1. Open source software refers to software that is developed, distributed, and maintained
under a license that grants users the rights to view, modify, and distribute the source
code. The Open Source Initiative (OSI) defines specific criteria for software to be
considered open source. Here is an elaboration on these criteria:
1. Free Redistribution
Explanation: The license must not restrict anyone from selling or giving away the software
as part of a larger software distribution containing programs from multiple sources. No
royalty or fee should be charged for such activities.
Importance: Ensures the software can be freely shared, fostering widespread adoption
and collaboration.
2. Source Code Availability
Explanation: The software must include source code, or there must be a well-publicized
means of obtaining it at a cost no more than a reasonable reproduction fee. The source
code should be in a form that facilitates modification.
Importance: Accessibility to source code is critical for users to inspect, improve, and build
upon the software.
2. 3. Permission to Modify and Derive
•Explanation: The license must allow modifications and derivative works and permit them
to be distributed under the same terms as the original software.
•Importance: Enables innovation by allowing users to customize and extend the software to
suit their needs.
4. Integrity of the Author's Source Code
Explanation: The license may restrict modifications only if it allows distribution of patch
files with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The
license may also require derived works to have a different name or version number.
Importance: Protects the original author's reputation while ensuring users can still modify
the software.
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
Explanation: The license must not discriminate against any individual or group.
Importance: Promotes inclusivity and ensures the software is available to all.
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
Explanation: The license must not restrict anyone from using the software in any specific
field (e.g., business, research, education).
Importance: Ensures freedom of use regardless of purpose.
3. 7. Distribution of License
•Explanation: The rights attached to the software must apply to all who receive the software without
needing an additional license.
•Importance: Simplifies sharing and redistribution.
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
Explanation: The rights must not depend on the software being part of a specific distribution or
product.
Importance: Ensures the software remains open and usable even if separated from its original
context.
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
Explanation: The license must not place restrictions on other software distributed alongside the
licensed software.
Importance: Prevents open-source software from imposing conditions on unrelated software.
10. Technology-Neutral
Explanation: The license must not be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
Importance: Promotes interoperability and ensures broad applicability.
4. These criteria ensure that open source software embodies principles of
freedom, accessibility, and collaboration, making it a powerful driver for
innovation and community-driven development. If a software license meets
these criteria, it can officially be recognized as an open-source license by the
OSI.
