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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Operations Management
1-2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
3. Manufacturing innovation is important because it requires high value-added knowledge work that
supports future innovation. Second, innovation generates high-paying jobs. Third, innovation is
important because it improves productivity, thereby slowing the outsourcing of jobs to lower
wage countries.
Reading: Agility Creates a Competitive Edge
The first solution could be for U.S. retailers to continue sourcing from China that part of demand that is
certain and to source uncertain demand from the same low-cost producers in Romania and Turkey.

1-3
Education.
This approach provides the advantages of low-cost manufacturing in China and the flexibility provided by
the suppliers in Romania and Turkey. The disadvantage of this approach is that transportation times for
U.S. retailers still will be longer than the transportation times faced by Zara’s and H & M.
A second approach could be that U.S retailers find low-cost, flexible suppliers just across the border in
Mexico. The advantages of this approach include low wages and shorter transportation times. The primary
disadvantages to this approach involve the time and expense of locating new suppliers. Additionally, the
U.S. retailers might have to lend considerable support developing the capabilities of these suppliers.
Operations Tour: Wegmans Food Markets
1. Customers judge the quality of a supermarket based on:
a. Quality of individual products.
b. Exterior and interior physical look of the store.
c. Effectiveness and efficiency of service personnel.
2. a. Customer satisfaction is the major key to the success of any operation; without it, the
company cannot survive.
b. Forecasting allows the company to plan the workforce levels, purchase quantities, inventory
levels, and capacity.
c. Capacity planning allows the company to balance the trade-off between shortages and excess
inventories and between waiting lines and idle time.
d. A good location can have a significant impact in attracting customers, thus improving sales.
e. Planning and controlling levels of inventory will assist with avoiding stockouts and avoiding
excess inventory levels.
f. Good layout of the store can assist in maximizing customer service and sales by strategically
directing customers through the store. An effective layout can also improve the efficiency of
the operations.
g. Effective scheduling of company workers and work hours can improve both customer service
and efficiency. An effective schedule provides convenient store hours, minimal customer
waiting lines, and minimal employee idle time.
3. Wegmans uses technology to track inventory and manage its supply chain, which lessen the risk
of occurrences of out-of-stock events, and to maintain freshness in its meat and produce
departments.

1-4
Education.
Answers to Discussion and Review Questions
1. The term operations management relates to the management of systems or processes that create
goods and/or provide services. These processes involve the planning, coordination, and execution
of all activities within an organization that create goods and services. A supply chain is the
sequence of organizations, including their facilities, functions, and activities, that are involved in
producing and delivering a product or service. This sequence begins with basic suppliers of raw
materials and ends with the final customer. A supply chain includes activities and facilities
external to the internal operations function, e.g., sourcing and transportation of inbound materials.
2. The three primary functions are operations, finance, and marketing. Operations is concerned with
the creation of goods and services, finance is concerned with provision of funds necessary for
operation, and marketing is concerned with promoting and/or selling goods or services.
3. The operations function consists of all activities that are related directly to producing goods or
providing services. It is the core of most business organizations because it is responsible for the
creation of an organization’s goods or services. Its essence is to add value during the
transformation process (the difference between the cost of inputs and value and price of outputs).
4. Among the important differences between manufacturing and service operations are:
a. The nature and consumption of output.
b. Uniformity of input.
c. Labor content of jobs.
d. Uniformity of output.
e. Measurement of productivity.
5. a. The Industrial Revolution began in the 1770s in England, and spread to the rest of Europe and
to the U.S. in the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century. A number of
inventions such as the steam engine, the spinning Jenny, and the power loom helped to bring
about this change. There were also ample supplies of coal and iron ore to provide the
necessary materials for generating the power to operate and build the machines that were
much stronger and more durable than the simple wooden ones they replaced.
b. Frederick W. Taylor, who is often referred to as the father of scientific management,
spearheaded the scientific management movement. The science of management was based on
observation, measurement, analysis, improvement of work methods, and economic
incentives. Management should be responsible for planning, carefully selecting and training
workers, finding the best way to perform each job, achieving cooperation between
management and workers, and separating management activities from work activities.
c. Parts of a product made to such precision that each part would fit any of the identical items
bring produced. It meant that individual parts would not have to be custom made because
they were standardized.
d. Breaking up a production process into a series of tasks, each performed by a different worker.
It enabled workers to learn jobs and become proficient at them more quickly, avoiding the
delays of workers shifting from one activity to another.

