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hnjbwhnjbwhnjbwhnjbwhnjbw
`mjm-hn-I-kw tmwtNm-kvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmwtNm-kvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmwtNm-kvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmwtNm-kvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmwtNm-kvIn-bpsS A`n-{]m]m]m]m]mbwbwbwbwbw
{ioP.-‰n.-Fkv
ae-bmfw
16814350015

temIw I≠ AkwJyw `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄-cn¬ ssk≤m-¥nI ]pXp-a-sIm≠v
ap≥ nc-bn¬ n¬°p∂ imkv{X-hn-Z-Kv[-mWv tNmwkvIn. At±-l-Øns‚ kn≤m-
¥-a-p-k-cn®v `mj, ]Tn-Xmhv kzbw n¿Ωn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS
{]mKvcq]w ΩpsS akvXn-jvI-Øn-ep-≠v.-AXv D]-tbm-Kn®v `mj n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°mpw
Adnhv B¿÷n-°m-p-amWv Ip´nsb {]m]vX-m-t°-≠-Xv. Adnhv F∂Xv tIhew
hnhcw F∂¿∞-Øn-e√ hn⁄mw F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv ChnsS hnh£n-®n-´p-≈-
Xv. arK-ß-fpsS tNjvS-hy-Xn-bm--ß-fp-ambn `mjm ]T-sØ Xpew sNøp-∂Xv
icn-b-s√∂pw AXn-t-°mƒ D¬Ir-jvS-amb H∂mWv ap-jys‚ `mjm ]T--sa∂pw
tNmwkvIn ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.
BapJwBapJwBapJwBapJwBapJw

