Nota programming

BASIC PROGRAMMING CONCEPT
LESSON 1
PROGRAM AND PROGRAMMING
PROGRAM
A computer program is a series of organised instructions that directs a
computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computers are useless.
A program is like a recipe. It contains
a list of variables (called ingredients)
and a list of statements (called
directions) that tell the computer
what to do with the variables.
Like a recipe, a program can be
written in different programming
languages which may express the
steps differently according to the
programming language syntax, but
deliver the same end result.
PROGRAMMING
Programming is a creation of a set of
commands or instructions which directs a
computer in carrying out a task.
Later these commands or instructions will
be compiled and/or interpreted and then
transformed to executable instructions that
a computer or electronic device can execute
or run.
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A programming language is a set of words, symbols
and codes that enables humans to communicate
with computers.
It is a language used for writing computer
programs, that direct a computer to perform
computation and to organise the flow of control
between mechanical devices.
EXAMPLES PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Hundreds of programming languages exist today.
Each language has its own standard or rules for
writing the commands and/or instructions.
Examples of programming languages are:
BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code)
Pascal
C
Smalltalk.
EXT : CAREER IN PROGRAMMING
A programmer is someone who writes computer programs. One who adopts
and practices a formal approach to programming is sometimes also referred
to as a programmer analyst, computer scientist, software engineer and
software analyst.
A programmer analyst designs computer programs besides writing them.
A computer scientist is a generic or broad term for a professional with
expertise in computer software.
These different job titles are quite subjective as
different companies may define them differently.
Professional programmers may work in corporate
IT departments, software houses and service
companies.
Sometimes professional programmers work for
consulting companies and their work often takes
them to their client’s workplace.
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LESSON 2
GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides
little or no abstraction from computer’s microprocessor.
A high-level programming language is a programming language that is more
abstract, easier to use, and more portable across platforms.
LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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FIRST GENERATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The first generation of programming
language, or 1GL, is machine language.
Machine language is a set of instructions
and data that a computer's central
processing unit can execute directly.
Machine language statements are written
in binary code, and each statement
corresponds to one machine action.
SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The second generation programming language, or
2GL, is assembly language. Assembly language is the
human-readable notation for the machine language
used to control specific computer operations.
An assembly language programmer writes instructions
using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful
abbreviations or mnemonics.
An assembler is a program that translates assembly
language into machine language.
Since assembly language consist of human-readable
abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into
machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its
instructions.
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THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language
uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language,
to write instructions.
High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and
easier to read, write and maintain.Programs written in a high-level
programming language must be translated into machine language by a
compiler or interpreter.
PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third
generation programming languages.
FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The fourth generation programming language or non-
procedural language, often abbreviated as 4GL,
enables users to access data in a database.
A very high-level programming language is often
referred to as goal-oriented programming language
because it is usually limited to a very specific
application and it might use syntax that is never used
in other programming languages.
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SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming
languages.
FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The fifth generation programming language or visual programming
language, is also known as natural language.
Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming
environment, for creating source codes.
Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers
without needing any specialised knowledge.
People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert
spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand
what they are writing; they simply take dictation.
Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.
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EXT : OPEN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The Open Programming Language (OPL) is
an embedded programming language
found in portable devices that run the
Symbian Operating System.
For example mobile telephones and PDAs.
OPL is an interpreted language that is
analogous to BASIC.
In the early years, before the computer
was invented, there are several inventions
of counting machines.
LESSON 3
PROGRAMING APPROACHES
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING EDUCATION
Structured programming often uses a top-down design model where
developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections
from top to bottom.
In the top-down design model, programs are drawn as rectangles. A top-
down design means that the whole program is broken down into smaller
sections that are known as modules.A program may have a module or
several modules.
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Structured programming is beneficial for organising and coding computer
programs which employ a hierarchy of modules. This means that control is
passed downwards only through the hierarchy.
Examples of structured programming languages include Ada, Pascal and
Fortran.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
The object-oriented approach refers to a special type of programming
approach that combines data with functions to create objects.
In an object-oriented program, the object have relationships with one
another.
One of the earliest OOP languages is
Smalltalk. Java, Visual Basic and C++
are examples of popular OOP
languages.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURED AND OBJECT
ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Structured programming often uses a top-down design model.
The object-oriented programming approach uses objects.
LESSON 4
TRANSLATOR
Sometimes two people cannot understand each other because they don’t
speak the same language. So they need the help of a third person who
understands both languages. This third person is known as a translator.
All software packages or programs are written in high-level languages, for
example, C++, Visual Basic and Java.
However, in order for the computer to be able to carry out the instructions,
the high-level languages must be translated into machine language before
the computer can understand and execute the instructions in the program.
The translation of high level languages to machine language is performed by
a translator.
PROGRAM
Have you ever wondered how your computer runs your favourite software?
Your favourite software is a program that consists of several instructions
that perform its operation.
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A programmer will write a source code which consists of the instructions
needed to run a program. Then the compiler or interpreter with assembler
will translates the source code into machine language which is made of a
sequence of bits (eg. 01100011).
The computer will load the machine code and run the program.
ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language —
essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language — into machine
language.
For example in intel 80836, the assembly language for the ’no operation’
command is NOP and its machine code representation is 10010000.
Example of assemblers are MACRO-80 Assembler and Microsoft MASM.
INTERPRETER
Interpreter is used to interpret and execute
program directly from its source without
compiling it first. The source code of an
interpreted language is interpreted and executed
in real time when the user execute it.
The interpreter will read each codes converts it to
machine code and executes it line by line until the
end of the program.
Examples of interpreter-based language are
BASIC, Logo and Smalltalk.
10

