step 2: Decimal Broadcast ID 192.168.1.255/24 (Already Calculated) 192.168.1.255 - 1 192.168.1.254 Decimal Broadcast ID Last Valid Address
Subnetting – Classful Network Hosts per network Calculation Methodology: To calculate the hosts per network we need to find the no. of network bits in the subnet mask. General Formula: ((2^32-N )-2) where N = number of the network bits in the subnet marks which is calculated by the no. of successive 1’s in the subnet mask. We subtract two address which is Network ID and Broadcast ID which cannot assigned to any host. Considerable things while calculating: • Network bits of subnet mask.
Subnetting – Classful Network Host per network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate host per network. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . Step 2: Here N = 24 . So, Applying the formula : ((2^32-24)-2) = 2^8 – 2 = 254 hosts per network. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classless Network CIDR [ Classless Inter Domain Routing]: CIDR is a slash notation of subnet mask. CIDR tells us number of on bits in a network address. •Class A has default subnet mask 255.0.0.0. that means first octet of the subnet mask has all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /8, means address has 8 bits on. •Class B has default subnet mask 255.255.0.0. that means first two octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /16, means address has 16 bits on. •Class C has default subnet mask 255.255.255.0. that means first three octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /24, means address has 24 bits on.
Subnetting – Classless Network Consider 200.113.20.16/28 a.Calculate i. How many networks are possible? ii. How many hosts per network are possible? iii.What is the first valid IP of the first network? iv.What is the last valid IP of the first network? v. What is the broadcast ID of first network?
Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits i. How many networks are possible? Answer: . . . . . . As the number of network bits is 28 (as given) and IP address class is C. So, Here N = 4 because 4 bits are extra used as compared to Default subnet mask(255.255.255.0) of the class C. Applying formula(Slide 10), we get no. of possible networks = 2^4 = 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Default Subnet Mask
Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits ii. How many hosts per network are possible? Answer: . . . . . . As the number of network bits is 28 (as given) and IP address class is C. So, Using (Slide-27) formula, Number of host = ((2^32-28)-2) = 2^4 – 2 = 16 – 2 = 14 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits iii. What is the first valid IP of the first network? Answer: . . . . . . To calculate the first valid IP we have to calculate Network ID and add one to It as already mentioned. 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Network ID 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 200.113.20.16 / 28Decimal Network ID 200.113.20.17 / 28First Valid IP
Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits iv. What is the Last valid IP of the first network? Answer: . . . . . . To calculate the last valid IP we have to calculate Broadcast ID and subtract one to It as already mentioned. 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Broadcast ID 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 200.113.20.31/ 28Decimal Network ID 200.113.20.30 / 28Last Valid IP
NAT(Network address translation) Definition: NAT is short for Network Address Translation. NAT is an Internet standard that enables a local-area network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of addresses for external traffic.  Purpose: NAT serves three main purposes: •Provides a type of firewall by hiding internal IP addresses •Enables a company to use more internal IP addresses. Since they're used internally only, there's no possibility of conflict with IP addresses used by other companies and organizations. •Allows a company to combine multiple ISDN connections into a single Internet connection
NAT(Network address translation) Basic Operation Of NAT • NAT device has address translation table • One to one address translation
NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT • Static NAT: A pool of public IP addresses are assigned to the NAT device. A private IP address can then be statically mapped to anyone of these public addresses.
NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT •Dynamic NAT: The NAT device will consist of a pool of IP addresses. This time though the pool of IP addresses will be used when needed and then given back to the pool. So if computer A needed a public address, it would take one from the pool, then hand it back when done. The next time the same computer wanted an IP address it may be assigned a different public address from the pool, because the one used previously may be in use by another computer, hence the name "dynamic".
NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT • NAT overload or Port Address translation: During PAT, each computer on LAN is translated to the same IP address, but with a different port number assignment.
