OML751 Testing of Materials_UNIT I _Anna University
- 2. UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS TESTING Overview of materials, Classification of material testing, Purpose of testing, Selection of material, Development of testing, Testing organizations and its committee, Testing standards, Result Analysis, Advantages of testing.
- 3. What is Material Testing? • It is the measurement of the characteristics and behaviour of substances such as metals, ceramics, or plastics under various conditions. • The data thus obtained can be used in specifying the suitability of materials for various applications. e.g., building or aircraft construction, machinery, or packaging. • The five Categories of Material Testing are ✓Testing for Mechanical properties ✓Testing for thermal properties ✓Testing for electrical properties ✓Testing for resistance to corrosion, radiation, and biological deterioration ✓Nondestructive testing
- 4. Materials • Materials can be classified into four main groups
- 5. Metals • Opaque, Lustrous elements. • Good conductors of heat and electricity. • Malleable and Ductile. • Have high melting points and boiling points • Consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern – Metallic Bonding. • Microstructure – Crystal Grains. • Used in Transportation, Aerospace, Food Processing and preservation, household appliances, etc…
- 6. Ceramics • A material that is neither metallic nor organic. • Crystalline, glassy or both crystalline and glassy. • Typically, hard and chemically non-reactive and can be formed or densified with heat. • Clay, bricks, tiles, glass, and cement are probably the best-known examples. • Applications - Electronics because, depending on their composition, they may be semiconducting, superconducting, ferroelectric, or an insulator. • Bonding - Ionic and Covalent bonding • Microstructure – Crystal Grains or Amorpous
- 7. Polymers • materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules. • have unique properties, depending on the type of molecules being bonded and how they are bonded. • Some polymers bend and stretch, like rubber and polyester. Others are hard and tough, like epoxies and glass. • Bonding – Covalent and Secondary bonding. • Microstructure – Chain Molecules.
- 8. Composites • A combination of two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. • Two main components within a composite are the matrix and fiber. The matrix is the base material while the fiber is what reinforces the material. • Various bonding. • Microstructure – Matrix and Fiber.
- 9. Bonding in Solids Primary Ionic Covalent Metallic Secondary Van der Waals force Hydrogen
- 11. Types of Testing
- 12. Purpose of Testing • To determine the quality of the material. • To determine mechanical properties such as hardness, strength, ductility, etc. • To trace defects in the materials • To evaluate material’s potential in certain use.
- 13. Selection of Materials • Steps to be considered for selection of materials • Identify the design requirements • Identify materials selection criteria • Identify candidate materials • Evaluate candidate materials • Select materials • Failure Analysis • Service Experience
- 14. Failure Analysis
- 15. Selection of Materials • Factors affecting selection of Materials • Performance • Mechanical Properties • Wear of Materials • Corrosion • Ability to Manufacture • Cost • Reliability and Environmental Resistance • Reducibility
- 16. Testing organizations and its committee American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) It is a not-for-profit professional association that provides test method development, quality control materials, educational development, and networking for textile and apparel professionals throughout the world. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) It is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) It is an American professional association seeking to advance heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems design and construction.
- 17. Testing organizations and its committee ASTM International American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing It is owned by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Its competences are to improve safety in technology and chemistry through research and development, testing, analysis, approvals, advice and information. Cooper Research Technology It is a British manufacturer of high-performance civil engineering materials testing equipment.
- 18. Testing organizations and its committee Electrostatic Discharge Association It is dedicated in advancing the theory and practice of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) avoidance. Instron It is a manufacturer of test equipment designed to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials and components, such as universal testing machines. International Committee for Non Destructive Testing ICNDT is a non-profit organisation devoted to the international development of the science and practice of Non-Destructive Testing in conjunction with individual NDT Societies and recognised continental groupings of NDT Societies. The ICNDT is registered as a legalised Association with its seat in Vienna, Austria.
- 19. Testing organizations and its committee International Organization for Standardization (ISO) It is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. MTS Systems Corporation It is a global supplier of test systems and industrial position sensors. The company provides test and measurement solutions to determine the performance and reliability of vehicles, aircraft, civil structures, biomedical materials and devices and raw materials. Nadcap The National Aerospace and Defence Contractors Accreditation Program is a global cooperative accreditation program for aerospace engineering, defense and related industries. National Physical Laboratory NPL is the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom.
- 20. Testing organizations and its committee Zwick Roell Group It is a manufacturer of static testing machines and systems for materials and components testing. They manufacture products which are used to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties and performance of materials and components. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) It is a US based, globally active professional association and standards developing organization for engineering professionals in various industries. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) It is an American professional association that, promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe via continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach.
- 21. Material Testing Standards • Material Testing Standards provide a unified reference for test methods, equipment, and industry- specific usage scenarios and specifications for a wide array of materials and test environments. • Ranging from medical devices that are implanted within a patient's body, to key mechanical components relied upon by planes and automobiles, these standards provide vital information and instructions on how to attain it for many different industries. • https://www.astm.org/Standards/physical-and-mechanical-testing-standards.html
- 22. Development of Testing Development ofTesting Identify the Need & Define the Problem Research the Problem Imagine Possible Solutions Evaluate the Alternatives Create a Prototype Test and Evaluate the Prototype Improve and Redesign as needed
- 23. Result Analysis ➢Material analysis evaluates material quality and provide the necessary insight to improve performance & resolve failure issues. ➢Materials such as polymers, plastics, composites, metals, alloys, ceramics, paper and board have diverse properties that impact performance. An understanding of the material’s properties, therefore, is essential to determine if your material or product is suitable for its intended use or to understand and rectify a failure.
- 24. Presentation of Result Statement of Problems Materials, Methods & Procedures used during Testing Result Analysis Summary, Conclusion and Discussion Appendices to support findings
- 25. Advantages of testing • Materials testing helps us to understand and quantify whether a specific material or treatment is suitable for a particular application. • With the wide variety of materials and treatments available in the marketplace, testing can help narrow down the choices to the most appropriate selection for the intended use. • Materials Testing can provide a wealth of information about the tested materials, prototypes or product samples. • The data collected during testing and the final test results can be very useful to engineers, designers, production managers and others. • Evaluating product design or improvement specifications
- 26. Testing: - Provides data regarding the properties of a material. - Provides information about the quality of the material. Inspection: -Observing the material to determine the presence of specific property. - It controls the quality of materials by establishing criterias for acceptance or rejection.