COMPILER
The source code (in text format) will be
converted into machine code which is a
file consisting of binary machine code
that can be executed on a computer. If
the compiler encounters any errors, it
records them in the program-listing
file.
When a user wants to run the program,
the object program is loaded into the
memory of the computer and the
program instructions begin executing.
A compiled code generally runs faster
than programs based on interpreted
language. Several programming
languages like C++, Pascal and COBOL
used compilers as their translators.
LESSON 5
HOW TO INSTALL VISUAL BASIC 6.0
VISUAL BASIC 6.0 INSTALLATION
Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 was designed to be easy to learn and use. The
language not only allows programmers to easily create simple GUI
applications, but also has the flexibility to develop fairly complex applications
as well.
Programming in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a combination of visually
arranging components or controls on a form. Hence a simple program can be
created without the programmer having to write many lines of code.
VISUAL BASIC 6.0 FEATURES
Microsoft Visual Basic is fast and easy with intuitive tools that enable you to
rapidly build your own Windows applications. You can use Microsoft Visual
Basic to develop programs such as games, calculator, phonebook database
and lots more.
The word “ Visual” refers to the technique used to build the Graphical User
Interface (GUI). Visual Basic features an easy “drag and drop” method to
produce an interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) for your program.
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The “Basic” part refers to the BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code) language, a high level programming language develop by
Microsoft.
VISUAL BASIC 6.0 FEATURES
Among the main features of Visual Basic are
drag and drop user interface, data access
features, ActiveX technologies and internet
capabilities. Drag and drop user interface
allows you to instantly create an interactive
user interface for your software without dozens
of codes.
Data access features allow your application to
access information from a database such as a
telephone book program.
ActiveX technologies allow you to make use of the functionality provided by
other applications.
Internet capabilities allow your program to interactively utilise the Internet.
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LESSON 6
BASIC ELEMENT IN PROGRAMMING
5 Basic elements in programming.
1. Constant.
2. Variable.
3. Data Type.
4. Operators.
5. Control Structures.
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
Constants
Constant is a data container that stores information. The value will never
change (remains constant) at any time during the course of a program.
Declare is the official term used in programming to announce to the program
the condition of statement in programming.
Variables
Variable is a data container that stores information. The value inside may
change at any time during the course of a program.
13

DATA TYPES, OPERATOR AND CONTROL
STRUCTURES
14

LESSON 7
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
Constant is a virtual data container that stores information. The value will
never change (remains constant) at any time during the course of a
program.
Variables is a virtual data container that stores information. The value
inside may change at any time during the course of a program.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSTANTS AND
VARIABLES
15

LESSON 8
RIGHTS DATA TYPES
DATA EXAMPLES FOR DIFFERENT DATA TYPES
Data type determines the type
of data a variable can store,
for example a number or a
character. Examples of data
types are integer, double,
string and boolean.
16

