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ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
OF SECONDARY SCHOOL
BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN
ADIKPO, KWANDE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AREA,
BENUE STATE

CHAPTER ONE
 INTRODUCTION
 1.1 Background of the Study
 Dysmenorrhea is a disorder involving pain that arises in the inguinal region during or just before
menstrual bleeding and which is common in reproductive age of women. The disorder is commonly
presented by late adolescence in which 75% of girls experience some problems associated with
menstruation. Generally, dysmenorrhea is classified into two broad categories as primary dysmenorrhea
and secondary dysmenorrhea.
 Primary dysmenorrhea is pain during menstrual bleeding without any identifiable pathological lesion and
usually begins during adolescent. It is considered as primary when there is no evidence of apparent pelvic
pathology. It is unusual for symptoms to start within first six months after menarche. Affected women
experience sharp, intermittent spasm of pain usually concentrated in the supra pubic area. Pain may
radiate to the back of the legs or the lower back. Systemic symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
fatigue, mild fever and headache or lightheadedness are fairly common. Pain usually develops within
hours of the start of the menstruation and peaks as the flow becomes heaviest during the first day or two
of the cycle (7). It is also a public health problem because of its high prevalence (8).

 Unlike primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea (congestive dysmenorrhea) (8)
is menstrual pain associated with underlying organic pathology such as endometriosis,
pelvic inflammatory disease, intra-uterine devices, irregular cycles or infertility
problems, ovaran cysts, adenomyosis, uterine myomas or polyps, intra-uterine
adhesions, or cervical stenosis, and its onset may be years after menarche (9).
 Primary dysmenorrhea is believed to be associated with many factors including
behavioral and psychological aspects. It has been shown that dysmenorrhea among
adolescents can adversely affect their personal life causing limitation of their social and
academic performance. A study done on Prevalence and Impact of Dysmenorrhea on
Hispanic female adolescents found that among participants who had had a
menstruation in the previous 3 months, 85% reported dysmenorrhea. Of these, 38%
reported missing school due to dysmenorrhea during the 3 months prior to the survey
and 33% reported missing individual classes (10).

 Furthermore, it is a common cause of sickness and absenteeism from both classes
and work by females (11). A study done in Mexican university students found that
dysmenorrhea affects 65% of student’s daily activities (2). Based on this study the
characteristics of menstrual factors that

 Benue State is named after the Benue River and was formed from the
former Benue-Plateau State in 1976, along with Igala and some part of Kwara
State.[9] In 1991, some areas of Benue state (mostly the Igala speaking area), along
with areas in Kwara State, were carved out to become part of the new Kogi
State. Igbo people are found in the boundary areas like the Obi, Oju etc., Local
Government Areas. It is renowned as the "Heartbeat of the Middle Belt" and the
"Entertainment Capital of the Middle Belt" north of the Niger River. Otukpo,
the Idoma people's traditional and administrative capital, is also known as the
Lion's Heart and the Land of the Brave.[10]

History
 Population structure and distribution[edit]
 Benue State, which is located in the North Central region of Nigeria, has a total
population of 4,253,641 in 2006 census, with an average population density of 99
persons per km2. This makes Benue the 9th most populous state in Nigeria. However,
the distribution of the population according to Local government areas shows marked
duality.[11]
 There are areas of low population density, such as Guma, Gwer East, Ohimini, Katsina-
Ala, Apa, Logo and Agatu, each with less than seventy persons per km2,
while Vandeikya, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, Obi and Gboko have densities ranging from 160
persons to 200 persons per km2 . Makurdi LGA has over 380 person per km2. The males
are 49.8 percent of the total population while females constitute 50.2 per cent.

Settlement pattern and urbanization
 Benue State region was depleted of its human population during the slave trade. It
is largely rural, with scattered settlements mainly in tiny compounds or
homesteads, whose population range from 630 people, most of whom are
farmers.
 Urbanization in Benue State did not predate the colonial era. The few towns
established during colonial rule remained very small (less than 30,000 people) up
to the creation of Benue State in 1976.

