Next Generation Storage Networking for Next Generation Data Centers

PRESENTATION TITLE GOES HERE
Next Generation Storage Networking for Next
Generation Data Centers
Dennis Martin
President, Demartek

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2015 Data Storage Innovation Conference. © Demartek All Rights Reserved.
Agenda
About Demartek
Increased Bandwidth Needs for Storage
Storage Interface Technology & Futures
Ethernet, Fibre Channel, SAS, Thunderbolt, USB, NVMe
Cabling – Fiber Optic and Copper
Performance Results
Demartek Free Resources

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Demartek Video
Demartek YouTube Channel:
http://www.youtube.com/user/Demartek/videos
Click to view this one minute video
(available in 720p and 1080p)

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About Demartek
Industry Analysis and ISO 17025 accredited test lab
Lab includes servers, networking & storage
Ethernet: 1, 10 & 40 Gbps: NFS, SMB (CIFS), iSCSI,
FCoE and SR-IOV
Fibre Channel: 4, 8 & 16 Gbps
Servers: 8+ cores, large RAM
Virtualization: VMware, Hyper-V, Xen, KVM
We prefer to run real-world applications to test servers
and storage solutions (databases, Hadoop, etc.)
Website: www.demartek.com/TestLab

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The Need For More Bandwidth
 Server and Application Growth
Server Virtualization
How many VMs per physical
server do you deploy?
Compare the number of VMs
today vs. one and two years ago
Application Growth
Applications processing more data today
Bootstorm test with 90 VMs in one physical server
www.demartek.com/Demartek_Analysis_of_VDI_Storage_Performance_during_Bootstorm.html
Physical Server
Virtual Machines

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The Need For More Bandwidth
 New Hardware
New Generations
of Servers
PCI Express 3.0 since 2012
Up to 40 PCIe lanes per processor
New servers support 10GbE on the motherboard
More cores per processor
Larger memory support (up to 1.5TB/processor)
SSD
Are you deploying enterprise SSDs today?

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PCI-Express
Measured in gigatransfers/second (GT/s)
Bandwidth specified by indicating number of lanes such as “x1”,
“x2”, etc., and generally spoken as “by 1”, “by 2”, etc.
PCIe 4.0 – In November 2011, the PCI-SIG announced the
approval of 16 GT/s as the bit rate for PCIe 4.0.
PCIe 4.0 specification Rev 0.5 targeted for 1H 2015*
PCIe 4.0 specification Rev 0.9 targeted for 2H 2016*
* Source: PCI-SIG
GT/s Encoding x1 x2 x4 x8 x16
PCIe 1.x 2.5 8b/10b 250 MB/s 500 MB/s 1 GB/s 2 GB/s 4 GB/s
PCIe 2.x 5 8b/10b 500 MB/s 1 GB/s 2 GB/s 4 GB/s 8 GB/s
PCIe 3.x 8 128b/130b 1 GB/s 2 GB/s 4 GB/s 8 GB/s 16 GB/s
* This table available at http://www.demartek.com/Demartek_Interface_Comparison.html

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1GigE
Not unusual to have 4, 6 or 8 NIC ports in a server
Consider the number of cables and PCIe slots used
Can be quad-port, dual-port or single-port
10GigE
A dual-port 10GigE NIC provides bandwidth and failover
Good choice for 1U servers that have few I/O slots
Slot requirements
Quad-port 10GigE NIC – PCIe 3.0 x8
Dual-port 10GigE NIC – PCIe 3.0 x4 or PCIe 2.0 x8
Single-port 10GigE NIC – PCIe 2.0 x4 or PCIe 1.0 x8
Adoption: blade servers yes, rack servers not so much
Price drops: 10GBASE-SR SFP 2013=$165 2015=$75
Ethernet
 1GigE and 10GigE

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IEEE 802.3ba (40GigE & 100GigE) ratified June 2010
The fastest Ethernet cables and connectors today are
10 Gbps per lane or channel
Higher speeds today are achieved by bundling
40GigE today = 4 x 10 Gbps together
100GigE today = 10 x 10 Gbps together
25 Gbps connectors will soon be available
These connectors support up to 28 Gbps (“25/28G”)
100GigE (future) = 4 x 25 Gbps together
250GigE (future) = 10 x 25 Gbps together
End-user products possibly available in 2014 or 2015
40 Gbps NICs require PCIe 3.0 x8 or x16 slot in the server
Ethernet
 40GigE and 100GigE