NAT(Network address translation) Terminology of NAT: Specific terms are used to identify the various NAT addresses: • Inside Local: the specific IP address assigned to an inside host behind a NAT-enabled device (usually a private address). • Inside Global: the address that identifies an inside host to the outside world (usually a public address). Essentially, this is the dynamically or statically-assigned public address assigned to a private host. • Outside Global: the address assigned to an outside host (usually a public address). • Outside Local : the address that identifies an outside host to the inside network. Often, this is the same address as the Outside Global. However, it is occasionally necessary to translate an outside (usually public) address to an inside (usually private) address.
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NAT and Subnetting

  • 2. Names ID’s Maria Ahmed 14005065-083 Saad Tanvir 14005065-045 Talha Imdad 14005065-084 Hina Ilyas 14005065-068 Group Members SE332 – Computer Networking Presentation no. 1 Presented to: Sir Mustahsan Hammad Naqvi
  • 3. Subnetting is a process of dividing large network into the smaller networks . OR Subnetting means we borrow some bits from the Host part to add to the Network part. Every computer on network has an IP address that represent its location on network. Subnetting
  • 4. • The version of IP address used is IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4). • Each number of an IP address is made from eight individual bits known as octet. • Each octet can create number value from 0 to 255. • An IP address would be 32 bits long in binary divided into the two components, network component and host component. Subnetting – Classful Networks
  • 5. • IP addresses are broken into the two components: • Network component :- Defines network segment of device. • Host component :- Defines the specific device on a particular network segment. IP Classes in decimal notation Subnetting – Classful Network Class A addresses range from 1-126 Class B addresses range from 128-191 Class C addresses range from 192-223 Class D addresses range from 224-239 Class E addresses range from 240-254
  • 6. • 0 [Zero] is reserved and represents all IP addresses. • 127 is a reserved address and is used for testing, like a loop back on an interface. • 255 is a reserved address and is used for broadcasting purposes.  Subnet Mask Subnet mask is always used with IP address. Subnet mask has only one purpose, to identify which part of an IP address is network address and which part is host address. Subnetting – Classful Network
  • 7. • In decimal notation subnet mask value 1 to 255 represent network address and value 0 [Zero] represent host address. • In binary notation subnet mask ON bit [1] represent network address while OFF bit[0] represent host address. • Example: IP address is: 192.168.1.10 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 Subnetting – Classful Network 192 168 1 10 255 255 255 0 IP Address Subnet Mask Network Address Host Address
  • 8. Subnetting – Classful Network Class name Default subnet mask Networks bits Host bits CIDR Class A 255.0.0.0 First 8 bits Last 24 bits /8 Class B 255.255.0.0 First 16 bits Last 16 bits /16 Class C 255.255.255.0 First 24 bits Last 8 bits /24
  • 9. Subnetting – Classful Network  Notations There are two notations to represent IP address and Subnet Mask. • Decimal notation. • Binary notation. Each octet has eight individual bits which has following pattern: 192 168 1 10 255 255 255 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
  • 10. Subnetting – Classful Network A network has following things to be calculated: Followings are calculated using IP address and Subnet Mask Network ID of each network Host ID of each network Broadcast ID of each network Hosts per Network
  • 11. Subnetting – Classful Network A network has following things to be calculated: Followings are calculated using IP address and Subnet Mask First valid IP address of each network Last valid IP address of each network Total Subnet
  • 12. Subnetting – Classful Network Total Subnets/Number of the networks Calculation Methodology: In order to calculate the total subnet of a network, we need the subnet masks of the IP address class. As we know that the classful networks uses default subnet mask according to the IP address class. General Formula: 2^N where N= Number of the host bits added to the network bits of a given subnet mask as compared to the default subnet mask of given IP address class. Considerable things while calculating total Subnets: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • Given subnet mask.
