Nola Pender (HPM)- Ms Ritika
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Nola Pender developed the Health Promotion Model to focus on behaviors that enhance well-being and actualize health potential. The model has 3 areas of focus: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes. It views health as a positive dynamic state rather than just the absence of disease. The model's major concepts include perceived benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy regarding health behaviors. Strengths include its applicability to community health, while weaknesses include lack of clarity on nursing metaparadigms.
Nola Pender (HPM)- Ms Ritika
- 1. Nola Pender: “Health Promotion Model” Presenter: Ms. Ritika
- 2. Outline Biography Theoretical basis of HPM Introduction about HPM Assumptions of HPM Propositions of HPM Major concepts Sub concepts Metaparadigms Nursing process Application in other areas Strengths & weakness Conceptual framework Conclusion.
- 3. Biography • Nola Pender was born on August 16, 1941, in Lansing, Michigan. • Her first encounter with the nursing profession was when she was 7 years old and witnessed the care given to her hospitalized aunt by nurses. • This situation led her to the desire to care for other people and her goal was to help people care for themselves.
- 4. Education • Nola Pender entered the School of Nursing at West Suburban Hospital in Oak Park, Illinois, and receive her nursing diploma in 1962. • In 1965, she received her master’s degree in human growth and development from the same university. • She moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, to obtain a Ph.D. in psychology and education in 1969. • Pender’s dissertation research investigated developmental changes in the encoding process of short-term memory in children. • Years later, she finished masters-level work in community health nursing at Rush University.
- 5. Career and Appointments • In 1962, Nola Pender began working on a medical-surgical unit and subsequently in a pediatric unit in a Michigan hospital. • For 40 years at Michigan State University, she trained students at undergraduate and graduate levels and mentored many postdoctoral candidates.
- 6. • Pender directed many studies of her Health Promotion Model with adolescents and adults which made her more active in nursing research. • Pender and her research unit developed the program Girls on the Move, that studies and measures the results of intervention by the use the model to encourage young people to perform active lifestyles. • She was the president of the Midwest Nursing Research Society from 1985 to 1987.
- 7. • Aside from being the president of the American Academy of Nursing from 1991 to 1993, she was also a member of Research America’s Board of Directors from 1991 to 1993, and a member of the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force from 1998 to 2002. • In addition, Pender was an Associate Dean for Research at the University of Michigan School of Nursing from 1990 to 2001. • And as a co-founder of the Midwest Nursing Research Society, she has served as a trustee of its foundation since 2009.
- 8. • Pender is presently a Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University. • Following her retirement as an active professor, she devotes her time as an adviser for health research both nationally and internationally and shares her knowledge and experiences to further improve the nursing profession. • She also serves as Distinguished Professor of Nursing at Loyola University School of Nursing in Chicago, Illinois.
- 9. Works • As regards to health promotion, Nola Pender has written and issued various articles on exercise, behavior change, and relaxation training. • She also has served on editorial boards and as an editor for journals and books. • Pender is also known as a scholar, presenter, and consultant in health promotion. • She has worked in collaboration with nurse scientists in Japan, Korea, Mexico, Thailand, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, England, New Zealand, And Chile.
- 10. • By contributing leadership as a consultant to research centers and giving scholar consultations, Pender resumes influencing the field of nursing. • She also collaborates with the editor of the American Journal of Health Promotion, promoting legislation to support health promotion research.
- 11. Selected Publications Related to Nola Pender • Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (6th Edition) • Pender, Nola J. Study Guide for Health Promotion in Nursing Practice • Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice • Robbins, L.B., Gretebeck, K.A., Kazanis, A.S. and Pender, Nola.J. Girls on the Move • Program to Increase Physical Activity Participation, Nursing Research, 2006 • Pender, Nola.J., Bar-Or, O., Wilk, B. and Mitchell, S. Self-Efficacy and Perceived Exertion of Girls During Exercise, Nursing Research, 2002
- 12. Awards and Honors of Nola Pender Pender has been the recipient of numerous recognition and awards that include: • The 1972 Distinguished Alumni Award from Michigan State University School of Nursing. • In 1988, she received the Midwest Nursing Research Society’s Distinguished Contributions to Research Award. • In 1997, the American Psychological Association awarded her the Distinguished Contributions to Nursing and Psychology Award. • Teacher of the Year Award from the University of Michigan School of Nursing the following year.
- 13. • In 2005, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Midwest Nursing Research Society. • Pender was designated a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing in 2012. • The award has only been awarded to nurses who have made outstanding contributions to the profession.
- 15. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model • Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model theory was originally published in 1982 and later improved in 1996 and 2002. • The Health Promotion Model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. • Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the endpoint in the Health Promotion Model.
