Sunburn.docx
- 1. 1 1. Sunburn Symptoms Sunburn symptoms can include: Inflamed skin, which looks pink or red on white skin and may be harder to see on brown or Black skin Skin that feels warm or hot to the touch Pain, tenderness and itching Swelling Small, fluid-filled blisters, which may break Headache, fever, nausea and fatigue, if the sunburn is severe Eyes that feel painful or gritty Any exposed part of the body — including the earlobes, scalp and lips — can burn. Even covered areas can burn if, for example, clothing has a loose weave that allows ultraviolet (UV) light through. The eyes, which are extremely sensitive to the sun's UV light, also can burn. Sunburn symptoms often appear within a few hours after sun exposure. Within a few days, the body may start to heal itself by peeling the damaged skin's top layer. A bad sunburn may take several days to heal. Any lingering changes in skin color usually go away with time. Treatments for sunburn If sunburn occurs, a person should do the following: Get out of the sun and preferably go indoors. Avoid further sun exposure until the sunburn heals. Cool the skin with a damp cloth or towel, or take a cool bath. Apply moisturizer or aftersun cream, such as aloe vera. Take over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and reduce swelling. Apply hydrocortisone cream to reduce inflammation and itching. Drink extra water to help prevent dehydration. Avoid touching or breaking small blisters to reduce the risk of infection. Blisters protect the skin. Avoid scratching, picking at, or removing peeling skin. Wear loose-fitting clothing while the skin heals. In cases of severe sunburn, a doctor may prescribe oral steroids to help reduce inflammation. For severe dehydration or heat stress, they may recommend intravenous fluids.
- 2. 2 Causes Sunburn is caused by too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light may be from the sun or artificial sources, such as sunlamps and tanning beds. UVA is the wavelength of light that can penetrate to the deep layers of skin and lead to skin damage over time. UVB is the wavelength of light that penetrates the skin more superficially and causes sunburn. The UV light damages skin cells. The immune system reacts by increasing blood flow to the affected areas, which causes the inflamed skin (erythema) known as sunburn. You can get sunburn on cool or cloudy days. Surfaces such as snow, sand and water can reflect UV rays and burn skin too. 2.Fever Symptoms Body temperatures vary slightly from person to person and at different times of day. The average temperature has traditionally been defined as 98.6 F (37 C). A temperature taken using a mouth thermometer (oral temperature) that's 100 F (37.8 C) or higher is generally considered to be a fever. Depending on what's causing a fever, other fever signs and symptoms may include: Sweating Chills and shivering Headache Muscle aches Loss of appetite Irritability Dehydration General weakness Taking a temperature To take a temperature, you can choose from several types of thermometers, including oral, rectal, ear (tympanic) and forehead (temporal artery) thermometers.
- 3. 3 Oral and rectal thermometers generally provide the most accurate measurement of core body temperature. Ear or forehead thermometers, although convenient, provide less accurate temperature measurements. In infants, a rectal temperature, if doable, is somewhat more accurate. When reporting a temperature to your health care provider, give both the reading and the type of thermometer used. Causes a fever? Fever occurs when a part of the brain called the hypothalamus shifts the set point of your normal body temperature upward. When this happens, you may feel chilled and add layers of clothing, or you may start shivering to generate more body heat. This eventually results in a higher body temperature. There are numerous different conditions that can trigger a fever. Some possible causes include: infections, including the flu and pneumonia some immunizations, such as diphtheria or tetanus (in children) teething (in infants) some inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn’s disease blood clots extreme sunburn food poisoning some medications, including antibiotics Depending on the cause of the fever, additional symptoms may include: sweating shivering headache muscle aches
- 4. 4 loss of appetite dehydration general weakness Treatment A mild fever is part of the immune system’s response to bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. It helps the body fight off infection. However, it can be uncomfortable, and a high fever can sometimes lead to complications. For this reason, doctors may sometimes recommend medications called antipyretics to lower a person’s temperature. Examples include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can also reduce a fever. Aspirin can help, but it is not suitable for children, and it may not be suitable for people who take blood thinners. 3. Jaundice Jaundice Symptoms Besides the yellow color seen in the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, other symptoms of jaundice may include: Itchy skin11 Change in urine and stool color (urine may be pale or yellow-orange, stool may be pale) Fatigue1