  • 13. Subnetting – Classful Network Total Subnets/Number of the networks Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate total subnet available. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . As the no number of network bits added to the host bits as compared to the default subnet mask of the IP address class. So here N will be zero . (Because no other subnet mask is given and we uses the default subnet Mask). So Total Subnet = 2^0 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 14. Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the host bits of the IP address to 0’s while keeping the network bits unchanged . The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
  • 15. Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Network ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
  • 16. Subnetting – Classful Network Network ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the host bits of the IP address to 0’s we will get the Network ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Network ID Decimal Network ID 192.168.1.0 /24 No. of network bits
  • 17. Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the network bits of the IP address to 0’s while keeping the host bits unchanged. The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
  • 18. Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Host ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
  • 19. Subnetting – Classful Network Host ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the network bits of the IP address to 0’s we will get the Network ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Host ID Decimal Host ID 0.0.0.20
  • 20. Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Calculation Methodology: we need the subnet masks of given IP address class and IP address. General Formula: Change the Host bits of the IP address to 1’s while keeping the network bits unchanged. The subnet mask successive 1’s will tell the no. of networks bits. Considerable things while calculating: • Default subnet mask of the given IP address class. • IP address.
  • 21. Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate Broadcast ID. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the IP address & default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . . . . Here the number of 1’s in the subnet mask tells the network bits in the IP address is 24 bits and remaining 8 bits is host bits. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IP Address Subnet Mask
  • 22. Subnetting – Classful Network Broadcast ID of each network Step 2: Now by changing the host bits of the IP address to 1’s we will get the Broadcast ID. . . . . . . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0IP Address 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Broadcast ID Decimal Broadcast ID 192.168.1.255/24 No. of network bits
  • 23. Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid host address of each network Calculation Methodology: we need to calculate the Network ID first (already mentioned details in slide 14-16) then we will easily calculate the first valid IP address. General Formula: Find the Decimal Notation of Network Id and add 1(integer) to the address of the Network ID. Considerable things while calculating: • Network ID
  • 24. Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid Host Address ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate First valid host address. Solution: Step 1: Step 2: Decimal Network ID 192.168.1.0 /24 (Already Calculated) 192.168.1.0 + 1 192.168.1.1 Decimal Network ID First Valid Address
  • 25. Subnetting – Classful Network Last Valid host address of each network Calculation Methodology: we need to calculate the Broadcast ID first (already mentioned details in slide 20-22) then we will easily calculate the last valid IP address. General Formula: Find the Decimal Notation of Broadcast Id and subtract 1(integer) to the address of the Broadcast ID. Considerable things while calculating: • Broadcast ID
  • 26. Subnetting – Classful Network First Valid Host Address ID of each network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate First valid host address. Solution: Step 1: Step 2: Decimal Broadcast ID 192.168.1.255/24 (Already Calculated) 192.168.1.255 - 1 192.168.1.254 Decimal Broadcast ID Last Valid Address
  • 27. Subnetting – Classful Network Hosts per network Calculation Methodology: To calculate the hosts per network we need to find the no. of network bits in the subnet mask. General Formula: ((2^32-N )-2) where N = number of the network bits in the subnet marks which is calculated by the no. of successive 1’s in the subnet mask. We subtract two address which is Network ID and Broadcast ID which cannot assigned to any host. Considerable things while calculating: • Network bits of subnet mask.
  • 28. Subnetting – Classful Network Host per network Example: Given: IP address: 192.168.1.20 and we have to calculate host per network. Solution: Step 1: Analyze the IP address class as it is Class C (ranges 192-223). So its default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 and convert the default subnet mask into doted binary notation. . . . Step 2: Here N = 24 . So, Applying the formula : ((2^32-24)-2) = 2^8 – 2 = 254 hosts per network. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Subnet Mask
  • 29. Subnetting – Classless Network CIDR [ Classless Inter Domain Routing]: CIDR is a slash notation of subnet mask. CIDR tells us number of on bits in a network address. •Class A has default subnet mask 255.0.0.0. that means first octet of the subnet mask has all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /8, means address has 8 bits on. •Class B has default subnet mask 255.255.0.0. that means first two octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /16, means address has 16 bits on. •Class C has default subnet mask 255.255.255.0. that means first three octets of the subnet mask have all on bits. In slash notation it would be written as /24, means address has 24 bits on.