- 16. • The Health Promotion Model was designed to be a “complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” • Its purpose is to assist nurses in knowing and understanding the major determinants of health behaviors as a foundation for behavioral counseling to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles. • Pender’s health promotion model defines health as “a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of disease. • Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s level of well being. • The health promotion model describes the multi dimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health.
- 17. The model focuses on the following three areas: 1.Individual characteristics and experiences. 2.Behavior-specific cognitions and affect 3.Behavioral outcomes.
- 19. Major Assumptions in Health Promotion Model 1. Individuals seek to actively regulate their own behavior. 2. Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment, progressively transforming the environment and being transformed over time. 3. Health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which exerts influence on persons throughout their life span. 4. Self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment interactive patterns is essential to behavior change.
- 20. PROPOSITIONS
- 21. Propositions • Prior behavior , inherited and acquired characteristics influence beliefs, affect of health-promoting behavior. • Persons should engage in behaviors from which they anticipate personally valued benefits. • Perceived barriers can constrain commitment to action, a mediator of behavior as well as actual behavior. • Perceived competence or self-efficacy to execute a given behavior increases the likelihood of commitment to action and actual performance of the behavior.
- 22. • Greater perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to a specific health behavior. • Positive affect toward a behavior results in greater perceived self-efficacy, result in increased positive affect. • When positive emotions or affect are associated with a behavior, the probability of commitment and action is increased. • Persons are more likely to commit and engage in health-promoting behaviors.
- 23. • Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal influence that can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health- promoting behavior. • Situational influences in the external environment can increase or decrease commitment to or participation in health-promoting behavior. • The greater the commitments to a specific plan of action, the more likely health-promoting behaviors are to be maintained over time. • Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when competing demands over which persons have little control, require immediate attention.
- 24. • Commitment to a plan of action is less likely to result in the desired behavior when other actions are more attractive and thus preferred over the target behavior. • Persons can modify cognitions, affect, and the interpersonal and physical environment to create incentives for health actions.
- 25. Major Concepts of the Health Promotion Model • Health promotion is defined as behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential. It is an approach to wellness. • Health protection or illness prevention is described as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within the constraints of illness.
- 26. • Individual characteristics and experiences (prior related behavior and personal factors). • Behavior-specific cognitions and affect (perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences). • Behavioral outcomes (commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, and health-promoting behavior).
- 27. Sub-concepts of the Health Promotion Model 1. Personal Factors Personal factors categorized as biological, psychological and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the target behavior being considered. - Personal biological factors. Include variables such as age gender body mass index pubertal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance. - Personal psychological factors. Include variables such as self-esteem, self-motivation, personal competence, perceived health status, and definition of health. - Personal socio-cultural factors. Include variables such as race, ethnicity, acculturation, education, and socioeconomic status.
- 28. 2. Perceived Benefits of Action Anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from positive health behavior. 3. Perceived Barriers to Action Anticipated, imagined or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behavior. 4. Perceived Self-Efficacy Judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health- promoting behavior. Perceived self-efficacy influences perceived barriers to action so higher efficacy results in lowered perceptions of barriers to the performance of the behavior. 5. Activity-Related Affect Subjective positive or negative feeling that occurs before, during and following behavior. Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate a further positive affect.
- 29. 5. Interpersonal Influences Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers. Cognition concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of the others. Interpersonal influences include norms (expectations of significant others), social support (instrumental and emotional encouragement) and modeling (vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behavior). 6. Situational Influences Personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation that can facilitate or impede behavior Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behavior.
- 30. 7. Commitment to Plan of Action The concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to the implementation of health behavior 8. Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences Competing demands are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behaviors over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack
- 31. 9. Health-Promoting Behavior A health-promoting behavior is an endpoint or action outcome that is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes such as optimal wellbeing, personal fulfillment, and productive living.
- 32. METAPARADIGMS
- 34. Pender’s health promotion model defines health as “a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of disease.
- 36. NURSING PROCESS
- 40. Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths: • The Health Promotion Model is simple to understand yet it is complex in structure. • Nola Pender’s nursing theory gave much focus on health promotion and disease prevention making it stand out from other nursing theories. • It is highly applicable in the community health setting. • It promotes the independent practice of the nursing profession being the primary source of health promoting interventions and education.
- 41. Weaknesses • The Health Promotion Model of Pender was not able to define the nursing metaparadigms or the concepts that a nursing theory should have, man, nursing, environment, and health. • The conceptual framework contains multiple concepts which may invite confusion to the reader. • Its applicability to an individual currently experiencing a disease state was not given emphasis.
- 43. Conclusion • Due to its focus on health promotion and disease prevention per se, its relevance to nursing actions given to individuals who are ill is obscure. But then again, this characteristic of her model also gives the concepts its uniqueness.