Open Science Business Models
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This document discusses open science business models and licensing. It begins with a word of caution about openness and business realities. It then covers open source licensing models including copyleft licenses. Open science principles are discussed along with licensing models for scientific outputs such as copyright, patents, and data. The document also discusses the growth of Creative Commons licensing and open access developments and business models. It analyzes licensing approaches for patents, databases, and open data, concluding with a discussion of open science research projects and the semantic web.
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Open Science Business Models
- 2. Open Science Business Models Andrés Guadamuz SCRIPT Centre for Research in IP and Technology Law University of Edinburgh
- 4. Openness
- 5. A word of caution...
- 6. A word of caution...
- 7. A word of caution...
- 8. A word of caution...
- 9. A word of caution...
- 10. A word of caution...
- 12. Open source Use, redistribution, modification, access of source code. Sharing information Access to common resources Communicating improvements to the community
- 13. Copyleft “2(b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.” GPL v2.
- 14. Licence ecology Copyleft Non-copyleft Hybrid Creative GNU GPL Mozilla Licence Commons EUPL BSD Licence
- 15. Open Science
- 16. Science is open
- 17. Open science “Open science is the application of open source software licensing principles and clauses to protect and distribute the fruits of scientific research.” Y.T.
- 18. Scientific outputs by IP Other/No Copyright Patents Database right protection •Notes •Brands •Publications •Software •Materials •Reports •Biotechnology •Data •Plant varieties •Data •Processes •Databases •Genetic banks •Software •Methods •Data •STLTWP
- 19. Licensing models Copyright Open Source, CC, Click-Use, PD Patents Open Source, BIOS, IBM Data PD, Contract, CC, ODbL Other Contract, non-disclosure, MTAs
- 22. Core Licensing Suite: Creator/Licensor chooses licence options Attribution: Every CC licences allows the world to copy and distribute a work provided that the licensee credits the creator/licensor. The author may include these other elements: NonCommercial: licensees can use the work for non-commercial purposes. No Derivatives: the work cannot be modified. ShareAlike: the work can be copied, modified and distributed if the author releases the derivative under the same licence.
- 23. Types of licence
- 25. Human-Readable Lawyer-Readable Machine-Readable Commons Deed Legal Code Digital Code <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ scotland/"> <img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http:// i.creativecommons.org/l/by/2.5/ scotland/88x31.png" /> </a> <br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ scotland/">Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 UK: Scotland License</ a>.
- 26. Licence growth
- 27. If you liked CC, you may also like... CCPlus: CC+ is CC license + Another agreement. CC0: “affirmer” waives all of his or her copyright and neighboring and related rights in a work, to the fullest extent permitted by law. ccREL: Creative Commons standard Rights Expression Language and machine-readable metadata. Science Commons: Establishing CC within the scientific community.
- 29. Manchester Manifesto “We recognise that innovation has an essential role in economic development, but its use for the pursuit of profit should not override, and ideally should not conflict with, achievement of welfare goals and scientific progress. Scientific information, freely and openly communicated, adds to the body of knowledge and understanding upon which the progress of humanity depends. Information must remain available to science and this depends on open communication and dissemination of information, including that used in innovation.”
- 30. Open access definition “Open access” (OA) is free online access. OA literature is not only free of charge to everyone with an internet connection, but free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. OA literature is barrier-free literature produced by removing the price barriers and permission barriers that block access and limit usage of most conventionally published literature, whether in print or online.” Peter Suber
- 31. Open Access developments Directive 2003/98/EC on the re-use of public sector information (PSI). 2005 Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and Research Libraries Network (RLN) consultation on Open Access. 2006 OFT report on Commercial Use of Public Information. 2006 RCUK position on issues of improved access to research outputs.
- 32. Research Councils UK The Research Councils are committed to the guiding principles that publicly funded research must be made available to the public and remain accessible for future generations. Research Councils have agreed that over time the UK Research Councils will support increased open access, by: building on their mandates on grant-holders to deposit research papers in suitable repositories within an agreed time period, and; extending their support for publishing in open access journals, including through the pay-to-publish model.
- 33. Open Access success Public Library of Science (PLoS) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) lists 3,806 journals as of today. High impact of OA publications: Harnard (2004) study found no difference in impact between OA and non-OA journals, but there is marked difference in impact from authors who self-archive (SSRN) and those who do not.
- 34. Public Library of Science growth
- 36. 2008 RIN Report on academic publishing The global costs of publishing and distributing articles is £6.4bn The total UK contribution to all stages of the scholarly communications process amounts to £408m. Cash for peer review: Universities would break even. Electronic-only publishing: Global costs would fall by £318m. Author-Side Publication Fees: Total saving in the global costs of publishing, distribution and access would be £561m.
- 37. 2009 JISC report on OA Author-pays models saves £93m in UK alone. “The costs, benefits and impacts of alternative scholarly publishing models revealed in this study demonstrate that research and research communication are major activities and the costs involved are substantial. Preliminary analysis of the potential benefits of more open access to research findings suggests that returns to research can also be substantial, and that different scholarly publishing models can make a material difference to the returns realised, as well as the costs faced.”
- 38. Open Acess and CC >500 journals under CC-BY 100,000,000+ digital objects on the web
- 39. Patenting Licensing and Business Models
- 40. Trouble with patents Very difficult to port OSS ideals to the area of patents. Expensive R&D means that those who apply for a patent will want to recover their costs, few will offer their technology with an open licence. Heavily competitive area. The field of patent law is more complex than copyright.
- 41. CAMBIA CAMBIA Plant Molecular Enabling Technology BiOS License BiOS Mutual Non-Assertion Agreement BiOS Agreement for Health Technologies Generic BiOS agreement for patented technologies and knowhow
- 42. CAMBIA BIOS Licences Licensor owns or is licensee of patented materials, and retains control over it. Grant: global, non-exclusive, royalty-free right to make and use the technology in order to improve technology or sell licensed products from it. Share-alike viral clause: licensees can sub-licence by keeping the same rights in the licence. Improvements are allowed, but must be communicated to owner. Good effort, but clunky, and it does not seem viable at the moment.
- 44. Open Access Content Open Source Open Access Knowledge Management Research Tools
- 45. Science Commons projects The Biological Materials Transfer Agreement Project (MTA) develops and deploys standard, modular contracts to lower the costs of transferring physical biological materials such as DNA, cell lines, model animals, antibodies and more. The Neurocommons project is creating an Open Source knowledge management platform for biological research. The software is released under an open source licence (BSD). Health Commons: Coalition members agree to share data, knowledge, and services under standardized terms and conditions by committing to a set of common technologies, digital information standards, research materials, contracts, workflows, and software.
- 47. Open Data Licensing and Business Models
- 48. It’s the data, stupid!
- 49. Trouble with databases Non-harmonised area of the law: U.S. copyright; EU database right. Copyright licences have to negotiate potential clashes in protection regimes. Public sector information: Crown copyright, Ordinance Survey, OPSI, separate licensing regimes. Commercial and non-commercial use trickier to define.
- 50. Public Domain
- 51. Click-wrap
- 52. Open Database License (OpenDataCommons) Users can copy, distribute and use the database; to produce works from the database; and to modify, transform and build upon the database; as long as they: Attribute: You must attribute any public use of the database, or works produced from the database, in the manner specified in the ODbL. Share-Alike: You must also offer that adapted database under the ODbL. Keep open: If you redistribute the database, or an adapted version of it, then you may use technological measures that restrict the work (such as DRM) as long as you also redistribute a version without such measures.
- 53. Semantic web
- 54. Concluding...