Pohn-X-N-cn{XwPohn-X-N-cn{XwPohn-X-N-cn{XwPohn-X-N-cn{XwPohn-X-N-cn{Xw
1928 Unkw-_¿ 7 v s]≥kn¬ hmn-b-bnse ^nem-sU¬^n-b-bn¬ Pn-®p.1955¬
s]≥kn¬hm-nb k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ n∂pw `mjm-im-kv{X-Øn¬ tUmIvS-td‰v tSn. akm-
®p-sk‰vkv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v sSIvtm-f-Pn-bnse s{]m^k-dm-bn-cp∂ tNmwkvIn e≠≥, Nn°m-
tKm, U¬ln, s]≥kn¬ hmn-b, tPm¿÷v Su¨, XpS-ßnb {]ikvX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-
fn¬ n∂pw _lp-aXn _ncp-Z-ßƒ tSn. `mjmhn-I-k--Øn-s‚bpw XXz-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw
hn`n-∂-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ AkwJyw Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. `mjm-im-kv{X-Ønse
qX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ al-Ømb {KŸ-ßƒ At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-´p-≠v.
2005¬ tNmwkvIn tIc-f-Øn¬ {]`m-j-W-ßƒ S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn
Ipń-bpsS `mjm-hn-I-k-sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ AkwJyw kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ne-hn-
ep-s≠-¶nepw tmw tNmkvIn (1965)bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv Ch-bn¬ ns∂ms° th¿Xn-cn-™p-
n¬°p-∂p. `mjm-hn-I-k--Øns‚ km¿∆-eu-In-I-amb {Iam-p-K-X-L-´-ß-sf-bmWv CXv
{]Xn-n-[mw sNøp-∂-Xv.
`mjm-hn-I-kw tmw tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmw tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmw tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmw tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n-{`mjm-hn-I-kw tmw tNmwkvIn-bpsS A`n-{]m]m]m]m]mbwbwbwbwbw
tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ImX-emb Awiw Ipń `mj-bpsS BZn kv^pc-
W-ß-fp-ambn Pn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv CXnv tNmwkvIn sImSpØn-cn-°p∂ hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv
`mjm-kzmw-io-I-cW D]-I-cW (Language aquisition desire) P∑-kn-≤-am-bn-Xs∂ Hmtcm
Ipńbv°pw amXr-`mj cq]-s∏-Sp-Ømpw a-kn-em-°mpw ]cym-]vX-amb cq]-Øn-emWv
akvXnjvIw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. apºv ]cn-N-b-an-√mØ `mj-t]mepw Ipń kzmb-Ø-
am-°p∂ `mjm-]-c-amb kn≤nsb tNmwkvIn hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv `mjm kzmwio-I-cW
D]-I-c-W-sa∂ ssk≤m-¥nI amXrI (model) D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
`mjm-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm k¶¬∏-ßƒ`mjm-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm k¶¬∏-ßƒ`mjm-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm k¶¬∏-ßƒ`mjm-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm k¶¬∏-ßƒ`mjm-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm k¶¬∏-ßƒ
]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw (Transformational Grammer)
Hcp `mjm tIƒ°p-tºmƒ Ipń AXnse hymI-cW LS-sb A]-{K-Yn-°p-Itbm
Hm¿Ω-bn¬ kq£n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. AXnse hm°p-I-tfm, ssien-Itfm H∂pw Xs∂
A]-{K-Yn®v kq£n-°p-∂n-√. ]Icw `mj-bn¬ tI´ hmN-I-Øns‚ A¿∞hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ Hcp cq]-Øn-te°v mw AXv ]cn-W-an-∏n-°pI am{X-amWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcp hmN-I-Øns‚
A¿∞sØ B hmNIw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ {]tXyI hm°p-I-fn-te°v am‰p∂ {]{Io-
b-bmWv ]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw F∂v tNmwkvIn ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu Ignhv Hmtcm hy‡n-
bnepw P∑-kn-≤-am-sW∂pw At±lw Du∂n∏-d-bp-∂p. A¥¿eo--amb Cu kn≤n-sIm≠v
am{X-amWv AkwJyw A¿≤-]q¿Æ-ß-fmb hmN-I-ßƒ n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ ap°v Ign-bp-∂-
sX∂pw At±lw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
`mjbpsS D]-cn-X-e-L-S`mjbpsS D]-cn-X-e-L-S`mjbpsS D]-cn-X-e-L-S`mjbpsS D]-cn-X-e-L-S`mjbpsS D]-cn-X-e-L-S (surface structure)
{]Xo-I-ß-fmb A£-c-ßfpw A£-c-ßƒ tN¿∂v hm°p-Ifpw hm°p-Iƒ
tN¿∂v hmN-I-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv `mj-bpsS s]mXphmb LS-. Hcp hmN-I-Øn¬
D]-tbm-Kn-®ncn°p∂ bYm¿∞-amb hm°p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw AS-ßn-b-XmWv `mj-bpsS
D]-cn-XeLS
`m-j-bpsS AKm-[-L-S`m-j-bpsS AKm-[-L-S`m-j-bpsS AKm-[-L-S`m-j-bpsS AKm-[-L-S`m-j-bpsS AKm-[-L-S (Deep structure )
hmN-I-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ°pw ssien-Iƒ°p-a-∏pdw Bg-ta-dnb
Hc¿∞-Xew Hcp hmN-I-Øn-p-≠v. `mj-bpsS Cu B¥-cnI A¿∞-X-e-sØ-bmWv tNmwkvIn
AKm-[-L-S F∂ hm°p-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv.
.....