1-5
Education.
6. a. The service sector now accounts for more than 70 percent of jobs in the U.S. and that figure
continues to increase.
b. Manufacturing is important in that it supplies a large proportion of exports and many service
jobs are dependent on manufacturing because they support manufacturing.
c. Farm products are an example of non-manufacturing goods because there is no production
and the products naturally grow without human intervention.
7. Models provide an abstraction and simplification of reality. Mathematical models are the most
abstract and most used in operations management. These models are used to assist in various
decision-making scenarios. One of the main reasons for building mathematical models is that the
experimentation with the model enables the decision-maker to analyze the model and make
inferences about a problem without actually manipulating the real situation or problem.
Therefore, the experimentation with the mathematical model rather than the actual problem or
situation is less time consuming and less expensive.
8. Degree of customization has important implications throughout a business organization.
Generally, higher degrees of customization involve more complexity in terms of production or
service, involve different forms of layout (arrangement of the workplace), require higher worker
skills, and have lower productivity.
9. a. Initial cost, convenience, parking, taxes, time, repairs, upkeep, etc.
b. Cost, technology, productivity, convenience, software applicability, etc.
c. Initial cost, repairs, warranty, upkeep, monthly payments and interest, dependability,
insurance costs, etc.
d. Control of the situation, class participation, perception, image, etc.
e. This would depend on the nature of the product or service being offered as well as the type of
customer. Computer literate customers might seek a web site. If customers are strictly local,
newspaper advertising might be a reasonable choice, especially if potential customers were
not actively seeking out the business. In addition, if the business is seasonal, newspaper
advertising might be preferred.
10. Craft production: involves producing high variety of customized goods, low volume output with
skilled workers, and utilizing general-purpose equipment. The main advantage is the flexibility to
produce a wide variety of outputs providing many choices for the need of customers. The main
disadvantage is its inability to produce at low cost. Examples: tailoring, machine shop, print shop,
and landscaping.
Mass production: involves producing a few standardized goods at high volume of output with low
skilled workers utilizing specialized equipment. The main advantage is low cost, efficient
production. The main disadvantage is that it does not allow easy changes in volume of output,
product, or process design. Examples: automobiles, computers, mail sorting, appliances, paper,
soft drink bottling, etc.
Lean Production: involves producing more variety of goods than most production at moderate to
high volume of output. It requires high skilled workers, quality, employee involvement,
teamwork, and flatter organizational structure with fewer levels of management. It combines the
advantages of both mass production (high volume, low cost) and craft production (variety,
flexibility). Examples: similar to mass production.

1-6
Education.
11. Workers may not like to work in a lean production environment because there are fewer
opportunities for employee advancement, more worker stress due to higher levels of
responsibility and greater variability and expansion of job requirements.
12. a. Matching supply and demand is an important objective for every business organization.
Undersupply can result in dissatisfied customers, potential loss of business, and opportunity
costs. Oversupply can potentially result in additional cost to store the excess, the need to sell
the excess for a reduced cost, or the cost to dispose of the excess.
b. Managing a supply chain is important for several reasons, including matching supply and
demand, reducing transportation costs, achieving a competitive advantage, managing
inventories, and achieving supply chain visibility.
13. There are four basic sources of variation:
1. The variety of goods or services being offered: The greater the variety of goods and
services, the greater the variation in production or service requirements.
2. Structural variation in demand, such as trends and seasonal variations. These are generally
predictable. They are particularly important for capacity planning.
3. Random variation. This natural variability is present to some extent in all processes,
is present in demand for services and products, and generally cannot be influenced by
managers.
4. Assignable causes of variation: Variation caused by defective inputs, incorrect work
methods, out of adjustment equipment, and so on. This type of variation can be
reduced or eliminated by analysis and corrective action.
Variations can be disruptive to operations and supply chain processes, interfering with
optimal functioning. Variations result in additional cost, delays and shortages, poor quality, and
inefficient work systems. Poor quality and product shortages or service delays can lead to
dissatisfied customers and damage an organization’s reputation and image.
14. The reasons for doing unethical things vary from person to person and from one situation to
another. Some of the possible reasons are listed below:
a. The decision-maker cannot recognize his or her action as unethical because of a lack of
morals or understanding or lack of sensitivity towards a given issue.
b. Even though the decision-maker recognizes his or her behavior or action as unethical, he or
she justifies it based on self-rationalization that involves justice theory. For example, the
decision-maker may think that the consequences of his or her decision is not going to hurt
other people or organizations in the short run but the potential long term effects may be
devastating.
c. The decision-maker knows that his or her action is unquestionably unethical. However, the
type of ethical behavior required is not in the personal portfolio of the decision-maker and
ethics in general is not important to him or her.
d. The decision-maker does not think he or she will be caught.
e. The self-interest of the decision-maker outweighs the ethical considerations.

