Normalization of database_tables_chapter_4
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This document discusses database normalization. It begins by defining tables and their structure as the basic building blocks of database design. Normalization is introduced as a process that reduces data redundancy and eliminates data anomalies by assigning attributes to entities and expanding entities. The document then covers the stages of normalization from first normal form to fourth normal form. An example of normalizing a table from a construction company is provided to illustrate the process. The benefits and tradeoffs of normalization versus denormalization are also summarized.
Normalization of database_tables_chapter_4
- 1. Chapter 4 Normalization of Database Tables
- 2. Database Tables and Normalization Table is basic building block in database design Table’s structure is of great interest Two cases: possible poor table structures in good database design Modify existing database with existing poor table structure Normalization can help recognize a poor table and convert to good tables with good structure 2
- 3. Database Tables and Normalization Normalization is process for assigning attributes to entities Reduces data redundancies Expending entities Helps eliminate data anomalies Produces controlled redundancies to link tables Cost more processing efforts Series steps called normal forms 3
- 4. Database Tables and Normalization Normalization stages 1NF - First normal form 2NF - Second normal form 3NF - Third normal form 4NF - Fourth normal form Better in dependency Business Bioinformatics Statistical data Worse in performance (I/O) 4
- 5. Database Tables and Normalization Example: construction company Building projects Project number Project name Employees assigned … Employee Employee number Employee name Job classification 5
- 6. Table 4.1 should be here. 6
- 7. Figure 4.1 Observations PRO_NUM intended to be primary key, but it contains null values. Table entries invite data inconsistencies 7
- 8. Figure 4.1 Observations Table displays data redundancies which yield the following anomalies Update Insertion Modifying JOB_CLASS New employee must be assigned project (phantom project) Deletion If employee deleted, other vital data lost 8
- 9. Figure 4.2 is insert here. Repeating group (any project can have a group of data entries) which should not to be appeared in relational table 9
- 10. Data Organization: 1NF PK PK Figure 4.3 10
- 11. Conversion to 1NF Repeating groups must be eliminated Proper primary key developed Uniquely identifies attribute values (rows) Combination of PROJ_NUM and EMP_NUM 11
- 12. Conversion to 1NF Repeating groups must be eliminated Dependencies can be identified A particular relationship between two attributes. For a given relation, attribute B is functionally dependent on attribute A if, for every valid value of A, that value of A uniquely determines the value of B. A functional dependency exists when the value of one thing is fully determined by another. For example, given the relation EMP(empNo, empName, sal), attribute empName is functionally dependant on attribute empNo. If we know empNo, we also know the empName. 12
- 13. Desirable dependencies based on primary key Less desirable dependencies Partial based on part of composite primary key Transitive one nonprime attribute depends on another nonprime attribute 13
- 14. Dependency Diagram (1NF) Above: Desired Dependencies Figure 4.4 Composite primary key Below: Less Desired Dependencies 14
- 15. PROJ_NUM,EMP_NUM PROJ_NAME, EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS,CHG_HOUR, HOURS DESIRED DEPENDENCIES PROJ_NUM PROJ_NAME PARTIAL DEPENDENCIES EMP_NUM EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS, CHG_HOUR JOB_CLASS -> CHG_HOUR TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 15
- 16. 1NF Summarized All key attributes defined No repeating groups in table All attributes dependent on primary key 16
- 17. Conversion to 2NF Start with 1NF format: Write each key component on separate line Write original key on last line Each component is new table Write dependent attributes after each key PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME) EMPLOYEE (EMP_NUM, EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS, CHG_HOUR) ASSIGN (PROJ_NUM, EMP_NUM, HOURS) 17
- 18. 2NF Conversion Results Figure 4.5 18
- 19. 2NF Summarized In 1NF Includes no partial dependencies No attribute dependent on a portion of primary key Still possible to exhibit transitive dependency Attributes may be functionally dependent on nonkey attributes 19
- 20. Conversion to 3NF Create separate table(s) to eliminate transitive functional dependencies PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME) ASSIGN (PROJ_NUM, EMP_NUM, HOURS) EMPLOYEE (EMP_NUM, EMP_NAME, JOB_CLASS) JOB (JOB_CLASS, CHG_HOUR) 20
- 21. 3NF Summarized In 2NF Contains no transitive dependencies 21
- 22. Additional DB Enhancements Figure 4.6 22
- 23. 23
- 24. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) Every determinant in the table is a candidate key Determinant is attribute whose value determines other values in row 3NF table with one candidate key is already in BCNF 24
- 25. 3NF Table Not in BCNF Figure 4.7 25
- 26. Decomposition of Table Structure to Meet BCNF Figure 4.8 26
- 28. Decomposition into BCNF Figure 4.9 28
- 29. Normalization and Database Design Normalization should be part of the design process Make sure the proposed entities meet the required normal form before the table structures are created Used to redesign or modify the existing table structures. E-R Diagram provides macro view 29
- 30. Normalization and Database Design Normalization provides micro view of entities Focuses on characteristics of specific entities May yield additional entities Difficult to separate normalization from E-R diagramming Business rules must be determined 30
- 31. Normalization and Database Design Contracting company’s example: PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME) EMPLOYEE(EMP_NUM, EMP_LNAME,EMP_FNAME,EMP_INITAL, JOB_DESCRIPTION, JOB_CHG_HOUR); 31
- 32. Initial ERD for Contracting Company Figure 4.10 There is a transitive dependency Already 3NF 32
- 33. Removal PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME) EMPLOYEE(EMP_NUM, EMP_LNAME,EMP_FNAME,EMP_INITAL, JOB_CODE) JOB (JOB_CODE, JOB_DESCRIPTION, JOB_CHG_HOUR); 33
- 34. Modified ERD for Contracting Company Figure 4.11 34
- 35. Final ERD for Contracting Company Figure 4.12 (M:N) converting to (1:M) 35
- 36. PROJECT (PROJ_NUM, PROJ_NAME, EMP_NUM) EMPLOYEE(EMP_NUM, EMP_LNAME,EMP_FNAME,EMP_INITAL, EMP_HIREDATE, JOB_CODE) JOB (JOB_CODE,, JOB_DESCRIPTION, JOB_CHG_HOUR); ASSIGN((ASSIGN_NUM, ASSIGN_DATE, ASSIGN_HOURS, ASSIGN_CHG_HOURS, ASSIGN_CHARGE, EMP_NUM, PROJ_JUM) 36
- 37. 37
- 38. Denormalization Normalization is one of many database design goals Normalized table requirements Additional processing Loss of system speed 38
- 39. Denormalization Normalization purity is difficult to sustain due to conflict in: Design efficiency Information requirements Processing 39