OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency
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The OECD's 2002 best practices for budget transparency emphasize the importance of transparency in governance for better economic and social outcomes. It outlines essential reports that governments should produce, discusses specific disclosures related to fiscal information, and highlights practices for ensuring the integrity of budget reports. These guidelines serve as a reference tool for both member and non-member countries to enhance budget transparency without establishing formal standards.
OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency
- 1. OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency
- 2. © OECD, 2002. © Software: 1987-1996, Acrobat is a trademark of ADOBE. All rights reserved. OECD grants you the right to use one copy of this Program for your personal use only. Unauthorised reproduction, lending, hiring, transmission or distribution of any data or software is prohibited. You must treat the Program and associated materials and any elements thereof like any other copyrighted material. All requests should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD Publications Service, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. © OCDE, 2002. © Logiciel, 1987-1996, Acrobat, marque déposée d’ADOBE. Tous droits du producteur et du propriétaire de ce produit sont réservés. L’OCDE autorise la reproduction d’un seul exemplaire de ce programme pour usage personnel et non commercial uniquement. Sauf autorisation, la duplication, la location, le prêt, l’utilisation de ce produit pour exécution publique sont interdits. Ce programme, les données y afférantes et d’autres éléments doivent donc être traités comme toute autre documentation sur laquelle s’exerce la protection par le droit d’auteur. Les demandes sont à adresser au : Chef du Service des Publications, Service des Publications de l’OCDE, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
- 3. 7 © OECD 2002 OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency Note from the Editors The relationship between good governance and better economic and social outcomes is increasingly acknowledged. Transparency – openness about policy intentions, formulation and implementation – is a key element of good gover- nance. The budget is the single most important policy document of governments, where policy objectives are reconciled and implemented in concrete terms. Budget transparency is defined as the full disclosure of all relevant fiscal information in a timely and systematic manner. OECD Member countries are at the forefront of budget transparency practices. At its 1999 annual meeting, the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials asked the Secretariat to draw together a set of Best Practices in this area based on Member countries’ experiences. The Best Practices are in three parts. Part 1 lists the principal budget reports that governments should produce and their general content. Part 2 describes spe- cific disclosures to be contained in the reports. This includes both financial and non-financial performance information. Part 3 highlights practices for ensuring the quality and integrity of the reports. The Best Practices are designed as a reference tool for Member and non- member countries to use in order to increase the degree of budget transparency in their respective countries. The Best Practices are organised around specific reports for presentational reasons only. It is recognised that different countries will have different reporting regimes and may have different areas of emphasis for transparency. The Best Practices are based on different Member countries’ experi- ences in each area. It should be stressed that the Best Practices are not meant to constitute a formal “standard” for budget transparency.
- 4. OECD Journal on Budgeting 8 © OECD 2002 1. Budget reports 1.1. The budget • The budget is the government’s* key policy document. It should be compre- hensive, encompassing all government revenue and expenditure, so that the necessary trade-offs between different policy options can be assessed. • The government’s draft budget should be submitted to Parliament far enough in advance to allow Parliament to review it properly. In no case should this be less than three months prior to the start of the fiscal year. The budget should be approved by Parliament prior to the start of the fiscal year. • The budget, or related documents, should include a detailed commentary on each revenue and expenditure programme. • Non-financial performance data, including performance targets, should be presented for expenditure programmes where practicable. • The budget should include a medium-term perspective illustrating how revenue and expenditure will develop during, at least, the two years beyond the next fiscal year. Similarly, the current budget proposal should be reconciled with forecasts contained in earlier fiscal reports for the same period; all significant deviations should be explained. • Comparative information on actual revenue and expenditure during the past year and an updated forecast for the current year should be provided for each programme. Similar comparative information should be shown for any non-financial performance data. • If revenue and expenditures are authorised in permanent legislation, the amounts of such revenue and expenditures should nonetheless be shown in the budget for information purposes along with other revenue and expenditure. • Expenditures should be presented in gross terms. Ear-marked revenue and user charges should be clearly accounted for separately. This should be done regardless of whether particular incentive and control systems provide for the retention of some or all of the receipts by the collecting agency. * The Best Practices define “government” in line with the System of National Accounts (SNA). This definition encompasses the non-commercial activities of government. Spe- cifically, the activities of state-owned enterprises are excluded from this definition. Although the SNA definition focuses on general government, i.e. consolidating all levels of government, these Best Practices should be seen to apply to the national government.