1-7
Education.
15. Value added is defined as the difference between the cost of inputs before the transformation
process and the value or the price of output after the transformation process. In a manufacturing
process as the inputs are transformed to outputs, value is added to products in a number of
different ways. The value adding can take many different forms. For example, value can be added
by changing the product structurally (physical change) or transporting a product (a product may
have more value if it is located somewhere other than where it currently is).
16. Outsourcing can result in lower costs, the ability to take advantage of others’ expertise, and allow
businesses to focus on their core business. Outsourcing generally results in layoffs and some loss
of control. In addition, outsourcing to companies in other nations may result in problems due to
cultural or language differences, and increased shipping times for products.
17. Sustainability refers to service and production processes that use resources in ways that do not
harm ecological systems that support both current and future human existence. Business
organizations are increasingly facing sustainability regulations as well as pressures from
environmental groups to act responsibly toward the environment. Some organizations are
capitalizing on their “green” efforts in their advertising.
Taking Stock
1. When we decide to take an action there are usually consequences of that action and advantages
and disadvantages of taking that action. In other words, before we make a decision, we must
weigh the pros and cons of that decision. Trade-offs involve weighing of pros and cons regarding
a particular decision. For example, if a decision-maker decides to increase the level of inventory,
he or she has to consider the trade-off between increased level of customer service and the
additional inventory carrying cost.
2. It is important for the various functional areas to collaborate because collaboration will lead to
improved communication among the departments (functions) that in turn will improve the
performance of the firm. Collaboration will reduce the chance of sub-optimization by a functional
area due to the possibility that a particular functional area does not have enough information
about the other areas and their constraints or decisions.
3. Product and service technology allows a company to develop new products faster. Process
technology enables a company to improve methods, procedures, and equipment used to produce
goods and to provide services. Information technology enables companies to process large
quantities of data quickly, to identify and track goods, to obtain point-of-sale data, and to
communicate documents electronically to suppliers and customers.
Critical Thinking Exercises
1. There are many implications due to the differences between service and manufacturing
operations. For example, in a service firm, because the degree of customer contact is high, we
have to make sure that employees are better trained in customer service than employees in a
manufacturing industry are. In a pure-service industry firm, we will build a lot of slack in
scheduling because of the uncertainty of input.
2. That would depend on whether supply was too large or too small. If there is over capacity, try to
increase demand through advertising and/or price reductions. If output (goods) can be stored, and
future demand is expected to be higher, store excess output for future demand. If supply is too
small, options might be to outsource, work overtime, or hire temporary workers. If there are few
or no competitors, increase prices.

1-8
Education.
3. Innovations might be product or service related, or process related. These typically
involve added cost and time for training and possibly new equipment or equipment changes, and
potential changes for the supply chain (e.g., new suppliers, new delivery requirements, etc.).
Process innovations can be disruptive to the workforce due to lower labor or machine time
requirements, which may result in job loss, retraining, and/or lower worker morale. New products
or services also probably will involve new advertising campaigns or other promotions, and the
need for consumer education. Consumers will have to adjust to new products or services, and
may have some difficulty if innovations entail increased complexity.
4. a. Business people make unethical decisions for a variety of reasons including the following:
1. Pressure from superiors
2. Pressure for stakeholders
3. Not being informed
4. Keeping the company afloat
b. Their risks for unethical behavior including the following:
1. getting reprimanded
2. getting fired
3. losing reputation
Case: Hazel
1. a. Number of yards, number of mowers, number of workers, time to mow a given area, regular
maintenance, weather, length of growing season, time between necessary mowing.
b. Mowers, parts, fuel, lubricants, fertilizer, chemicals, tools, etc.
c. 1) Lawns, type of work, regular maintenance, workers.
2) Weather, illness, overloads, emergencies, breakdowns.
d. Very important. Repeat business would be greatly affected and new business depends on
word of mouth and reputation.
e. Oil change, blade sharpening, motor tune-up, mower and filter clean up, etc.
2. a. Timing: not too late but not too soon.
b. Coverage: does not leave streaks.
c. Length of grass: not too long but not too short depending on the weather and time of year.
d. Trimming and clean-up (details).
3. a. Responsibility, possibly security, fringe benefits, regularity of work hours, cannot pass the
buck to someone else, decision-making, etc.
b. Responsibility, financial investment, work load, hiring of more employees, possibility of
greater government regulation, personnel problems tend to increase and a general increase in
all administrative work.
c. Risk involved in starting a new type of business using new technology and making it
successful, learning curve involved in the area of e-commerce, additional workload, hiring of
more employees in the area of Web design, computer programmers, etc.