 Benue towns can be categorised into three groups. The first group consists of those with a population of
80,000 to 500,000 people. These include Makurdi, the State Capital, Gboko and Otukpo the
"headquarters" of the two dominant ethnic groups (125,944 and 88,958 people respectively). The second
group comprises towns with a population of between 20,000 and 50,000 people and includes Katsina-
Ala, Zaki-Biam, Ukum, and Adikpo, Kwande. These are all local government headquarters. The third
category comprises towns with a population of 10,000 to 19,000 people and
includes Vandeikya, Lessel, Ihugh, Naka, Adoka, Aliade, Okpoga, Igumale, Oju, Utonkon, Ugbokolo, Wann
une, Ugbokpo, Otukpa, Ugba and Korinya. Most of these towns are headquarters of recently created Local
Government Areas and/or district headquarters or major market areas. Some of the headquarters of the
newly created LGAs have populations of less than 10,000 people. Such places include Tse-
Agberaba, Gbajimba, Buruku, Idekpa, Obagaji and Obarikeito. Apart from earth roads, schools, periodic
markets and chemists (local drug stores), the rural areas are largely used for farming, relying on the urban
centres for most of their urban needs. Benue State has no problem of capital city primacy. Rather, three
towns stand out very clearly as important urban centres which together account for more than 70 per
cent of the social amenities provided in the state and almost all the industrial establishments. These
centres are Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo. They are among the oldest towns in the state and are growing
at a much faster rate than the smaller younger towns.

 Settlement pattern and urbanization[edit]
 Benue State region was depleted of its human population during the slave trade. It
is largely rural, with scattered settlements mainly in tiny compounds or
homesteads, whose population range from 630 people, most of whom are
farmers.

 Urbanization in Benue State did not predate the colonial era. The few towns established during colonial rule
remained very small (less than 30,000 people) up to the creation of Benue State in 1976.
 Benue towns can be categorised into three groups. The first group consists of those with a population of 80,000 to
500,000 people. These include Makurdi, the State Capital, Gboko and Otukpo the "headquarters" of the two
dominant ethnic groups (125,944 and 88,958 people respectively). The second group comprises towns with a
population of between 20,000 and 50,000 people and includes Katsina-Ala, Zaki-Biam, Ukum, and Adikpo,
Kwande. These are all local government headquarters. The third category comprises towns with a population of
10,000 to 19,000 people and
includes Vandeikya, Lessel, Ihugh, Naka, Adoka, Aliade, Okpoga, Igumale, Oju, Utonkon, Ugbokolo, Wannune, Ugb
okpo, Otukpa, Ugba and Korinya. Most of these towns are headquarters of recently created Local Government
Areas and/or district headquarters or major market areas. Some of the headquarters of the newly created LGAs
have populations of less than 10,000 people. Such places include Tse-
Agberaba, Gbajimba, Buruku, Idekpa, Obagaji and Obarikeito. Apart from earth roads, schools, periodic markets
and chemists (local drug stores), the rural areas are largely used for farming, relying on the urban centres for most
of their urban needs. Benue State has no problem of capital city primacy. Rather, three towns stand out very clearly
as important urban centres which together account for more than 70 per cent of the social amenities provided in
the state and almost all the industrial establishments. These centres are Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo. They are
among the oldest towns in the state and are growing at a much faster rate than the smaller younger towns

 Makurdi doubles as the capital of the state and the headquarters of Makurdi LGA,
while Gboko, Otukpo and Oju double as the local government and ethnic
headquarters (i.e. for Tiv, Idoma, and Igede). All the roads in the state radiate from
these three centres. As an administrative unit, Benue State was first created on 3
February 1976. It was one of the seven states created by the military
administration headed by General Murtala Mohammed, which increased the
number of states in the country from 13 to 19. In 1991, its boundaries were re-
adjusted with the creation of Kogi State. The new Benue State of today has
twenty-three (23) local government areas,[12] which are administered by local
government councils.