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25Gb PHYs are beginning to appear
Why not 25GbE over single-lane connection?
25G Ethernet Consortium Announcement – July 1, 2014
Arista Networks, Broadcom, Google, Mellanox and Microsoft
25GbE and 50GbE specifications, Draft 1.4 – Sept. 2014
www.25GEthernet.org
IEEE has announced a 25GbE study group – July 2014
Server interconnects – backplane, copper cable, multimode fiber
http://www.ieee802.org/3/by/index.html
Standard completion target date: Sept. 2016
Ethernet
 25GigE

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Ethernet
 Public Roadmap – March 2015
http://www.ethernetalliance.org/roadmap/
Development of four new speeds
began in 2014:
2.5 GbE, 5 GbE, 25 GbE, 400 GbE

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16GFC is backward compatible with 4GFC & 8GFC
Uses 14 Gbps single-lane connectors
Doubles speed of 8GFC due to newer 64b/66b encoding
First 16GFC switches and HBAs shipped in 2011
Some of these HBAs can function as 10 Gb NICs
FC speeds and server slot requirements (dual-port)
4 Gb: PCI-X 2.0, PCIe 1.0
8 Gb: PCIe 2.0 x4 or PCIe 1.0 x8
16 Gb: PCIe 3.0 x4 or PCIe 2.0 x8
Fibre Channel
 16 Gigabit (16GFC)

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In February 2014, “Gen 6” Fibre Channel was announced
32 Gbps single-lane connection (“32GFC”)
OM4 fiber-optic expected cable distance: 100m
128 Gbps parallel connection (4 x 32, “128GFCp”)
Initially used for switch-to-switch connections
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Energy Efficiency
Power at transceiver is reduced when not in use (“dimmer
switch”)
Backward Compatible with 16GFC and 8GFC
Products expected to be available in 2016
Fibre Channel
 32 Gigabit and 128 Gigabit (“Generation 6”)

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Converged Networks
Combined LAN and SAN networks
Lossless features of Fibre Channel with ubiquity of
Ethernet
Data Center Bridging (DCB)
Enhanced Ethernet to support FC storage traffic and
more
FCoE – Fibre Channel over Ethernet
First major application for DCB – runs FC at 10 Gbps
CNA – Converged Network Adapter
Supports 10 Gb Ethernet and 10 Gb FCoE at the same
time on the same cable

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SAS
Serial Attached SCSI
12Gb/s SAS also known as SAS3
12Gb/s began shipping in 2H 2013
SAS HBAs and RAID controllers
Drives – SSDs and some HDDs
Some external storage arrays
Volume production ramp-up expected in 2014
For best results use servers that support PCIe 3.0
PCIe 3.0 x8 for typical 12Gb/s SAS adapter
12Gb/s SAS uses mini-SAS HD connectors

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SAS
 Mini-SAS HD connectors
Cables can be copper
or fiber-optic
See larger versions of these diagrams and information for other
storage interfaces on the Demartek Storage Interface
Comparison page:
http://www.demartek.com/Demartek_Interface_Comparison.html

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ThunderboltTM 2
Doubles previous speed to 20 Gbps
Target audience is media creators and editors who use
premium laptops, desktops, workstations and peripherals
that connect to them.
Includes storage devices, especially SSDs
Currently limited to six (6) devices on one connection
Devices can be daisy-chained
Available on motherboards now
Add-in cards now available
Thunderbolt will support NVMe
Expect more activity during 2015

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ThunderboltTM 2
Thunderbolt 2 hubs are now
available
Thunderbolt 2 can be used to
carry Ethernet at 10 Gbps
Share files between PC and
Mac
Thunderbolt 2 to 10GbE
bridge devices connect to
standard 10GbE switches
Sept. 10, 2014
at IDF 2014

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USB 3.1
USB 3.1 specification completed July 2013
Doubles speed to 10 Gbps (USB 3.0 is rated for 5 Gbps)
Works with existing USB 3.0 and 2.0 products
USB 3.1 Power Delivery
Can deliver up to 100 watts, bi-directionally
Can deliver audio/video, data and power concurrently
Media Agnostic USB protocol (USB over WiFi)
Allows wireless devices and docking stations to communicate
using the USB protocol
New USB Type-C bi-directional connector
Similar in size to existing USB 2.0 micro-B
Products expected by end of year 2014 or 2015

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USB 3.1
 Type-C Cable & Connector

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USB 3.1
USB Type-C
Cable
Single SSD
running over
USB 3.1
800+ MB/sec
Sept. 11, 2014
at IDF 2014

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Scalable host controller interface designed for enterprise and
client systems that use PCI Express SSDs
Designed with Flash memory and technologies coming after
Flash memory in mind (non-volatile memory)
Much faster (lower latency) software stack than existing
storage stacks such as SAS and SATA
In-box drivers for Windows and Linux now, others planned
Product announcement status:
Two products began shipping in 2014; more expected in 2015
NVM Express (NVMe)

