Open Data in Archaeology, Julian D. Richards
2 likes2,353 views
The document discusses the importance and challenges of open data in archaeology, emphasizing the need for accessible, freely available data for research and public benefit. It outlines various national digital research infrastructures, including the Archaeology Data Service, which aids in the democratization of knowledge while addressing issues such as privacy and data management. The text also highlights international collaboration and the ongoing push for integrating archaeological datasets to enhance research and foster data-sharing practices.
Open Data in Archaeology, Julian D. Richards
- 1. Open Data in Archaeology Prof Julian Richards Director, Archaeology Data Service University of York
- 2. Open Data • Open data is the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control (Wikipedia, 9 June 2013) • Open data tradition and archaeology
- 3. Outline • Open Data • National digital research data infrastructures – The Archaeology Data Service case study – Developments in other countries • Interoperability and transnational research infrastructures – ARIADNE
- 4. Open Data • Related to Open Access movement for publications • Data.gov & Data.gov.uk • "A piece of data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike
- 5. Linked Open Data Cloud
- 6. Linked Open Data in Archaeology
- 7. Open Data in Science • The concept of open access to scientific data was institutionally established in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957-8. The International Council of Scientific Unions established several World Data Centers to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility, further recommending in 1955 that data be made available in machine-readable form. • Therefore, Open-science-data movement long predates the Internet, but publishing or obtaining data has become much less expensive and time-consuming. • 2004, the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Science Ministers - all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available. • 13 June 2013 – European parliament ratifies new rules on Open Data - includes cultural heritage data
- 8. Open Data in Archaeology: Pros • “Past belongs to everyone” – democratisation of knowledge • Accelerated pace of new knowledge • Economic benefit of Open Data • Public benefit of Open Data – Community engagement in heritage e.g. Finds.org.uk; Europeana; – Justification of taxpayer investment
- 9. Open Data in Archaeology: Challenges • Privacy issues – site location; indigenous peoples; personal data • Misuse of data • Funding of data management & data infrastructures • Importance of provenance • Legitimate concerns of information providers
- 10. Outline • Open Data • National digital research data infrastructures – The Archaeology Data Service case study – Developments in other countries • Interoperability and transnational research infrastructures – ARIADNE
- 11. UK: Archaeology Data Service • Founded 1996, University of York • 17 staff • Collections – 1,100,000 metadata records – 20,000+ unpublished fieldwork reports – 700+ rich archives • Guides to Good Practice • DPC Decennial Award 2012
- 18. British Archaeological Awards 2008 Best Archaeological Innovation
- 23. http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk • Free at point of use • No login/password required • Copyright and Liability statements • Access & Use Conditions • Rights asserted frequently • IPR challenge for first use Open Access?
- 24. http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk http://archaeologydataservic • Non-exclusive licence to distribute • Use for ‘research, learning and teaching’ – and research includes commercial re-use • Ownership remains with creators • Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) IPR Regime
- 25. 24/06/2013 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk The alternative proposed in 1996 was far worse – written permission from each user!
- 27. http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk Year on year usage 1997-2011 0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
- 34. 24/06/2013 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk Develop and refine a range of methods to measure the costs, benefits, economic impacts and value of the ADS The Impact of the ADS Project: a study and methods of enhancing sustainability
- 35. Investment Return over 30 years? Increase in returns on investment in data and related infrastructure arising from additional use facilitated by ADS ADS Value/Impact Analysis £1 investment provides up to £8.30 return
- 36. Outline • Open Data • National digital research data infrastructures – The Archaeology Data Service case study – Developments in other countries • Interoperability and transnational research infrastructures – ARIADNE
- 37. National Digital Research Infrastructures
- 38. Netherlands: eDNA • 2004-6 pilot study – DANS & Leiden University • 2007 eDNA • 2 members of staff, plus DANS infrastructure • 2011 – 17,000 fieldwork reports
- 39. Sweden: SND • Swedish National Data Service, University of Gothenburg • 2012 first archaeological archives, in collaboration with Uppsala University – GIS files, Östergötland • Swedish Rock Art archives
- 40. Germany: IANUS • 2012 – DAI scoping project • Initial staff of two
- 41. United States: Open Context • Alexandria Archive Institute • 2007+ • 2 staff members • Primarily data publication tool • California Digital Library provides long term preservation
- 42. United States: tDAR • 2009+ • Mellon start-up grant • Based Arizona State University • Digital Antiquity consortium • 4+ staff members
- 43. Canada: Sustainable Archaeology • 2010+ • Western & McMaster universities • c.3 staff members • Funded by Canadian Foundation for Innovation / Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation • Physical and digital infrastructure
- 44. Australia: FAIMS • Federated Archaeological Information Management System • 2012+ • University of New South Wales • Funded by Australian government NECTAR programme • Mobile apps • Using instance of tDAR as repository infrastructure
- 45. Outline • Open Data • National digital research data infrastructures – The Archaeology Data Service case study – Developments in other countries • Interoperability and transnational research infrastructures – ARIADNE
- 46. Interoperability & Data Integration Hansen, H.J., 1992 'European archaeological databases: problems and prospects', in J. Andresen et al. (eds) Computing the Past. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Aarhus. 229-37.