Geography
 Benue State lies within the lower river Benue trough in the middle belt region of
Nigeria. Its geographic coordinates are longitude 7° 47' and 10° 0' East. Latitude
6° 25' and 8° 8' North; and shares boundaries with five other states
namely: Nasarawa State to the north for 231 km (partly across the Benue
River), Taraba State to the east for 235 km, Cross-River State to the south for 96
km, Enugu State to the south-west for 84 km, and Kogi State to the west for 153
km. The state also shares a common boundary for 22 km with the Nord-Ouest
Province, claimed by both Ambazonia and the Republic of Cameroon on the
south-east. Benue occupies a landmass of 34,059 square kilometres.

 Climate[edit]
 Benue state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city's yearly
temperature is 29.38 °C (84.88 °F) and it is −0.08% lower than Nigeria's averages.
The state receives about 135.2 millimeters (5.32 inches) of precipitation and has
160.01 rainy days (43.84% of the time) annually.[13][

Geology
 Based on Köppen climate classification, Benue State lies within the AW climate and
experiences two distinct seasons, the Wet season and the Dry season. The rainy season
lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the range of 100-200mm. The dry
season begins in November and ends in March. Temperatures fluctuate between 21 –
37 degrees Celsius in the year. The south-eastern part of the state adjoining the
Obudu-Cameroun mountain range, however, has a cooler climate similar to that
of Plateau State.[14]
 Much of Benue State falls within the Benue Valley/trough which is believed to be
structurally developed. During the Tertiary and possibly the Interglacial periods of
the Quaternary glaciation, the Benue and Niger Valleys, otherwise known as the
Niger/Benue trough, were transgressed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As a result,
marine sediments form the dominant surface geology of much of Benue State.

 Mineral resources[edit]
 Benue State is blessed with abundant mineral resources. These resources are
distributed in the Local Government Areas of the state. Of these mineral resources,
only Limestone at Tse-Kucha near Gboko and Kaolinite at Otukpo are being
commercially exploited. Other mineral deposits
include Baryte, Gypsum, Feldspar, Wolframite, Kaolinite, mineral salts
and Gemstone etc.

 Natural resources[edit]
 Benue State is the nation's acclaimed food basket because of its rich agricultural
produce which include Yam, Rice, Beans, Cassava, Sweet-potato,
Maize, Soybean, Sorghum, Millet, Sesame, cocoyam etc. The state accounts for over
70% of Nigeria's Soybean production.
 Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, engaging over 75% of the state farming
population. The State also boasts of one of the longest stretches of river systems in the
country with great potential for a viable fishing industry, dry season farming through
irrigation and for an inland water highway.
 The vegetation of the southern parts of the state is characterised by forests, which yield
trees for timber and provide a suitable habitat for rare animals types and species. The
state thus possesses potential for the development of viable forest and wildlife
reserves.

 Relief and drainage[edit]
 The land is generally low lying (averaging 100m-250m) and gently undulating with
occasional inselbergs, Knoll, Laterite etc. It is only at the boundary area with Cameroon,
also Kwande and Oju Local Government Areas that hilly terrain with appreciable local relief is
encountered. Here, the terrain is characterised by steep slopes, deep incised valleys and generally
rugged relief. Elsewhere, gradients average less than 4°. River Benue is the dominant geographical
feature in the state. It is one of the few large rivers in Nigeria. The Katsina-Ala is the largest
tributary, while the smaller rivers include Mkomon, Amile, Duru, Loko
Konshisha, Kpa, Okpokwu, Mu, Be, Aya, Apa Ogede and Ombi. The flood plains which are
characterised by extensive swamps and ponds are good for dry season irrigated farming.
 Though Benue State has high drainage density many of the streams are seasonal. Hence, there is
an acute water shortage in the dry season in Local Government Areas such
as Guma, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, Gwer West (Naka, Nigeria) and Oju.

 People and culture[edit]
 The state is populated by several ethnic groups: Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo,
Ufia Orring, Abakpa, Jukun, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. The Tiv are occupying 14
local government areas with the Etulo and Jukun, with
the Idoma, Orring, Igede, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon occupying nine.
 Most of the Tiv people are farmers while the inhabitants of the river areas engage
in fishing as their primary or important secondary occupation. The people of the
state are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as well as rich
cultural heritage.
People and culture[edit]
The state is populated by several ethnic
groups: Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo, Ufia Orring,
Abakpa, Jukun, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. The Tiv are
occupying 14 local government areas with the Etulo and
Jukun, with
the Idoma, Orring, Igede, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon occupy
ing nine.
Most of the Tiv people are farmers while the inhabitants of
the river areas engage in fishing as their primary or
important secondary occupation. The people of the state
are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as
well as rich cultural heritage.