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Demartek test experience with NVMe
Some of our recent Ethernet storage testing with NVMe required
40GbE – 10GbE was too slow
We’ve seen 2+ GB/sec (yes, gigaBytes/sec) from a single NVMe SSD
with a real-world database workload
Additional comments and explanation:
http://www.demartek.com/Demartek_Comments_IDF2014_and_NVMe_Thunderbolt_2_USB_3_1.html
Additional flash storage performance presentation:
http://www.demartek.com/Demartek_Presenting_FlashMemorySummit_2014-08.html
NVM Express (NVMe)

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PCI Express (PCIe)
projected to be the
leading enterprise
SSD interface
by 2018
Expect NVMe to ship broadly in client SSD market in 2015.
NVMe over Fabrics development underway. Goal is to run NVMe
over network of choice within ~10 µs latency of local.
NVMe works well with RDMA
NVM Express (NVMe)
 Futures

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Cabling Recommendations
 Fiber Optic Cables (data center)
Fiber optic cabling service life: 15 – 20 years
Recommendation: OM4 cables for current & future
OM4 will support 40/100 GigE and 32GFC
OM1 OM2 OM3 OM4
Jacket color Orange Orange Aqua Aqua
1 Gb/s 300m 500m 860m –
2 Gb/s 150m 300m 500m –
4 Gb/s 70m 150m 380m 400m
8 Gb/s 21m 50m 150m 190m
10 Gb/s 33m 82m Up to 300m Up to 400m
16 Gb/s 15m 35m 100m 125m
* This table available at http://www.demartek.com/Demartek_Interface_Comparison.html

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10 GigE – SFP+ Copper
SFP+ copper cables are known as Direct Attach Copper (DAC)
SFP+ “transceiver” is directly attached to the cable
Common lengths of 10 GigE DAC are 3 and 5 meters
10 GigE – RJ45 / 10GBASE-T
Cables must be certified to at least 500MHz to ensure
10GBASE-T compliance
Recommendation – Cat6a & Cat7 up to 100 meters
Cat6 can be used up to 55 meters, but should be tested first
Cat5e is not recommended for 10 GigE
 Fiber Optic Cables (data center)

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As interface speeds increase, expect increased usage of
fiber-optic cables and connectors for most interfaces
At higher Gigabit speeds, passive copper cables and
interconnects experience “amplitude loss” and become too
“noisy” except for short distances (within a rack or to
adjacent racks)
Expect to see “active copper” for some higher-speed
connection types
Active copper can go longer distances than passive copper
Active copper is thinner allows for better airflow than passive
copper
Active copper uses more power than passive copper
 Future Technology Outlook

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Connectors
SFP SFP+ QSFP+
Ethernet 1GbE 10GbE 40GbE
Fibre Channel 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC 8GFC, 16GFC –
Infiniband – – QDR, FDR
Single-lane – SFP, SFP+ Four-lane – QSFP, QSFP+

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Performance Example: 16GFC vs. 8GFC
 Bandwidth – SQL Server data warehousing workload

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 Latency – SQL Server data warehousing workload

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 Latency – SQL Server OLTP workload

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Demartek comments on Flash Memory Summit 2014
www.demartek.com/Demartek_Flash_Memory_Summit_2014_Commentary.html
Demartek comments on IDF2014 & NVMe
www.demartek.com/Demartek_Comments_IDF2014_and_NVMe_Thunderbolt_2_USB_3_1.html
Demartek SSD Deployment Guide
www.demartek.com/Demartek_SSD_Deployment_Guide.html
Demartek Video Library - www.demartek.com/Demartek_Video_Library.html
Demartek FC Zone – www.demartek.com/FC
Demartek iSCSI Zone – www.demartek.com/iSCSI
Demartek SSD Zone – www.demartek.com/SSD
Demartek Free Resources

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Downloadable interactive PDF version now available
Search engine: “storage interface comparison”
www.demartek.com/Demartek_Interface_Comparison.html
Storage Interface Comparison

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Free Monthly Newsletter
Demartek publishes a free monthly
newsletter, Demartek Lab Notes,
highlighting recent reports, articles
and commentary.
Look for the newsletter sign-up at:
www.demartek.com/Newsletter

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Thank You!
Dennis Martin, President
dennis@demartek.com
www.linkedin.com/in/dennismartin
(303) 940-7575
www.demartek.com
http://twitter.com/Demartek
www.youtube.com/Demartek
Skype: Demartek
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*also on the back of Dennis’ business card

Next Generation Storage Networking for Next Generation Data Centers

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