- 47. ARENA: Archaeological Records of Europe: Networked Access.
- 49. ARENA 2002-4 • Culture 2000 programme • Six European partners • Portal and exemplar archives • Z39.50 & OAI technology
- 50. 24/06/2013 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk Z39.50 & OAI Search Set When Query Set What Query Where Query Optional Search Map
- 53. DARIAH: ARENA2 2009-10 Technical demonstrator Web services architecture
- 54. What: When: Where search
- 55. ADS: DANS: CIMEC
- 57. FASTIONLINE • Established 2000 • AIAC/ LP Archaeology • Database of excavations for classical archaeology • 12,000 excavation reports
- 58. arachne • DAI central object database • 300,000 images • Metadata mapped to CIDOC-CRM
- 59. PELAGIOS Classical Archaeology : Open Linked Data
- 60. ARIADNE
- 61. What is ARIADNE • ARIADNE is a EU-funded project aimed at integrating the European Research Infrastructures on archaeological datasets • Its overall goal is to overcome the fragmentation of archaeological data repositories and to foster a culture of data sharing and re-using • ARIADNE is managed by a partnership joining the excellence of European archaeology and technology, and is open to the collaboration of researchers, professionals and institutions from anywhere in Europe and abroad
- 62. The ARIADNE partnership • 24 partners • 16 countries • Coordination – PIN – UoY-ADS
- 63. Why ARIADNE Percentage of archaeological projects in dataset size groups “Average” size of project datasets The “data deluge”
- 64. Why ARIADNE Willingness to share, use and re-use •400,000 downloads from the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) repository of ”grey” literature (unpublished archaeological reports) in 6 years (5,500/month) •45,000 downloads from ADS in three months in 2010 (15,000/month) •94% of respondents to a SAA survey state they would use electronic data more, if they were accessible •ARACHNE visits: 82,000 in 2010, 140,000 in 2011 • Open Access for Science initiative
- 65. Why ARIADNE Need for integration • Research questions go beyond academic or administrative borders • Integrate datasets overlapping in scope • Access unpublished information ADS: 20.000 grey literature reports 1.100.000 records Arachne: 500.000+ images 250.000 objects GALLICA: several thousand reports SIGECweb: 270.000 records (archaeology) FASTI online: 12.000 reports DANS: 20,000 grey literature reports
- 66. How to achieve integration Data sharing requires: •Suitability of someone else’s data •Interoperability of datasets •Trust in data collected by others •Guarantee of data “provenance” •Suitable licensing agreements •Suitable repositories
- 67. Looking to the future • 50% of all journals now require data to be deposited in an archive • Need a new metaphor for publication • Blurring of publication and other forms of dissemination • Data management not for its own sake – no preservation without re-use
- 68. 24/06/2013 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk 68 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/ Follow us on Twitter: @ADS_Update Befriend us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/archaeology.data.service julian.richards@york.ac.uk
- 69. 24/06/2013 http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk 69 Professor Julian D Richards Director, Archaeology Data Service Department of Archaeology University of York The King's Manor York, YO1 7EP, UK Tel: +44 1904 323930 Fax: +44 1904 323902 Email: julian.richards@york.ac.uk http://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/ academic-staff/julian-richards/ UoY disclaimer: http://www.york.ac.uk/docs/disclaimer/e mail.htm