- 5. OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency 9 © OECD 2002 • Expenditures should be classified by administrative unit (e.g. ministry, agency). Supplementary information classifying expenditure by economic and functional categories should also be presented. • The economic assumptions underlying the report should be made in accordance with Best Practice 2.1 (below). • The budget should include a discussion of tax expenditures in accordance with Best Practice 2.2 (below). • The budget should contain a comprehensive discussion of the government’s financial assets and liabilities, non-financial assets, employee pension obli- gations and contingent liabilities in accordance with Best Practices 2.3-2.6 (below). 1.2. Pre-budget report • A pre-budget report serves to encourage debate on the budget aggregates and how they interact with the economy. As such, it also serves to create appropriate expectations for the budget itself. It should be released no later than one month prior to the introduction of the budget proposal. • The report should state explicitly the government’s long-term economic and fiscal policy objectives and the government’s economic and fiscal policy intentions for the forthcoming budget and, at least, the following two fiscal years. It should highlight the total level of revenue, expenditure, deficit or surplus, and debt. • The economic assumptions underlying the report should be made in accordance with Best Practice 2.1 (see below). 1.3. Monthly reports • Monthly reports show progress in implementing the budget. They should be released within four weeks of the end of each month. • They should contain the amount of revenue and expenditure in each month and year-to-date. A comparison should be made with the forecast amounts of monthly revenue and expenditure for the same period. Any in-year adjustments to the original forecast should be shown separately. • A brief commentary should accompany the numerical data. If a significant divergence between actual and forecast amounts occurs, an explanation should be made. • Expenditures should be classified by major administrative units (e.g., ministry, agency). Supplementary information classifying expenditure by economic and functional categories should also be presented.
- 6. OECD Journal on Budgeting 10 © OECD 2002 • The reports, or related documents, should also contain information on the government’s borrowing activity (see Best Practice 2.3 below). 1.4. Mid-year report • The mid-year report provides a comprehensive update on the implementa- tion of the budget, including an updated forecast of the budget outcome for the current fiscal year and, at least, the following two fiscal years. The report should be released within six weeks of the end of the mid-year period. • The economic assumptions underlying the budget should be reviewed and the impact of any changes on the budget disclosed (see Best Practice 2.1 below). • The mid-year should contain a comprehensive discussion of the government’s financial assets and liabilities, non-financial assets, employee pension obli- gations and contingent liabilities in accordance with Best Practices 2.3-2.6 (below). • The impact of any other government decisions, or other circumstances, that may have a material effect on the budget should be disclosed. 1.5. Year-end report • The year-end report is the government’s key accountability document. It should be audited by the Supreme Audit Institution, in accordance with Best Practice 3.3 (below) and be released within six months of the end of the fiscal year. • The year-end report shows compliance with the level of revenue and expenditures authorised by Parliament in the budget. Any in-year adjust- ments to the original budget should be shown separately. The presentation format of the year-end report should mirror the presentation format of the budget. • The year-end report, or related documents, should include non-financial performance information, including a comparison of performance targets and actual results achieved where practicable. • Comparative information on the level of revenue and expenditure during the preceding year should also be provided. Similar comparative information should be shown for any non-financial performance data. • Expenditure should be presented in gross terms. Ear-marked revenue and user charges should be clearly accounted for separately.
- 7. OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency 11 © OECD 2002 • Expenditure should be classified by administrative unit (e.g. ministry, agency). Supplementary information classifying expenditure by economic and functional categories should also be presented. • The year-end report should contain a comprehensive discussion of the gov- ernment’s financial assets and financial liabilities, non-financial assets, employee pension obligations and contingent liabilities in accordance with Best Practices 2.3-2.6 (below). 1.6. Pre-election report • A pre-election report serves to illuminate the general state of government finances immediately before an election. This fosters a more informed electorate and serves to stimulate public debate. • The feasibility of producing this report may depend on constitutional provi- sions and electoral practices. Optimally, it should be released no later than two weeks prior to elections. • The report should contain the same information as the mid-year report. • Special care needs to be taken to assure the integrity of such reports, in accordance with Best Practice 3.2 (below). 1.7. Long-term report • The long-term report assesses the long-term sustainability of current govern- ment policies. It should be released at least every five years, or when major changes are made in substantive revenue or expenditure programmes. • The report should assess the budgetary implications of demographic change, such as population ageing and other potential developments over the long-term (10-40 years). • All key assumptions underlying the projections contained in the report should be made explicit and a range of plausible scenarios presented. 2. Specific disclosures 2.1. Economic assumptions • Deviations from the forecast of the key economic assumptions underlying the budget are the government’s key fiscal risk. • All key economic assumptions should be disclosed explicitly. This includes the forecast for GDP growth, the composition of GDP growth, the rate of employment and unemployment, the current account, inflation and interest rates (monetary policy).
