Nucleic Acids
- 1. Nucleic Acids Chemical Composition Elements: C, H, O, N, and P. There are 2 types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
- 2. Monomers nucleotides , which are made up of three parts: (a) Phosphate (phosphoric acid) (b) N-base (Nitrogenous base) (c) Sugar ~ ribose or deoxyribose
- 3. Nitrogenous bases (N-bases) are: A – A denine (2 Rings = Purine base ) G – G uanine C – C ytosine (1 Ring = Pyrimidine base ) T – T hymine U – U racil
- 4. Structure of a Nucleotide These are the monomers of nucleic acids.
- 7. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_subunits_adv.html (Animation of N-bases & DNA)
- 8. Formation Formation of a nucleic acid polymer through dehydration synthesis ( -H 2 0 ). E.g. DNA or RNA A bond forms between the adjoining nucleotides and is assisted by polymer ases . A backbone of S-P-S-P-S- etc. is formed.
- 9. Formation Continued!! Formation of nucleic acid monomers through hydrolysis ( +H 2 0 ). E.g. Nucleotides Bonds between the adjacent nucleotides are destroyed within the nucleic acid polymer.
- 10. Overall equation: Dehydration synthesis (-H 2 O) ( polymer ases ) Nucleotide 1 + Nucleotide 2 nucleic acid + H 2 O (RNA or DNA) Hydrolysis ( + H 2 O)
- 11. Polymers of nucleic acids There are two types of nucleic acid polymers, RNA and DNA
- 12. RNA Structure and Function Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Linear, single strand of nucleotides. Contains the sugar, ribose . N-bases include adenine , uracil , cytosine and guanine . Backbone of sugar-phosphate . 3 types of RNA: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
- 13. *RNA structure: single-strand molecule Note: Backbone consists of alternating P-S-P-S-P- etc…
- 14. *RNA structure: single-strand molecule Note: Backbone consists of alternating P-S-P-S-P- etc…
- 15. RNA Function Helps with protein synthesis by mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
- 17. DNA Structure and Function Found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast. Consists of a double helix or α-helix / alpha helix of nucleotides; (looks like a ‘twisted ladder’). Contains the sugar, deoxyribose ( 1 less oxygen). N-bases include adenine , thymine , cytosine and guanine .
- 18. DNA Structure and Function Complementary base pairing of nucleotides with H-bonds (i.e. Purines always combine with pyrimidines and these matching N-bases are referred to as complementary bases ) e.g. A denine of one strand is always H-bonded to T hymine on the other; G uanine is always paired with C ytosine etc. A – T; T – A; G – C; C – G
- 19. Backbone of sugar-phosphate . http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/teachers/biology/activities.shtml (Link to DNA)
- 20. DNA Structure DNA has the same backbone as RNA, i.e. alternating P-S-P-S…
- 21. http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch09/dna_close-up.html (Animation of DNA structure)
- 22. Functions of DNA Stores genetic information. Maintains growth and repair. Controls all cellular activities. Contains protein codes. Ensures each daughter cell & gamete receives exact genetic information.
- 23. Structural (and functional) Comparison of DNA & RNA Structural (and functional) Comparison of DNA & RNA A , U , G , C A , T , G , C N-bases Ribose Deoxyribose Sugar 1 2 # of strands Linear, single strand Double helix or α - helix Structure/shape RNA DNA
- 24. DNA RNA -Helps with protein synthesis by mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA). -Stores genetic information. -Maintains growth and repair. -Controls all cellular activities. -Contains protein codes. -Ensures each daughter cell & gamete receives exact genetic information. Functions/roles Cytoplasm, nucleus Nucleus & mitochondria Location in cell
- 25. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) A nucleotide with three attached phosphate groups but NOT classified as a nucleic acid! It is the “ energy carrier molecule ” of cells.
- 26. Functions for the cell (ATP) that is… Readily available source of energy for: Building molecules, transport of materials in/out of cells, such as active transport, endo/exocytosis, Na+/K+ pumps, absorption of materials, cell division, movement, and growth and repair of cells. All chemical reactions of cells.
- 27. Structure ATP consists of 3 parts: Adenine base 5-C sugar ribose 3 phosphate groups
- 28. You know the drill…name the parts…
- 29. ATP: Relating the structure to its role as the “energy currency” of cells ATP is like a “ coin/currency ” and when it is required, ATP can be used to provide a readily available source of energy for synthesis of molecules, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, chemical reactions, transport of molecules etc.
- 30. ATP as “energy currency” The high-energy bond of the 3rd phosphate group is broken, i.e. hydrolysis and energy is released for the cell to do work! ATP energy + ADP + phosphate group Note: ATP is broken down and removed at a higher rate when metabolic activity increases.
- 31. Recharging ADP is reusable but requires energy to reattach the third phosphate group to produce another ATP molecule. ADP + Phosphate group + energy ATP
- 35. Identify each of the following chemicals
- 36. And some more
- 37. And some more….
- 38. And finally!!! Yes!! Done!!!