People and culture[edit]
The state is populated by several ethnic
groups: Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo, Ufia Orring,
Abakpa, Jukun, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. The Tiv are
occupying 14 local government areas with the Etulo and
Jukun, with
the Idoma, Orring, Igede, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon occupy
ing nine.
Most of the Tiv people are farmers while the inhabitants of
the river areas engage in fishing as their primary or
important secondary occupation. The people of the state
are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as
well as rich cultural heritage.

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 People and culture[edit]
 The state is populated by several ethnic groups: Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo,
Ufia Orring, Abakpa, Jukun, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. The Tiv are occupying 14
local government areas with the Etulo and Jukun, with
the Idoma, Orring, Igede, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon occupying nine.
 Most of the Tiv people are farmers while the inhabitants of the river areas engage
in fishing as their primary or important secondary occupation. The people of the
state are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as well as rich
cultural heritage.

 raditional rulers[edit]
 The Benue State Government accords high respect to traditional rulers in recognition of their role
as custodians of culture and as agents of development. Also, their roles in enhancing peace and
order at the grassroots level are also recognised. To enhance their contribution to the affairs of the
state, government has established a three-tier traditional council system made up of Local
Government Area Traditional Councils, Area Traditional Councils and the State Council of Chiefs
with the Tor Tiv (Tiv King) as chairman.
 The two Area Councils are the Tiv Traditional Council and the Idoma Traditional Council. The
former has the Tor Tiv (Tiv King) as chairman of all the traditional rulers from the Tiv dominant
Local Government Areas, while the latter has the Och' Idoma (Idoma king) as the chairman of all
the traditional rulers from the Idoma dominant Local Government Areas.
 The State Council of Chiefs has the Tor Tiv, Orchivirigh Professor James Ortese Iorzua Ayatse (Tor
Tiv V) ([15]), with Och'Idoma and all second class Chiefs/Chairmen of the Local Government
Traditional Council as members.

Culture[edit]
Dancers in Benue state attire Benue state contingent
Benue State possesses a rich and diverse cultural heritage which finds expression in colourful cloths, exotic masquerades, supplicated music and dances. Traditional dances from Benue State have won acclaim at nation
The socio-religious festivals of the people, colourful dances, dresses and songs are also of tourist value. The Alekwu ancestral festival of the Idoma people, for instance, is an occasion when the local people believe their
The Igede-Agba is a Yam Festival, marked every year in September by the Igede people of Oju and Obi local government areas. Among the Tiv, the Tiv Day, marriage ceremonies and dance competitions (e.g. Swange d

 Social life in Benue State is also enriched by the availability of diverse recreational
facilities. Apart from parks, beaches, dancing and masquerades mentioned above, the
big hotels in Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo are equipped with several indoor sporting
facilities. There are golf clubs, the Makurdi Club, Railway Club, Police Club and Air Force
Club, where, apart from the sale of drinks and snacks, various types of games are
played.
 There is a standard Arts Theatre, a modern Sports Complex which includes the Aper
Aku Stadium, which has provisions for such games as tennis, basketball, volleyball and
handball, an indoor sports hall and Olympic size swimming pool in Makurdi. Smaller
stadia exist in Gboko (J. S. Tarka Stadium), Katsina-Ala, Adikpo, Vandeikya and Otukpo.
The BCC Lawn Tennis tournament attracts players from all over the country. Benue
State has three teams in the professional soccer ranks, Lobi Stars F.C. in Division
One, BCC Lions FC in Division Two, Mark mentors as the basketball premier league
team.