1-9
Education.
4. Hazel has two options:
(1) Hazel could leave grass clippings on customers’ lawns.
Advantages: Decreases her time per lawn. Grass clippings serve as a natural fertilizer. Hazel
will not have to raise her prices.
Disadvantages: Customers may not like the mess left behind. In addition, over time,
customers’ lawns may build up thatch and have to be de-thatched.
(2) Hazel could take grass clippings to a landfill in a nearby city.
Advantages: Customers’ lawns will not build up thatch. Customers will appreciate the
appearance of their lawns.
Disadvantages: Hazel will need to raise prices due to her increased driving time and fuel
expense.
5. Yes, since Hazel promised the part-time workers a bonus of $25 for good ideas and since this idea
appears to hold promise, Hazel should honor her promise and pay the student $25. However, in
the future she might want to make the bonus offer contingent on continuing employment at the
time of implementation of the idea because after becoming aware that the idea was successfully
implemented, the idea may become an attractive option for the competitor. In addition, she might
want to include a confidentiality clause or a statement in the employment contract of the workers
regarding not sharing proprietary information that may be useful to competition.
6. a. Weather, worker absences due to illness, vacations, extra requests from customers,
new customers, and lost customers.
b. At times she will have excess capacity while at other times she will have too little
regular capacity to handle the workload.
c. Revise schedules, work overtime if regular capacity is insufficient and/or hire
additional workers, if capacity exceeds demand layoff workers or find something else
productive for them to do such as maintenance of equipment, training, etc.
7. Use hand tools instead of power tools, and recycle grass clippings. Factors to take into account
include cost savings, quality, risk of injury, job completion times, training, reduction in pollution
(air and noise), and energy savings.
Enrichment Module I: Mathematical Models
Mathematical models represent and solve problems by using a system of mathematical symbols,
expressions, and relationships. One of the main reasons for building mathematical models is that the
experimentation with the model enables the decision-maker to analyze the model and to make inferences
about a problem without actually manipulating the real situation or problem. Therefore, the
experimentation with the mathematical model rather than the actual problem or situation is less time
consuming and less expensive. The “what if” capabilities of most well designed models provide the
decision-maker with important information and knowledge about a real problem. After obtaining valuable
information from a model, the decision-maker will now have a stronger basis for making the correct
judgment call or the right decision. In other words, the knowledge gained from a mathematical model can
be used to make better decisions about real problems without experimenting with the real situation. In the
absence of the information provided by a mathematical model, the decision-maker increases the risk
associated with experimenting with the real problem.

1-10
Education.
The value of a mathematical model depends on how closely it approximates the real problem. However, it
is not desirable for mathematical models to include relationships or details that are not related closely to
the core problem. In many cases, the real-world problem contains an overwhelming amount of detail. In
designing models, one needs to make sure that the important factors and conditions affecting the real-
world problem are incorporated while the unnecessary or less important details associated with the
problem are excluded. In other words, the mathematical model does not have to provide an exact or a very
close duplication of the real situation. However, it needs to provide better results or information than can
be obtained by common sense. In general, assuming the model utilizes only the necessary and relevant
information regarding a problem or a situation, the more closely it represents the true situation, the more
accurate the results and conclusions will be.
In developing a mathematical model, we generally consider the following:
1. a mathematical function that describes the problem’s objective.
2. definition of variables.
3. relevant assumptions.
4. constraints or restrictions placed on the problem.
5. model inputs.
a. controllable inputs (decision variables).
b. uncontrollable inputs (conditions or factors beyond the control of the decision-maker).
6. preparation of the data for the model (specification of the values of all uncontrollable inputs).
Mathematical modeling consists of the following steps:
1. Model Building: Development of the model including the specification of the controllable
variables, environmental conditions, assumptions, and mathematical statement of the model.
2. Data Gathering/Preparation: Collecting and preparing the data required by the model for easy
execution (solution) of the real-world problem.
3. Model Solution: Determining the values of decision variables.
4. Model Testing: Repeated execution of the model under different scenarios to make sure that it is
accurate.
5. Model Implementation: Application of the model to a real-world problem.
6. Model Analysis and Redevelopment: Assessment of the model and making necessary changes
based on the results of model solution, model testing, and implementation.
7. Preparation of Managerial Report: Summarization of the pertinent information in simple terms for
the appropriate stakeholders.

