Net set Information and Communication Technology (Computer Theory)

Math Reasoning, Reading Comprehension, Data InterpretationGoalfinder Classes –
1
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Information and
Communication Technology
Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1
Total number of Pages: 87
Portion covered till CBSE NET December 2015
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Information & Communication ClassesGoalfinder Classes
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Information and Communication Technology
Table of content
Information And Communication Technology
Data
Data Security
Data Structures
Hardware
Mother Board, Daughter Board, Microprocessor, etc.…..
Main Memory
Random Access Memory (Ram), Read-Only Memory (Rom), Etc.….
What Is Data Storage?
Backing Storage Vs Main Memory
Storage Media & Devices
Removable Media Magnetic Discs
Fixed File Structure Card Operating System
Full duplex, Duplex, Full Half, Simplex
Peripheral Devices
Input - Reading Text / Codes
Computer Software
Computer Language, High and low Level Language,
Assembler and Disassembler
Computer Virus (Virus)
GUI
Operating System
Mobile OS, Open Source Software
File Formats
Document, Audio, Video File Format
Network
Types of Network

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LAN, WAN, Bluetooth, Switch, Router Etc.
NET TERMS
Net Technology
ETHERNET, TYPES, IPV , IPV , ETC.
INTERNET TERMS
ISP, DSL / ADSL, DNS, FTP, ETC.
Email Protocol
Cloud Computing
Netiquette / Net Ethics / Net Morality/ Cyber Ethics
Online Advertising
Digital Empowerment Of India
Virtual Reality
MOOC
Virtual University
Virtual Universities In India

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Sample: Information and Communication Technology
Data
The subject of ICT encompasses any technology that allows us to process data and to communicate.
What is Data?
In terms of ICT, data is simply any numbers, letters or symbols that can be entered into a computer system.
Here are some items of data:
A, 20, DOG, 3.1415927, ABC123, +++
But what do they mean? Who knows? They could mean anything!
Data values don’t have any meaning unless we put them into context (context means a setting or
circumstance).
For instance, in the above example what does the value 20 mean?
20 cm? 20 minutes? 20 cats?
Without a context the value 20 is meaningless. But, if we provide a context for our data, it becomes something
far more useful: information
What is Information?
We might enter this data into a computer…1861977905,
0806973587, 0806992867, 1402748124
Without knowing the context (what the data actually represents)
the data is just a meaningless collection of numbers.
However, if we are told that the values represent the ISBNs of
books, the values now have a context.
With context, they have meaning - they are now information.
Information is Data + Context
Data Units:
The storage capacity of memory is measured in Bytes.
Capacities are measured in decimal system:
 Megabytes (MB) or 1,000,000 (1 million) Bytes
 Gigabytes (GB) or 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) Bytes
1 bit = 0 or 1
1 Byte = 8 bits= 1 Character
1 Kilo Bytes = 1KB = 1000 Bytes = 103
Bytes

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Mother Board
A Motherboard (sometimes alternatively known
as the mainboard, system board, planar board or
logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the main
printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers
and other expandable systems. It holds and allows
communication between many of the crucial
electronic components of a system, such as the
central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and
provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike
a backplane, a motherboard contains significant
sub-systems such as the processor and other
components.
The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains
the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the
controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.
Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.
Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is
often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video
cards, network cards, hard drives, or other forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards, cards providing extra
USB or FireWire slots and a variety of other custom components (the term mainboard is applied to devices with
a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing
machines and other embedded systems).
Integrated and non-integrated system boards are two types of motherboards.
An integrated system board has multiple components integrated into the board itself. These may include the
CPU, video card, sound card, and various controller cards.
A non-integrated system board uses installable components and expansion cards. For example, a non-
integrated system board may allow you to upgrade the video card by removing the old one and installing a new
one. Non-integrated motherboards typically have several PCI expansion slots as well.
Most laptop use fully integrated system boards, since they provide a smaller form factor than non-integrated
boards. Desktop computers often use non-integrated motherboards, though they may contain some integrated
parts. For example, most modern motherboards used in desktop computers have an integrated sound card and
controller cards. Some may even have an integrated processor and video card as well.
Daughter Board
A daughterboard, daughtercard, mezzanine board or piggyback board is a circuit board meant to be an
extension or "daughter" of a motherboard (or 'mainboard'), or occasionally of another card. Alternatively
referred to as a piggyback board and daughter card, a daughterboard is an expansion board that connects
directly to the motherboard and gives added functionality (e.g. modem). Today, these boards are not found or