Social life in Benue State is also enriched by the
availability of diverse recreational facilities. Apart from
parks, beaches, dancing and masquerades mentioned
above, the big hotels in Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo are
equipped with several indoor sporting facilities. There are
golf clubs, the Makurdi Club, Railway Club, Police Club
and Air Force Club, where, apart from the sale of drinks
and snacks, various types of games are played.
There is a standard Arts Theatre, a modern Sports
Complex which includes the Aper Aku Stadium, which has
provisions for such games as tennis, basketball, volleyball
and handball, an indoor sports hall and Olympic size
swimming pool in Makurdi. Smaller stadia exist
in Gboko (J. S. Tarka Stadium), Katsina-
Ala, Adikpo, Vandeikya and Otukpo. The BCC Lawn
Tennis tournament attracts players from all over the
country. Benue State has three teams in the professional
soccer ranks, Lobi Stars F.C. in Division One, BCC Lions
FC in Division Two, Mark mentors as the basketball
premier league team.

 Religion
 The Roman Catholic Church has 2,354,410 followers in four suffragans of the Archdiocese of Abuja:
 the Diocese of Makurdi (1934 as Benue) with 89 parishes under Bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe
(2015),
 the Diocese of Gboko (2012) with 84 parishes under Bishop William Amove Avenya (2012),
 the Diocese of Katsina-Ala (2012) with 34 parishes under Bishop Isaac Bundepuun Dugu (2022),
and
 the Diocese of Otukpo (1995) with 61 parishes under Bishop Michael Ekwoy Apochi (2002).
 The Anglican Province of Abuja in the Church of Nigeria includes the Dioceses of Makurdi (1990)
with 25 parishes led by Bishop Nathan Inyom (1990), Gboko (2009) led by Bishop Emmanuel
Nyitsse, and Otukpo (1996) led by Bishop David Bello (2004).

 Makurdi[edit]
 Makurdi, the state capital was established in the early twenties and gained
prominence in 1927 when it became the headquarters of the then Benue Province.
Being a river port, it attracted the establishment of trading depots by companies
such as United Africa Company of Nigeria and John Holt plc. Its commercial status
was further enhanced when the Railway Bridge was completed and opened in
1932. In 1976, the town became the capital of Benue State and today, doubles as
the headquarters of Makurdi Local Government Area.

 The southern part of the town is made up of several wards, including Central
Ward, Old GRA, Ankpa Ward, Wadata Ward, High Level, Wurukum (Low Level),
New GRA etc. Important establishments and offices located here include the
Government House, The State Secretariat, The Federal Secretariat, The Central
Bank of Nigeria Regional headquarters, Commercial Banks, Telecommunication
companies, Police Headquarters, Nigeria Prisons Service, Aper Aku Stadium,
Nigeria Air force Base, Makurdi, The Makurdi Modern Market, the Federal Medical
Centre, Nigeria Railway Station, Benue Printing and Publishing Company Limited,
Radio Benue, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Nigerian Postal service, Benue
Hotels Makurdi,

 Makurdi can be reached by air,[17] rail, road and water as the airport is presently not
functioning. The major northern route is the Makurdi – Lafia – Jos road. The southern
routes are Makurdi – Otukpo – Enugu and Makurdi – Yandev – Adikpo – Calabar roads.
Traffic from the west comes through Makurdi – (3) Naka – Adoka Ankpa (3) – Okene (1)
roads and from the east through Makurdi – Yandev – Katsina Ala – Wukari roads. The
Makurdi Rail Bridge provides the only rail link between the northern and eastern parts
of Nigeria.
 The beaches of River Benue can be exploited to provide good sites for relaxation.[original
research?] The river itself provides tourist opportunities for boating, angling and
swimming.[citation needed] The Makurdi Moratorium that houses a variety of animals
including some rare species also serves as another feature of tourist attraction.

 Economy[edit]
 Agricultural production[edit]
 Agriculture forms the backbone of the Benue State economy, engaging more than
70 per cent of the working population. This has made Benue the major source of
food production in the Nation. It can still be developed because most of the
modern techniques are not yet popular to 98% of Nigeria. Mechanization and
plantation agriculture/agro-forestry are still at its infancy. Farm inputs such as
fertilizers, improved seed, insecticides and other foreign methods are being
increasingly used. However, cost and availability is still a challenge. Important cash
crops include soybeans, rice, peanuts, mango varieties, citrus, etc.

