One Health Approach to Solve Complex Problems and Improve Livelihoods at theHuman-Livestock-Wildlife Interface

Editor's Notes

• #4: Zoonotic pathogens, such as influenza and SARS, account for the majority of emerging infectious diseases in people [Taylor et al., Phil Trans Royal Society, 2001].More than three quarters of emerging zoonoses are the result of wildlife-origin pathogens [Jones et al., Nature, 2008].4. Wittermyer et al. [Science, 2008] found that average annual population growth rates were higher in buffers to protected areas than in rural areas of the same country in Africa and Latin America. Protected areas provide some of the last supplies of ecosystem goods and services for expanding human populations, including firewood, bush meat, clean water, medicinal plants, and areas of safety during civil strife.
• #12: The consequences of change are far reaching. Increased livestock-horticulture conflict, as scarce water resources affect land management decisionsIncreased grazing pressure as more cattle are packed into smaller areas with remaining water, also overgrazing has led to increased incursions into the wildlife protected areas by cattle to gain access to better grazing and waterIncreased wildlife conflicts, especially with elephants coming through farms seeking access to waterConcentration of wildlife at few waterholes has led some to poison those water holes for bushmeatLost potential tourism revenues as habitat degraded and wildlife become scarce; areas of water scarcity are the same areas where wildlife viewing is popular. Decreased water causes water stress and forces all to share low quality sourcesIn 2006 power shortages resulted after both reserviors fed by the GRR were too low to generate hydropower, turning an ecosystem level crisis into a national economic issue. Water stress, poor forage can all result in increased vulnerability of livestock and wildlife to disease
• #15: SE Goals:What are the impacts of water limitation and disease on Maasai, Barabaig and Sukuma household economies? How are these impacts distributed across different socioeconomic groups? What are the economic impacts of disease and water scarcity on other economic sectors in the region? What are the attitudes, perceptions, and practices of pastoralists and agropastoralists in regards to disease, disease management and livestock/wildlife extension?
• #22: One pathogen of particular interest is bovine TB (comment on Claire’s talk). In the Southern Highlands region 13% of cattle tested between 1994-1997 reacted to M.bovis using the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, with 51% of herds containing at least one reactor. (Kazwala 2001). The highest reactor prevalence in cattle was reported in the hot, dry, lowland areas closer to Ruaha NP. Reactor prevalence of 80% has been reported in a sample of cattle from Usangu. Therefore, recent movement of Usangu cattle out of one area may disperse these highly infected herds. TB reduces market value for any livestock sold. Additionally, BTB is zoonotic and traditional practices of pastoralists such as drinking fresh milk and milk products, eating undercooked meat and living in close proximity with cattle may increase their risk of exposure. On the wildlife side, buffalo populations have declined sharply in RNP. Although water limits may be playing a major role, other causes have not been investigated. In fact it is not known whether wildlife in RNP have ever been exposed to BTB, and given its high ungulate diversity and the existence of both large kudu and buffalo populations, known reserviors in S. Africa, the question is urgent.
• #24: Kaz – these are the spoligotype patterns for 3 of 4 HALI samples (there is no pattern for the 2nd impala?). Also patterns from HarrisonsCows. If you want can use this to show point: BTB bacteria isolated from infected wildlife and livestock share a similar molecular pattern, supporting the hypothesis that disease transmission between livestock and wildlife has occurred.