1-11
Education.
Enrichment Module II: Environmentally Responsible Manufacturing
Environmental concerns traditionally have not been a major concern of operations managers. However,
partially because of the efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there has been increased
regulation of manufacturers (e.g., the American Clean Air Act). In addition, the expectations of the
public, employees, and customers are forcing industries to develop less polluting and more
environmentally conscious ways of manufacturing that emphasize waste prevention, elimination, and
reduction. Environmentally responsible manufacturing involves emphasizing pollution control and
reduction of waste. Recycling of products and designing of products and parts that can be reused is a
major part of environmentally responsible manufacturing. Manufacturing companies are learning that
effective operations management includes environmental responsibility. As a result, many companies are
considering the environmental impact of their decisions much more than they used to.

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R. Thanks be to God.
In Masses for the Dead.
P. Requiescant in pace.
P. May they rest in peace.
R. Amen.
R. Amen.
May the performance of this my homage be pleasing to thee, O
Holy Trinity; and grant that the sacrifice which I, though unworthy,
have offered up, in the sight of the Divine Majesty, may be
acceptable to thee, and, through thy mercy, become a propitiation
for me, and all those for whom it hath been offered: through Christ
our Lord. Amen.
The Priest turning himself towards the people, says, (except in Masses for
the Dead.)
May almighty God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, bless you.
Amen.
P. Dominus vobiscum:
P. May the Lord be with you:
R. Et cum spiritu tuo.
R. And with thy spirit.
P. Initium sancti Evangelii secundum Joannem.
P. The beginning of the Gospel according to St. John.
R. Gloria tibi, Domine.

R. Glory be to thee, O Lord.
The Gospel According To St. John.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and
God was the Word; the same was in the beginning with God. All
things were made by him; and without him was made nothing that
was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men: and
the light shineth in darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend
it.
There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. This man
came for a witness to give testimony of the light, that all men
might believe through him. He was not the light, but was to give
testimony of the light. It was the true light which enlighteneth
every man that cometh into this world.
He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the
world knew him not. He came unto his own, and his own received
him not. But as many as received him to them he gave power to
be made the sons of God, to those that believe in his name; who
are born, not of blood nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of
man, but of God. And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt
amongst us. And we saw his glory, the glory as it were of the only
begotten Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.
R. Deo gratias.
R. Thanks be to God.

Another Devout Method
Of Assisting At The
Holy Sacrifice Of The Mass,
By turning the attention and affections of the soul towards the mysteries of
our blessed Saviour's passion and death, which are thereby represented and
shown forth according to these words, THIS DO IN REMEMBRANCE OF ME;
that is, for a perpetual and grateful commemoration of my sufferings and
death, as the apostle explains it.
1 Corinthians xi. 26.
The Mass is called by St. Francis of Sales, Introd. p. 2, c. 14, the sun of
spiritual exercises, the centre of religion, the heart of devotion, and the soul
of piety. It is offered to none but God alone; as the nature of a sacrifice, in
the common judgment of all mankind, is to acknowledge the supreme
dominion of God over us, and our total subjection and dependence on him.
It is a standing memorial and a commemorative sacrifice, that represents the
sacrifice of the cross, and was prefigured by the sacrifice of Melchisedech,
and foretold by the prophet Malichi.—c. i. v. 10. The faithful should go to it
as if they were going to Mount Calvary, to be present at the crucifixion and
death of Jesus Christ, and assist at it with a grateful remembrance and a
feeling sense of his sufferings. The altar on which this great sacrifice is
offered, with a crucifix erected thereon, is a figure of Mount Calvary, and of
Christ crucified. The corporal and linen cloth that covered the altar, signify
the linen cloth that wrapped the sacred body of Christ when he was buried.
The chalice denotes the holy sepulchre of our Lord. The paten denotes the
great stone that was rolled against the door of the sepulchre. The two
candles signify the two testaments, and the light of faith revealed to the
Jews and Gentiles. The priest who officiates represents the person of Christ,
who is the High Priest of the New Law; his tonsure represents the crown of
thorns which Christ wore; and the robes with which he is vested, represents
the robes of derision with which Christ was ignominiously clothed. The amice
represents the veil with which his eyes were muffled, when he was desired
to prophesy who it was that struck him. The alb represents the white robe
with which he was covered by Herod out of contempt. The cincture, maniple,
and stole represent the cords and bandages with which he was bound like a
malefactor. The chasuble, or outward vestment, represents the purple
garment with which he was clothed like a mock king. The figure of a pillar
on the front of the chasuble, represents the stone pillar at which he was
scourged; and the figure of a cross on the back, represents the wooden
cross which he carried on his shoulders from Jerusalem to Mount Calvary.