- 5. 5 Causes The buildup of bilirubin can be caused by an abnormally high number of red blood cells breaking down, gallstones, or liver disease (such as hepatitis or cirrhosis).2 Jaundice sometimes affects newborns ("newborn jaundice") because their livers are too immature to process the bilirubin in their bodies. Treatment Jaundice is not really a condition on its own but is a sign of another problem. so it is managed by treating the disease that is causing the buildup of bilirubin.8 For a virus that will resolve on its own, jaundice may not require any special treatment, because the body will clear the bilirubin and the virus on its own. For more serious conditions, other treatments might be needed to help the liver to manage the bilirubin. Here's how some of the conditions that cause jaundice might be treated: Alcohol-related cirrhosis or hepatitis: If alcoholic beverages are the cause of liver disease, stopping drinking is going to be crucial to resolving jaundice. Anemia: If hemolytic anemia, the lack of red blood cells caused by increased desruction, is the cause of jaundice, the treatment might include a blood transfusion.9 Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic liver disease and has many different causes. Treating jaundice from cirrhosis will depend on the type of liver disease present, but could include the use of corticosteroids or diuretics. Drug toxicities: In the case of a drug causing harm to the liver, the drug will need to be stopped (this includes prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs like acetaminophen, and illegal drugs). Another medication might need to be given to counteract the overdose. Gallstones: Gallstones that are resulting in jaundice might require treatment, which is typically the removal of the gallbladder.10 Liver cancer: Cancer of the liver will require treatment from a specialist and may include radiation and chemotherapy, as well as other medications for supportive therapy. Newborn jaundice: Newborn jaundice is common, and will often resolve on its own without any treatment. Some healthcare providers might recommend that newborns get some sunlight exposure to increase vitamin D production and clear the bilirubin.11 In other cases, a newborn might be given treatment in the hospital using special lights that can help resolve jaundice. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This liver disease is associated with ulcerative colitis. Treatment is largely to manage symptoms, such as antibiotics and cholestyramine or diphenhydramine for itching. Surgery might be needed to
- 6. 6 open the bile ducts and place a stent to keep them open.12 A liver transplant is done in severe cases. 4.Diabetes Symptoms Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they have prediabetes, gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are: Feeling more thirsty than usual. Urinating often. Losing weight without trying. Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin. Feeling tired and weak. Feeling irritable or having other mood changes. Having blurry vision. Having slow-healing sores. Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections. Type 1 diabetes can start at any age. But it often starts during childhood or teen years. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age. Type 2 diabetes is more common in people older than 40. But type 2 diabetes in children is increasing. Causes Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel. The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
- 7. 7 Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes happens when blood sugar levels are higher than normal. But the blood sugar levels aren't high enough to be called diabetes. And prediabetes can lead to diabetes unless steps are taken to prevent it. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. But it may go away after the baby is born. Too much glucose circulating in your bloodstream causes diabetes, regardless of the type. However, the reason why your blood glucose levels are high differs depending on the type of diabetes. Causes of diabetes include: Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver don’t respond as they should to insulin. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications. Autoimmune disease: Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. Hormonal imbalances: During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic damage: Physical damage to your pancreas — from a condition, surgery or injury — can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes. Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can cause MODY and neonatal diabetes. Long-term use of certain medications can also lead to Type 2 diabetes, including HIV/AIDS medications and corticosteroids.
- 8. 8 5.Typhoid Symptoms Symptoms are likely to start slowly, often showing up 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria. Early illness Early symptoms include: Fever that starts low and increases throughout the day, possibly reaching as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). Chills. Headache. Weakness and fatigue. Muscle aches. Stomach pain. Diarrhea or constipation. Rash. People also may have a cough, loss of appetite and sweating. Later illness A few weeks after symptoms start, the illness can cause problems in the intestines. People may have: Stomach pain. Very swollen stomach. An infection caused by gut bacteria spreading throughout the body, called sepsis. In very serious cases, people may: Become confused. Not be able to pay attention to anything around them. Not be able to react to the world around them. These are life-threatening complications.