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Magnetic Storage Devices / Media
Why Magnetic?
Magnetic storage media and devices store data in the form of tiny
magnetised dots. These dots are created, read and erased using
magnetic fields created by very tiny electromagnets.
In the case of magnetic tape the dots are arranged along the length of a
long plastic strip which has been coated with a magnetisable layer
(audio and video tapes use a similar technology).
In the case of magnetic discs (e.g. floppy disc or hard-drive), the dots are
arranged in circles on the surface of a plastic, metal or glass disc that has
a magnetisable coating.
Hard Drives
Hard-drives have a very large storage capacity (up to 1TB). They can be
used to store vast amounts of data. Hard-drives are random access
devices and can be used to store all types of films, including huge files
such as movies. Data access speeds are very fast.
Data is stored inside a hard-drive on rotating metal or glass discs (called
‘platters’). Modern hard drives can have thousands of cylinders, and
hundreds of sectors per track on their outermost tracks.
Fixed Hard Drive
A hard-drive built into the case of a computer is known as ‘fixed’.
Almost every computer has a fixed hard-drive.
Fixed hard-drives act as the main backing storage device for almost
all computers since they provide almost instant access to files
(random access and high access speeds).

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Interpreter
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. performs, instructions
written in a programming or scripting language, without previously compiling them into a machine language
program (lower level language). For this they use an intermediate format called byte code.
Source programs are compiled ahead of time and stored as machine independent code, which is then linked at
run-time and executed by an interpreter and/or compiler (for JIT systems).
"just-in-time" (JIT) compilers, translate bytecode into machine language as necessary at runtime: this makes
the virtual machine hardware-specific, but doesn't lose the portability of the bytecode itself. For example, Java
and Smalltalk code is typically stored in bytecoded format, which is typically then JIT compiled to translate the
bytecode to machine code before execution. This introduces a delay before a program is run, when bytecode is
compiled to native machine code, but improves execution speed considerably compared to direct
interpretation of the source code—normally by several magnitudes.
Because of its performance advantage, today many language implementations execute a program in two
phases, first compiling the source code into bytecode, and then passing the bytecode to the virtual machine
Comparison
To understand the difference between compiling and interpreting, let's examine the equivalent in human
languages. For example, consider a movie made in Asia where all the characters speak Vietnamese. To market
the movie to an international audience, the spoken text needs to be translated into English. A translator would
sit down and carefully translate all the text and create subtitles for the movie. Anytime somebody wants to
watch the movie, they can turn on the subtitles. This type of translation is the equivalent of compiling -
everything is translated once and can be used many times afterward.
Now consider a delegate from Vietnam giving a speech in the United Nations in Vietnamese. In order for the
attendees to understand the speech, there are a number of translators who provide a translation that is
transmitted to the attendees' headphones. This translation occurs in close to real time. Every time the delegate
speaks in Vietnamese, the translators get to work. This type of translation is the equivalent of interpreting -
text is translated line by line as necessary, and the results are not used again.
Compiled vs. Interpreted
Interpreter is great when user is entering instructions interactively (think Python) and would like to get the
output before putting in the next instruction. Also useful when the program is to be executed only once or
requires to be portable.
 Interpreting a program is much slower than executing native machine code
o Interpreting a high-level language is ~100 times slower
o Interpreting an intermediate-level (such as JVM code) language is ~10 slower
 If an instruction is called repeatedly, it will be analysed repeatedly - time-consuming!
 No need to compile code
Compiled code tends to be faster since the translation is completed in one step prior to the actual execution.
Interpreted code, on the other hand, is more flexible and can be run interactively. For example, using