The three languages, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, which are used in the Mass,
remind us of the title of the cross, which was written in Hebrew, Greek, and
Latin letters. The different parts and ceremonies of the Mass correspond to
the different stations of his passion, and represent all that happened from
his entering into the Garden of Olives, until the day of his ascension into
heaven, and the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles; as will
appear to the devout reader of the explanations premised to each
prayer.
A Prayer Before Mass.
O Divine Spirit, descend into my soul, purify it from the dross of its
imperfections, and replenish it with the flames of thy sacred
affections, that it may breathe nothing but thy love, and desire
nothing but the accomplishment of thy will. O ye angels, saints,
and all creatures, come help me to honour, praise, bless, and love
our Lord Jesus Christ, who once offered himself a bloody sacrifice
on the cross for my salvation, and now offers himself an unbloody
sacrifice on the altar for the same end.
Give me grace, O sweet Jesus, to assist at this holy sacrifice with
the fervour and devotion of the pious shepherds in the stable of
Bethlehem; and with a lively faith, profound respect, and humility
of the three wise men of the East, who came to adore thee in the
manger, and to offer thee the three mystical presents of
frankincense, gold, and myrrh, in testimony of thy divinity, royalty
and humanity. And now, since I, who am but dust and ashes, have
presumed to speak, permit me to follow thee in spirit through the
different stages of thy passion, and accompany thee to Mount
Calvary.—Make me partaker of that charity which conducted thee to
it, that I may return love for love, life for life, death for death. Give
me such a feeling sense of thy sufferings, as the daughters of Sion
had, when they met thee with thy cross on thy shoulders, and a
thorny crown on thy head. Grant me resignation of my will to thine,
like that of thy Virgin Mother at the foot of the cross. Prostrate
before the throne of thy divine Majesty, I humbly implore thy

pardon for all my offences, and thy grace to avoid relapse into sin.
I offer up this divine sacrifice, by the hands of thy priest, to the
glory of thy name; in acknowledgment of thy infinite greatness, and
of my own nothingness; in thanksgiving for all thy benefits; in
satisfaction for all my sins; in memory of thy dolorous passion; and
to obtain of thy bounty, for myself and for thy whole church, for my
superiors, spiritual and temporal, for my parents, benefactors,
friends, and enemies, and all mankind, those precious graces and
favours which thou knowest us to stand in most need of.
Explanation.
"The priest going from the sacristy to the altar, and retiring to the foot of it,
in order to recite the 42nd psalm, Judica me Deus, &c. represents Jesus
Christ retiring from his last supper, and praying to his heavenly Father in the
garden of Gethsemani, situate at the foot of Mount Olivet. The beginning of
the Mass, with the sign of the cross, and the invocation of the three persons
of the most Holy Trinity, signifies that it is in the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, that the faithful assembled, in order to
celebrate the memory of Christ's passion and death. The psalm which is then
repeated, expresses the deep concern of a soul kept at a distance from the
temple of God, like David when he was persecuted by Saul, and the ardent
desires with which we are to approach the altar, and partake of the divine
mysteries. The Introit, or entrance of the Mass, and the Confiteor, or
general confession made to the whole court of heaven, represent the fall of
Adam, which was the source of all our miseries, and remind us that we
ought to dispose ourselves for this great sacrifice by a sincere repentance for
our sins."
Prayer At The Beginning Of Mass.
O Lord, in the multitude of thy mercies I will enter thy house, and
adore thee in thy holy temple and confess to thy name. Though my
sins are without number, I have still thy goodness to appeal to, I
have still a confidence in the sufferings of my Redeemer, and hope,
through his infinite merits, to find mercy, grace, and salvation.