Htc D]cn-X-e-L-S--bp≈ hmN-I-Ønv hyXykvX AKm-[-L-S-bpw Xncn®pw D≠m-
°m-sa∂v tNmwkvIn ka¿≤n-°p-∂p. `mjm-hn-I-k--Øn¬ BZy-hm-N-I-Øns‚ A¿∞w
Is≠-Ømpw c≠pw aq∂pw hmN-I-ß-fpsS GIm¿∞w {Kln-°m-p-ap≈ Ipń-bpsS Ignhv
]cn-Wmtam∑pJ hymI-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm--am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXmWv tNmwkvIn-bpsS `mjm
kzmwio-I-cW D]-I-c-W-sa∂ hnh-£-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. `mj-bpsS AKm[ LS-
sb D]cn-XeL-S--bm°n ]cn-W-an-°m-p≈ hymIc-W-n-baw Ipń-bn¬ P∑-m-Xs∂
IpSn-sIm≈p∂p-sh∂v At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. `mjm-]-c-amb Nne {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
sIm≠mWv CXv kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v At±lw Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v hnhn-[-ß-fmb
`mj-Iƒ°v km¿∆eu-In-I-amb LS--bm-Wp-≈-Xv.
km¿∆-eu-InI hymI-c-W-amWv Ipńsb P--tijw GXp `mj thW-sa-¶nepw kzmb-
Ø-am-°p-hm≥ {]m]vX-m-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn tIc-fo-b-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v tIc-f-Øn¬
Pn® Hcp Ipń P--tijw Cw•-≠n¬ hf-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ GsXmcp Cw•ojv Ipńbpw
kwkm-cn-°p∂ Hgp-t°msS kwkm-cn°pw. ]cn-Wm-tam-∑pJ hymI-cWw `mjm-kzmw-io-I-c-
WsØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp a-imkv{X ssk≤m-¥nI amXr-I-b-√.
tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥sØ km[q-I-cn-°p-∂ Hcp-]mSv `mjm-]-c-amb ssPh-im-kv{X-
L-S-I-ß-fp-≠v. _[n-c-mb Ipń kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-∂Xv tIƒhn-bp≈ Ipń kwkm-
cn-°p∂ AtX ka-b-Øp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]cn-]-Iz--Øns‚ kzm[o--amWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
akvXn-jvI-hpw, kwkm-c-Øn-pw, tIƒhn°pw klm-bn-°p∂ Ah-b-h-ß-sfms° hmNnI
Bi-b-hn-n-a-b-Øn-mbn {]tXyIw cq]-I¬∏--sNbvX t]mse-bm-Wv.
`mjm-hn-I-kw B¥-cn-I-ambn n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ hmZw Nne DZm-l-c-
W-ß-fn-eqsS km[q-I-cn-°mw. _[n-c-cmb Ipń-Iƒ BwKy-`m-j-bpsS hymI-cWw kzb-
tah kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v BwKy`mj Adn-bp-I-bp-an-√. Kth-
j-W-ßƒ Cu hkvXpX km[q-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

D]-kw-lmcwD]-kw-lmcwD]-kw-lmcwD]-kw-lmcwD]-kw-lmcw
`mjm-im-kv{X⁄-cn¬ ssk≤m-¥nI ]pXpa sIm≠v ap≥n-c-bn¬ n¬°p∂
im-kv{Xhn-Z-Kv[-mWv tNmwkvIn. 1928 Unkw-_¿ 7 v s]≥kn¬hm-en-b-bnse ^nem-sU¬^n-
bm-bn¬ Pn-®p. Ip´n-bpsS `mjm-hn-I-k-sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ Akw-Jyw kn≤m-¥-ßƒ
ne-hn-ep-s≠-¶nepw tmtNm-kvIn-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSv Ch-bn¬ ns∂ms° th¿Xn-cn-™p-
n¬°p-∂p.tNmwkvIn-bpsS kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ImX-emb Awiw Ip´n-`m-j-bpsS BZn-kv^p-
c-W-ß-fp-ambn Pn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. kwkm-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°p-hm-p≈ Ignhv
F∂ ne-bn-emWv `mjsb mw hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. a- n¬ `mjm-L-S-I-sa∂ th¿Xn-cn-s®-
Sp-°m-hp∂ Hcp LS-I-ap-s≠∂pw AXn-p-hy-‡-amb KpW-ßfpw LS-bpw hyh-ÿ-bp-ap-
s≠∂pw tNmwkvIn Ak-∂n-Kv[-ambn {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.
klm-b-I-{KŸßƒklm-b-I-{KŸßƒklm-b-I-{KŸßƒklm-b-I-{KŸßƒklm-b-I-{KŸßƒ
1. kn.-Fw. _nµp, amXr-`m-j-t_m-[-w, kvtIm¿∏ntbm ]ªn-tjgvkv & Unkv{Sn-_yq-t´gvkv
Imen-°‰v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n
2. Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (2002) hnZym-`ymk ]cn-h¿Ø--Ønv Hcm-apJw (3˛mw ]Xn-∏v)
tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv Xr»q¿˛4
3. s{]m^.-F-cp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈ hnZym-`ym-k-a--imkv{Xw (1992) mj-W¬ _p°v
Ãmƒ tIm´bw

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