- 8. OECD Journal on Budgeting 12 © OECD 2002 • A sensitivity analysis should be made of what impact changes in the key economic assumptions would have on the budget. 2.2. Tax expenditures • Tax expenditures are the estimated costs to the tax revenue of preferential treatment for specific activities. • The estimated cost of key tax expenditures should be disclosed as supple- mentary information in the budget. To the extent practicable, a discussion of tax expenditures for specific functional areas should be incorporated into the discussion of general expenditures for those areas in order to inform budgetary choices. 2.3. Financial liabilities and financial assets • All financial liabilities and financial assets should be disclosed in the budget, the mid-year report, and the year-end report. Monthly borrowing activity should be disclosed in the monthly reports, or related documents. • Borrowings should be classified by the currency denomination of the debt, the maturity profile of the debt, whether the debt carries a fixed or variable rate of interest, and whether it is callable. • Financial assets should be classified by major type, including cash, market- able securities, investments in enterprises and loans advanced to other entities. Investments in enterprises should be listed individually. Loans advanced to other entities should be listed by major category reflecting their nature; historical information on defaults for each category should be disclosed where available. Financial assets should be valued at market value. • Debt management instruments, such as forward contracts and swaps, should be disclosed. • In the budget, a sensitivity analysis should be made showing what impact changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates would have on financing costs. 2.4. Non-financial assets • Non-financial assets, including real property and equipment, should be disclosed. • Non-financial assets will be recognised under full accrual-based accounting and budgeting. This will require the valuation of such assets and the selec-
- 9. OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency 13 © OECD 2002 tion of appropriate depreciation schedules. The valuation and depreciation methods should be fully disclosed. • Where full accrual basis is not adopted, a register of assets should be main- tained and summary information from this register provided in the budget, the mid-year report and the year-end report. 2.5. Employee pension obligations • Employee pension obligations should be disclosed in the budget, the mid- year report and the year-end report. Employee pension obligations are the difference between accrued benefits arising from past service and the contributions that the government has made towards those benefits. • Key actuarial assumptions underlying the calculation of employee pension obligations should be disclosed. Any assets belonging to employee pension plans should be valued at market value. 2.6. Contingent liabilities • Contingent liabilities are liabilities whose budgetary impact is dependent on future events which may or may not occur. Common examples include government loan guarantees, government insurance programmes, and legal claims against the government. • All significant contingent liabilities should be disclosed in the budget, the mid-year report and the annual financial statements. • Where feasible, the total amount of contingent liabilities should be dis- closed and classified by major category reflecting their nature; historical information on defaults for each category should be disclosed where avail- able. In cases where contingent liabilities cannot be quantified, they should be listed and described. 3. Integrity, control and accountability 3.1. Accounting policies • A summary of relevant accounting policies should accompany all reports. These should describe the basis of accounting applied (e.g. cash, accrual) in preparing the reports and disclose any deviations from generally accepted accounting practices. • The same accounting policies should be used for all fiscal reports. • If a change in accounting policies is required, then the nature of the change and the reasons for the change should be fully disclosed. Information for
- 10. OECD Journal on Budgeting 14 © OECD 2002 previous reporting periods should be adjusted, as practicable, to allow comparisons to be made between reporting periods. 3.2. Systems and responsibility • A dynamic system of internal financial controls, including internal audit, should be in place to assure the integrity of information provided in the reports. • Each report should contain a statement of responsibility by the finance minister and the senior official responsible for producing the report. The minister certifies that all government decisions with a fiscal impact have been included in the report. The senior official certifies that the Finance Ministry has used its best professional judgement in producing the report. 3.3. Audit • The year-end report should be audited by the Supreme Audit Institution in accordance with generally accepted auditing practices. • Audit reports prepared by the Supreme Audit Institution should be scrutinised by Parliament. 3.4. Public and parliamentary scrutiny • Parliament should have the opportunity and the resources to effectively examine any fiscal report that it deems necessary. • All fiscal reports referred to in these Best Practices should be made pub- licly available. This includes the availability of all reports free of charge on the Internet. • The Finance Ministry should actively promote an understanding of the budget process by individual citizens and non-governmental organisations.