Thou, O dear Jesus, hast washed me once in baptism; wash me yet
more from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sins. Sprinkle me
with the hyssop of thy blood, and I shall be cleansed; wash me,
and I shall be made whiter than snow.
Explanation.
"The priest bowing down before the altar, and saying the Confiteor,
represents our Saviour loaded with the sins of mankind, prostrate at his
prayers in the garden, and falling into a bloody sweat and most painful
agony. The priest going up to the altar and kissing it, represents our Saviour
going to meet his enemies, and receiving the treacherous kiss from Judas.
When he goes to the book at the corner of the Epistle, forms the sign of the
cross, and reads the Introit, he represents our Saviour seized, bound, and
led captive to the courts of Annas and Caiphas, where he was struck across
the face, blindfolded, buffeted, spit upon, and treated with the greatest
indignity, by the servants of the high priest, as if he were a mock prophet."
Prayer At The Introit And Kyrie.
Blessed be thou, O Jesus, for all thou hast suffered for our
redemption. It is but just that my sins should draw tears from my
eyes, since they have drawn streams of blood from thy veins. I
desire to join the most humble contrition of my soul with thy agony
in the garden, and resolve to be sorry for my sins, even unto the
hour of my death. My heart is pierced with grief to think that I
have repaid thy goodness with such ingratitude; but until I cease to
live, I will never cease to cry, with the humble publican: O God be
propitious to me a sinner. May those bonds that tied thy
innocent hands, loosen the chains of my sins, break the fetters of
my iniquities, deliver me from the captivity of Satan, and restore
me to the sweet liberty of thy children, that I may be enabled to
cry out with thy prophet: Thou hast broken my chains: I will
sacrifice to thee an host of praise. I cast myself at thy feet,
and beseech thee by thy infinite charity, to strengthen me with thy

all-powerful grace under all trials and afflictions. Never suffer me to
betray thy sacred truths, or to take part with the world against
thee. Grant that when any tribulation or anguish shall assault me, I
may receive it with humility like unto thine, and with a true
submission and resignation to thy heavenly Father's will. Grant that
under the severest scourges I may call upon thee as a father,
confide in thee as a father, and seek no comfort out of thee.
Remember me at my last hour, when the terrors of death shall
begin to seize me; then let thy angels comfort me; then let the
memory of thy sufferings support me against all apprehensions,
that no fear of death or judgment may ever lessen the hope I
ought to repose in thee.
Explanation.
"The repetition of the Kyrie Eleison, Christe Eleison, &c. (that is, Lord
have mercy on us, Christ have mercy on us,) three times, in honour of each
of the three Divine Persons, reminds us that Christ was denied three times
by St. Peter. The Dominus vobiscum, or, Our Lord be with you, which is
the usual salutation in the scriptures, and which the priest says after the
Gloria in Excelsis, it being the greatest of all blessings for the Lord to be
with us, and we with him, reminds us how Peter was touched with
repentance, when Christ cast a glance of his merciful eyes upon him. The
aforesaid hymn, which a choir of angels sung in the air at our Saviour's
birth, denotes the joy that is in heaven among the angels upon the
conversion of a sinner, The Kyries also remind us of the longing desires of
the holy fathers for the coming of the Messiah. The Gloria represents
Christ's nativity. The Collects, Epistle, and Gospel, his prayers, miracles, and
preaching.—The priest returning to the epistle side of the altar, and reading
the Collects and the Lesson, represents Christ sent by Caiphas to Pilate, after
being falsely accused and unjustly condemned by the Sanhedrin of the Jews.
Then the priest goes to the middle of the altar, and humbly bowing himself
down, prays in silence. This represents Christ conducted to Herod, and
interrogated and scoffed at by him, without returning the least answer, or
saying a word to justify himself. The priest going to the gospel side of the
altar, and returning to the middle to make a profession of faith, by repeating
the Nicene Creed, represents Christ sent back to Pilate in a fool's dress, and
professing that he came to bear witness to the truth, and that his kingdom