DATA EXAMPLES FOR DIFFERENT DATA TYPES
Integer
Integer data type contains any whole number value that does not have any
fractional part.
This is how we declare an integer type constant in Visual Basic statement.
This is how we declare an integer type variable in Visual Basic statement.
Double
Any number value that may and could contain a fractional part.
This is how we declare a double type constant in Visual Basic statement.
This is how we declare a double type variable in Visual Basic statement.
String
Any value that contains a sequence of characters.
This is how we declare string type constant in Visual Basic statement.
This is how we declare string type variable in Visual Basic statement.
17

Boolean
Boolean type consists either a True or False value. Programmers usually use
it to store status.
This is how we declare a boolean type constant in Visual Basic statement.
This is how we declare a boolean type variable in Visual Basic statement.
OTHER DATA TYPES
18

LESSON 9
MATHEMATICAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
MATHEMATICAL, RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL
OPERATORS
Operator is a symbol or notation that tells a computer to perform certain
actions or operations.
An example: the plus (+) notation will tell the computer to perform the
"add" operation.
Let's look at some examples of Mathematical Operators.
19

Let's look at some examples of Relational Operators.
20

Let's look at some examples of Logical Operators.
FUNCTION OF MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
Mathematical operators are notations that tell the
computer to perform mathematical operations.
FUNCTIONS OF RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Relational operators perform comparison between
two elements.
They return an element of logical 1 (True) where the relation is true, and
element of logical 0 (False) where the relation is false.
The diagram shows some common relational operators and their expression.
21

Let’s understand a relational operation with the following examples.
In this expression, A >= B is
used to test if the value of left
expression (A) is greater than
or equal to that of the right
expression (B).
If the conditions are met, then
the program will return a logical
1 and proceed to print "A is
greater than or equal to B" else
it will return a logical 0 and
proceed to print "A is less than
B".
FUNCTIONS OF LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical operators are notations that tell the computer to perform logical
operations.
Examples of Logical operation are: AND, OR, and NOT.
Logical operator compares 2 conditions and returns a TRUE or FALSE value.
22

AND operator
The diagram shows a truth table of AND operator.
Notice that truth value of X AND Y is True ( 1 ) if
only both X and Y are True ( 1 ).
Else it is false ( 0 )
OR operator
The diagram shows a truth table of OR operator.
Notice that truth value of X OR Y is only True ( 1 )
if either X or Y are True ( 1 ) or both X and Y are
true ( 1 )
Else it is false ( 0 )
NOT operator
The diagram shows the truth table of NOT
operator NOT X is the negation of X, it is
essentially the 1's complement operation.
Notice that truth value of NOT X is True
( 1 ) when X is False and vice versa.
23

DIFFERENCES IN MATHEMATICAL AND LOGICAL
OPERATORS
As we have learned, there are some
differences between mathematical,
relational and logical operators.
Function :
Mathematical operators perform mathematical
operations such as plus or substract.
Relational operators perform element-by-element
comparisons between two
arrays.
Logical operators perform logical operations such as
checking the condition of two Boolean values.
24

Symbols :
These operators have their own symbols based on the programming
language.
EQUALITY OPERATORS
The equality determine an operand equal to or
not equal to another operand.
Remember we must use "=" and not "<>" when
testing if two primitive values are equal in
Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
LESSON 10
PSEUDO CODES
Pseudo code is text only sentences that
describe the logic and program flow of a
computer program. Pseudo code
esembles plain English.
It usually does not have any specific
programming language syntax and
grammar.
Pseudo code is directly linked to the
computer codes because each pseudo
code statement can often be converted
into the programming language virtually
line by line.
25

There are no set rules for writing pseudo code.
A programmer can have his or her personalised pseudo code.
He or she must use consistent language and syntax in the pseudo code, so
that he or she can understand it at a later stage.
AN EXAMPLE PROGRAM BASED ON A PSEUDO CODE
EXT : STANDARDS OF GOOD PSEUDO CODE
Pseudo-Code is simply a numbered list of instructions to perform some task.
In this course we will enforce three standards for good pseudo code
Number each instruction. This is to enforce the
notion of an ordered sequence of the operations.
Furthermore we introduce a dot notation (e.g. 3.1
come after 3 but before 4) to number subordinate
operations for conditional and iterative operations
Each instruction should be unambiguous and
effectively computable.
Completeness. Nothing is left out.
Pseudo-code is best understood by looking at examples.
26