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interpreted code, you can try out a few lines of code to see if they work very quickly without having to go
through the steps of compiling and executing the program.
One advantage of using compiled code is that it does not reveal the original source code. This makes it possible
to distribute a program without revealing its inner workings. When you install a software application on your
computer, you are typically installing a compiled version of the code.
You can run the software application, but you can't open up the source code in the original programming
language. For many companies selling software applications, the original source code is a well-kept secret and
gives them their competitive advantage over other companies. Examples of compiled languages include C and
its derivatives C++ and C#, COBOL and Fortran. Examples of interpreted languages are Java, Perl, Python and
Ruby.
Setting Up a Small Network
If you were asked to build a small, Internet-connected network from scratch, what would you need to
do?
You would need to buy some hardware:
 One or more switches / hubs - to link devices together
 Network cables to connect devices to the switch, etc.
 A separate wireless access point (or this could be part of the switch) - to allow wireless
devices (e.g. laptops or smart-phones) to join the network
 A router to connect your LAN to the Internet (WAN)
 A firewall to protect your network from hackers
 Possibly a bridge if you already have a section of network and you want your new network to
connect to it
 Server(s) to manage network functions such as network security, network file storage, shared
resources (such as printers)
You would need to organise some other things:
 Set up an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Get an Internet connection installed from the ISP to your location
 Configure various bits of hardware and software so that everything worked with the network
For any network that is more complex than a small home network, there is a lot to do.
It's not just a case of buying the parts and connecting them together...
 Routers and switches have to be configured (settings changed)
 Network devices need to be given network addresses

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Terms of NET
WWW
Collection of internet resources (such as FTP, telnet, Usenet), hyperlinked text, audio, and video files, and
remote sites that can be accessed and searched by browsers based on standards such as HTTP and TCP/IP. Also
called the web.
The World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet.
DNS
Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any
resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names
assigned to each of the participating entities.
An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet
by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name
www.example.com translates to the addresses 93.184.216.119 (IPv4) and
2606:2800:220:6d:26bf:1447:1097:aa7 (IPv6).
URL
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (commonly informally referred to as a web address, although the term is not
defined identically[1]) is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a
mechanism for retrieving it.
A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource, which is not true of every URI.[4][3] URLs occur most
commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database
access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have
the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname
(www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. A generic URI is of the form: The hierarchical part
contains the following:
An optional authority part, comprising:
http: Two slashes (//) followed by www.example .com
HTTP
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web.
The communications protocol used to connect to Web servers on the Internet or on a local network (intranet).
Its primary function is to establish a connection with the server and send HTML pages back to the user's

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Virtual University
Virtual institutions are defined as institutions which offer programmes only by electronic means, and which are
not open universities.
A virtual university provides higher education programs through electronic media, typically the Internet. Some
are bricks-and-mortar institutions that provide online learning as part of their extended university courses
while others solely offer online courses. They are regarded as a form of distance education. The goal of virtual
universities is to provide access to the part of the population who would not be able to attend a physical
campus, for reasons such as distance — in which students live too far from a physical campus to attend regular
classes; and the need for flexibility — some students need the flexibility to study at home whenever it is
convenient for them to do so.
Program delivery in a virtual university is administered through information communication technology such as
web pages, e-mail and other networked sources.
As virtual universities are relatively new and vary widely, questions remain about accreditation and the quality
of assessment.
Teaching : many of the virtual study programs were mainly based on text documents, but multimedia
technologies have become increasingly popular as well. These web-based delivery modes are used in order to
expand access to programs and services that can be offered anytime and anywhere. The spectrum of teaching
modes in virtual education includes courses based on hypertext, videos, audios, e-mails, and video
conferencing. Teaching on the web through courseware such as WebCT and Blackboard are also used. See
Virtual education.
1. A Virtual University does not have lecture halls, auditoriums, class rooms, labs or a campus.
2. A Virtual University is run by a management office.
3. The main method of academic achievement in the University is through Distant Education through all
available methods, e. g. correspondence, online courses, video, self learning, e-learning, Contact
Classes and evaluation of work experience.
4. Virtual Universities rely on methodical research methods, publication or academic and educational
consultancy for each member in the field of study.
5. The Headquarters of a Virtual University does not necessarily exist in the same country where the
license is issued.
6. Virtual Universities utilize and are supported by IT and Logistics firms as well as Academic Consultants
in their education, financial and operational facilities to better serve members.
7. Virtual Universities are subject to verification and authentication by academic and Scientific private
non-governmental organizations.
8. Virtual Universities are represented by accredited agencies or offices in various countries, not by
individuals.
9. Virtual Universities are owned by private institutions or corporations or Non-Governmental
Organisations with interest in academic investment and educational goals.
Advantages of Virtual University
The virtualization process of universities has been offering so many advantages over the traditional university
setup. Some of the advantages are:

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