 Commerce and industry[edit]
 Banking services are available as all the banks in Nigeria have branches in the state with the
Central Bank of Nigeria having its regional headquarters in Makurdi. Dangote Cement Company is
a private company that operates within the state and provides a little employment to the people.
 This is a rough estimated employment percentage in the state: 75% are farmers, 10% traders, 6%
civil servants, 9% private.
 Benue State has the capacity to support a wide range of industries using local agricultural and
mineral resources although potentials are yet to be exploited. Private initiatives in commerce and
industry, particularly by indigenes, is as also on a small scale and is limited to carpentry, shoe
repairs and manufacturing, small scale rice mills, leather and plastic industries, weaving, printing,
catering, block making, food processing, etc. Industry and commerce have been greatly retarded
by the absence of capital funds, basic infrastructure and the frequent political changes.

 nfrastructure and transportation[edit]
 The location of Benue State in the centre of the country plus the presence of bridges
on two large rivers, the Benue River and Katsina-Ala River, make the state a major
cross-roads centre. The present government has shown commitment to the
construction of roads within the state capital Makurdi and other major roads leading in
and out of the state. The roads are in an excellent condition.[19]
 Two Federal Highways connect the Eastern States to the North and Northeast.
 A3 north from Enugu via Otukpo and Makurdi to Lafia, Nasarawa State.
 A4 northeast from Benue State at Gakem to Taraba State near Kado as the Katsina Ala-
Zaki Biam road.
 Other major roads include

 Natural Attractions in Benue State include hills and ranges such as Ikyogen, Abande,
Ngokur, Mkar, Ushongo and Harga. There is a heavily wooded natural trench at Tse-
Mker which is believed to be inhabited by dangerous creatures including Pythons.
Gurgul is a waterfall on Katsina Ala River. The border stretch adjoining
the Obudu/South Cameroon Plateau ranges features forests, dissected hills, Dykes,
dozens of fast flowing streams and incised valleys. In the Dry season, the water level in
both the Benue River and Katsina-Ala River falls, giving rise to sandy river beaches and
clean shallow waters. The waters are used for recreational boating and swimming.[20] At
Orokam in Ogbadibo Local government areas, occurs the Enumabia Warm Spring. At
Epwa-Ibilla, Andi-Ibilla, Uchenyum-Ibilla, Okochi-Uwokwu, Irachi-Uwokwu, Ette-Uda-
Uwokwu, Odepa-Uwokwu, Igbegi-Ipinu-Uwokwu, Edde-Ibilla-Uwokwu, and Ohuma-
Uwokwu of Oju, are springs of clean water. There are masses of unusually tall trees in
the deep valleys and on the pretty steep highlands, which are all however inhabited.

 ower supply[edit]
 Electricity challenge in Benue is not different from every other regions in Nigeria,
places like markurdi, Otukpo and Gboko, to mention but few, enjoy at least 60% of
power supply. However, private industries have other sources of power supply as
plan (b).

 Tourism and recreation[edit]
 Benue State possesses immense tourism potentials which are yet to be exploited. Since
some of the tourist attractions are best selected by the tourist, Benue State in her bid
to develop tourism embarked on infrastructural development necessary for the overall
well-being of the tourist. The options are still opened to foreign investors.
 The programme of road development, hotels, postal, telephone and Email services,
electricity, potable water, recreational facilities and the general hospitality of the people
will eventually open up the state to tourists. An amusement park and Zoo have been
developed at Makurdi. There is a wild life park at lkwe where a conference hall and
chalets have been built to serve tourists. Tourist attractions in the state may be
grouped into natural scenic, historical monuments and festivals.

 Education[edit]
 Higher education institutions in Benue State include;
 Akawe Torkula Polytechnic, ATP, Makurdi.[21]
 Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo
 Benue State University, Makurdi
 College of Education, Katsina-Ala[22]
 Joseph Sarwuan Tarka Uniniversity ( JOSTUM), Makurdi[23]
 University of Mkar[24]

 EFFECT OF DYSMENORRHEA ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY
SCHOOL BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN ADIKPO, KWANDE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,
BENUE STATE

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