  • 30. Subnetting – Classless Network Consider 200.113.20.16/28 a.Calculate i. How many networks are possible? ii. How many hosts per network are possible? iii.What is the first valid IP of the first network? iv.What is the last valid IP of the first network? v. What is the broadcast ID of first network?
  • 31. Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits i. How many networks are possible? Answer: . . . . . . As the number of network bits is 28 (as given) and IP address class is C. So, Here N = 4 because 4 bits are extra used as compared to Default subnet mask(255.255.255.0) of the class C. Applying formula(Slide 10), we get no. of possible networks = 2^4 = 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Default Subnet Mask
  • 32. Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits ii. How many hosts per network are possible? Answer: . . . . . . As the number of network bits is 28 (as given) and IP address class is C. So, Using (Slide-27) formula, Number of host = ((2^32-28)-2) = 2^4 – 2 = 16 – 2 = 14 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
  • 33. Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits iii. What is the first valid IP of the first network? Answer: . . . . . . To calculate the first valid IP we have to calculate Network ID and add one to It as already mentioned. 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Network ID 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 200.113.20.16 / 28Decimal Network ID 200.113.20.17 / 28First Valid IP
  • 34. Subnetting – Classless Network Solution: In this question, /28 means that 28 bits are the network bits iv. What is the Last valid IP of the first network? Answer: . . . . . . To calculate the last valid IP we have to calculate Broadcast ID and subtract one to It as already mentioned. 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Given IP Address 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Given Subnet Mask 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Broadcast ID 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 200.113.20.31/ 28Decimal Network ID 200.113.20.30 / 28Last Valid IP
  • 35. NAT(Network address translation) Definition: NAT is short for Network Address Translation. NAT is an Internet standard that enables a local-area network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of addresses for external traffic.  Purpose: NAT serves three main purposes: •Provides a type of firewall by hiding internal IP addresses •Enables a company to use more internal IP addresses. Since they're used internally only, there's no possibility of conflict with IP addresses used by other companies and organizations. •Allows a company to combine multiple ISDN connections into a single Internet connection
  • 36. NAT(Network address translation) Basic Operation Of NAT • NAT device has address translation table • One to one address translation
  • 37. NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT • Static NAT: A pool of public IP addresses are assigned to the NAT device. A private IP address can then be statically mapped to anyone of these public addresses.
  • 38. NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT •Dynamic NAT: The NAT device will consist of a pool of IP addresses. This time though the pool of IP addresses will be used when needed and then given back to the pool. So if computer A needed a public address, it would take one from the pool, then hand it back when done. The next time the same computer wanted an IP address it may be assigned a different public address from the pool, because the one used previously may be in use by another computer, hence the name "dynamic".
  • 39. NAT(Network address translation) Types of NAT • NAT overload or Port Address translation: During PAT, each computer on LAN is translated to the same IP address, but with a different port number assignment.
  • 40. NAT(Network address translation) Terminology of NAT: Specific terms are used to identify the various NAT addresses: • Inside Local: the specific IP address assigned to an inside host behind a NAT-enabled device (usually a private address). • Inside Global: the address that identifies an inside host to the outside world (usually a public address). Essentially, this is the dynamically or statically-assigned public address assigned to a private host. • Outside Global: the address assigned to an outside host (usually a public address). • Outside Local : the address that identifies an outside host to the inside network. Often, this is the same address as the Outside Global. However, it is occasionally necessary to translate an outside (usually public) address to an inside (usually private) address.
  • 41. Thank You You can download this presentation from Slideshare.