- 9. 9 In some people, symptoms may return up to a few weeks after the fever has gone away. Treatment Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance is common with likelihood of more complicated and expensive treatment options required in the most affected regions. Even when the symptoms go away, people may still be carrying typhoid bacteria, meaning they can spread it to others, through shedding of bacteria in their faeces. It is important for people being treated for typhoid fever to do the following: Take prescribed antibiotics for as long as the doctor has prescribed. Wash their hands with soap and water after using the bathroom and avoid preparing or serving food for other people. This will lower the chance of passing the infection on to someone else. Have their doctor test to ensure that no Salmonella Typhi bacteria remain in their body. 6.Cancer Symptoms of Cancer Cancer can be identified by a variety of symptoms. In some cases, symptoms could vary or may not show any signs and symptoms. There are a few general symptoms: 1. Irregular loss of weight 2. Recurrent fever 3. Continuous pain in a certain area 4. Fatigue 5. Irregular changes in the skin (pigmentation, unusual hair growth, red or yellow skin, blotches etc.) Apart from these, women should watch out for certain symptoms of the cancers that are unique to them: 1. Change in the shape or color of the breast 2. Bleeding out of the menstrual cycle period
- 10. 10 3. Bloating 4. Blood in stool Causes of Cancer Like symptoms, there is no conclusive evidence for its causes. However, scientists have found certain things which aggravate the occurrence of this disease. Some of the common factors are: 1. Genetics 2. Tobacco and other related narcotics 3. Alcohol 4. Exposure to unnatural radiation (such as UV rays) for an extended period of time 5. Diet and lifestyle 6. Exposure to certain chemicals for a long time 7. Infections 8. Unhealthy environment Also Read: Blood Cancer Treatment of Cancer Medical science has advanced greatly in the last few decades and found the treatment for most forms of cancers. The process of treatment depends on the type and stages of cancer. Some of the common treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy. 7.elephantiasis Causes Usually, to get elephantiasis, you would have to be bitten by a lot of mosquitoes over a long time, in a country where certain types of roundworms are known to exist. It starts when mosquitoes infected with the roundworm larvae bite you. The tiny larvae survive in your bloodstream and grow. They finish maturing in your lymph system. They
- 11. 11 can live there for years and cause a lot of damage to your lymph system. This is what causes the swelling. Symptoms You may not know you have elephantiasis until you notice the swelling. Not only will those body parts begin to look bulky and lumpy with stiff, tough skin, there is also pain in the swollen area. You may also have chills, fever, and just feel bad all over. Treatment There are medicines to treat elephantiasis. Your doctor may give you one called diethylcarbamazine (DEC). You’ll take it once a year. It will kill the microscopic worms in your bloodstream. Another way to treat elephantiasis is to use DEC in combination with a medicine called ivermectin. This is also taken once a year, and the combination has shown better long-term results. RELATED: If you have elephantiasis symptoms, there are some things you can do on your own to ease them: Wash and dry the swollen areas daily. Use moisturizers. Check for wounds and use medicated cream on any sore spots. Exercise, and walk when possible. If your arms or legs are swollen, keep them elevated when you’re lying down or seated.
- 12. 12 You may also be able to wrap the affected areas tightly to prevent them from getting worse, but you should check with your doctor before doing this. Sometimes, surgery may be needed to relieve pressure in very swollen areas, like the scrotum. 8.Heart Attack A heart attack happens when something blocks the blood flow to your heart so it can’t get the oxygen it needs. It’s a medical emergency. Call 911 right away at the first sign of any symptoms. Don’t wait to see if the symptoms pass. Heart attacks are also called myocardial infarctions (MIs). "Myo" means muscle, "cardial" refers to the heart, and "infarction" means death of tissue because of a lack of blood supply. This tissue death can cause lasting damage to your heart muscle. Heart Attack Symptoms Symptoms of a heart attack include: Discomfort, pressure, heaviness, tightness, squeezing, or pain in your chest or arm or below your breastbone Discomfort that goes into your back, jaw, throat, or arm Fullness, indigestion, or a choking feeling (it may feel like heartburn) Sweating, upset stomach, vomiting, or dizziness Severe weakness, anxiety, fatigue, or shortness of breath Fast or uneven heartbeat
- 13. 13 Symptoms can be different from person to person or from one heart attack to another. Women are more likely to have these heart attack symptoms: Unusual fatigue Shortness of breath Nausea or vomiting Dizziness or lightheadedness Discomfort in your gut. It may feel like indigestion. Discomfort in the neck, shoulder, or upper back With some heart attacks, you won’t notice any symptoms (a "silent" myocardial infarction). This is more common in people who have diabetes. Heart Attack Causes Your heart muscle needs a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood. Your coronary arteries give your heart this critical blood supply. If you have coronary artery disease, those arteries become narrow, and blood can’t flow as well as it should. When your blood supply is blocked, you have a heart attack. Fat, calcium, proteins, and inflammatory cells build up in your arteries to form plaques. These plaque deposits are hard on the outside and soft and mushy on the inside. When the plaque is hard, the outer shell cracks. This is called a rupture. Platelets (disc-shaped things in your blood that help it clot) come to the area, and blood clots form around the plaque. If a blood clot blocks your artery, your heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen. The muscle cells soon die, causing permanent damage. Rarely, a spasm in your coronary artery can also cause a heart attack. During this coronary spasm, your arteries restrict or spasm on and off, cutting off the blood supply to your heart muscle
- 14. 14 (ischemia). It can happen while you’re at rest and even if you don’t have serious coronary artery disease. Each coronary artery sends blood to a different part of your heart muscle. How much the muscle is damaged depends on the size of the area that the blocked artery supplies and the amount of time between the attack and treatment. Your heart muscle starts to heal soon after a heart attack. This takes about 8 weeks. Just like a skin wound, a scar forms in the damaged area. But the new scar tissue doesn’t move the way it should. So your heart can’t pump as much after a heart attack. How much that ability to pump is affected depends on the size and location of the scar. Heart Attack Treatment A heart attack is a medical emergency that needs care right away to prevent permanent heart damage or death. Treatment often begins in the ambulance if you called 911, or in the emergency room if someone else took you to the hospital.