Each example below demonstrates one of the control structures used in
algorithms : sequential operations, conditional operations, and
iterative operations.
We also list all variables used at the end of the pseudo-code.
Example:
Computing discount:
Pseudo-code:
Computing the final price of an item
after figuring in discount.
Note the three types of
instructions:
input (request),
process/calculate (=) and
output (print)
LESSON 11
27

FLOW CHART
Let’s identify some of the main elements in the flow chart. We have five
main elements in a flow chart.
Terminator shows the beginning or end
of a program.
Flowline and arrowhead use to connect
symbols and indicate the sequences of
operation.
Input or output shows either an input
operation (e.g. an INPUT from the
user) or an output operation (e.g. PRINT
some messages).
Process shows a process to be carried out
(e.g. calculation).
Decision shows a decision (or choice) to
be made. The program should continue
along one of two routes (e.g. if...else).
A flow chart is a diagram using symbols to show the step-by-step sequence
of procedures in a program. A flow chart describes the logic and program
flow of a computer program graphically.
Example:
A student requests his marks from
the program.
The program will then check whether
his marks is more/equal to 50 or
not.
If the marks are over or equal to 50,
the program will print a
congratulatory message together
with the marks.
If the marks are lower than 50 then
the program will print a motivational
message together with the result.
28

LESSON 12
CONTROL STRUCTURES
Control structure is a structure of statements in programming that allows
the programmer to control the flow of a program.
Control structure can be divided
into sequence, selection and
repetition control structures.
SEQUENCE CONTROL
Sequence control refers to the linear execution of codes within a program. In
sequence control, the statements are executed one by one in consecutive
order.
In sequence control, the statements are
executed one by one in consecutive order.
29

Lets see an example of pseudo code that has sequence control
structure.
This program will request the user’s
date of birth and then request today’s
date, calculate the age and finally will
print the user’s age.
For example, today’s date is 1-JAN-
2006, then the results will be shown as
follows:
Let’s see another example of pseudo code that has sequence control
structure.
The following is the result of the
example.
Lets see the flow chart for a general sequence control
structure.
As we can see, the flow chart for sequence control is very
simple.
It will execute statement 1 followed by statement 2 and any
following statements.
EXAMPLE
30

SELECTION CONTROL
The flow chart represents a program
that will request the user’s date of
birth and then request today’s date,
calculate the age and finally will display
the user’s age.
There are times when you want your program to make a decision based on
the situation given.
For example, a program that stores student’s
marks may respond differently to different
marks.
Or maybe a simple mathematical program will
display its result as odd or even, based on the
result.
Selection control enables the programmer to
assign different events for different situations.
An example of selection control is “If...Then...Else” statement. The basic
pseudo code for “If...Then...Else” statement is as follows.
Let's see a pseudo code
example for the
“If...Then...Else" statement
for a program that will print
“You are too heavy to ride
the toy car” if the student’s
weight is more than or
equal to 50.
Otherwise it will print “You can ride the toy car”
Let's see the flow chart for a similar selection control example.
31

Let's see a program that will
respond differently for different
service hours in a school library.
A student requests her service hours
in a library from the program, the
program will then check whether her
service hours are more than/equal
to 30 or not.
If the service hours are over or
equal to 30, the program will print a
message, “Thank you for your
service”.
If the service hours are lower than
30 then the program will print a
message, “Please continue to serve
in the library”.
Let's write an example of a program that implements sequence
control structure.
This program will declare a constant
pi equal to 3.142. Then the program
declares two variables to be used in
the program (r and volume).
The program will then assign some
value to the r variable.
The program will then calculate the
volume using the formula volume =
(4/3)πr
The program will then display the
volume calculated with a message
box.
32

Now write an example program that implements selection control
structure.
Write a program that will retrieve the
current date from the system.
If today’s date is more than 15 then the
program will display a message box with
the message “We are towards the end of
the month”.
Else the program will print “We are at
the beginning of the month”.
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SELECTION CONTROL
AND SEQUENCE CONTROL
33

EXT : REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURES
Let’s learn about the last control structure which is repetition control
structure. A repetition control structure allows the programmer to specify an
action to be repeated while some condition remains true.
This is a pseudo code of "While" structure.
This program segment will continue its looping until the condition of variable
named product is greater than 3000.
This is a flow chart of a repetition control structure.
34

Nota programming

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