is not of this world. The removal of the Mass-book from the right to the left
side of the altar, signifies that the new law of the gospel being rejected by
the Jews, who were the first called, was preached to the Gentiles, who
embraced it with joy, and were converted to the Christian religion in great
multitudes. The lighted candles are emblems of their spiritual joy and of
God's glory, and denote the light of faith which Christ brought to the world
by his gospel.—At the beginning of the gospel, the priest and the people
make the sign of the cross, first upon their foreheads, to signify that they
are not ashamed of the cross of Christ, nor of his doctrine; secondly, upon
their mouths, to denote that they are ready to profess it openly by word of
mouth; and thirdly, upon their breasts, to signify that they will always
preserve it carefully in their hearts. The people rise up and stand during the
gospel, to show by this posture their readiness to go and practise whatever
they shall be commanded by the word of God."
Prayer At The Gloria, Epistle, And Gospel.
Let heaven and earth join together, and the choirs of angels he
united with the voices of men, to sing eternal praises to God, in
trinity and unity, for the mercies we have received in the admirable
work of our redemption. O my amiable Jesus, how am I bound to
love thee! How black must my ingratitude be, if, after such
demonstrations of love, I can continue to offend thee! I am the
offender, I am the malefactor, and thou hast taken upon thee the
punishment due to my sins! It is I who deserve to be accused,
arraigned, dispised, and condemned, and not thou: O innocent and
spotless Lamb of God, eternal praise be to thy name. Whilst the
Jews proclaim thee a blasphemer, I own thee for my Lord; and
beseech thee, that under all reproaches and calumnies I may
remember what thou hast suffered for me, and that I may
endeavour, by an humble and patient silence, to show myself on all
occasions to be thy true disciple. Grant that whenever I am
persecuted by lies or false accusations, thy example may be my
comfort, my model, and my rule. Give me courage, constancy, and
patience, under all the injuries, crosses, and contradictions, which
thy providence shall permit to befall me during my pilgrimage here
on earth. Do not suffer me to despair of thy mercy, or die in my

sins, like unhappy Judas: but soften my stony heart, and melt it
into tears of compunction. Leave me not to myself, but teach me to
confide wholly in thee. Look on me with an eye of pity, and awaken
me from the sleep of death, that I may bewail my past sins in the
bitterness of my soul, and persevere in serving thee and promoting
thy glory. May the fall of Peter be a lesson to me all the days of my
life, to shun all evil company, to fly all the dangerous occasions of
sin, and never to deny thee, my Lord and my God, either by word
or deed; but openly to profess my faith without fear or shame. I
thank thee for revealing thy heavenly truths, and for instructing us
by thy holy apostles in the only true saving faith. Give me grace to
attend to thy doctrine, to live up to the maxims of thy gospel, to
profess thy faith by the practice of good works, and never to
swerve from thy sacred law. Have mercy on all those that are
involved in the dismal state of mortal sin, and grant them the grace
of sincere repentance. Let the light of thy countenance shine upon
those who are sitting in the darkness of infidelity, and in the
gloomy shade of death.— Bring back the strayed sheep to thy fold,
and unite them to the communion of thy church, that we may all
become one sheepfold under one shepherd.
Explanation.
"When the priest unveils the chalice for the Offertory, he represents Christ
stripped of his garments and bound to the pillar. The offering of the bread
on the paten, denotes Christ offering up his body to be scourged. The
mingling of the water with the wine, denotes the water and blood that
flowed from his side on the cross. The offering the chalice with the wine,
represents Christ scourged, and the streams of his blood flowing down upon
the ground. The covering the chalice with the paten, represents him crowned
with thorns, and treated as a mock king. The washing of the fingers at the
Lavabo, reminds us how Pilate washed his hands before the multitude, and
pronounced Christ innocent and just. The Orate Fratres reminds us that
Christ was shown to the people with ensigns of mock royalty, Pilate crying
out at the same time: Ecce Homo, Behold the man. The priest saying the
Secret Prayers in silence, represents Christ condemned to be crucified, and
submitting to the unjust sentence without any defence or reply. The Preface,

(so called because it serves as an introduction to the Canon of the Mass,)
and the Canticle of the Hebrew children, which are repeated with a loud
voice, remind us that Christ was loaded with the cross; the pious Hosanna
being changed into the clamorous and cruel Crucifige, or crucify him."
Prayer At The Offertory, Lavabo, And Preface.
O my soul! run to thy suffering Lord, and at his feet pour out
thyself in thanksgiving, and in all the ecstasies of love and praise.
It is thy God that suffers, that he may redeem a slave, a poor sinful
worm of the earth. When I behold thee, O dear Jesus, stripped
naked, fastened to the pillar, cruelly scourged, torn, and mangled, I
see the immensity of thy love for us, and the greatness of our sins
against thee. I see in thy wounds, the slavery into which we are
degraded, and the punishment due to our crimes. Our sins bound
thy hands, and every stroke thou didst receive was the effect of
our iniquities. I offer thee my heart and soul, to be eternally
consecrated to thy divine service, and to be washed and purified in
the purple streams that gushed forth from every pore of thy sacred
body. I throw myself into the arms of thy infinite mercy, with a firm
resolution to die rather than renew thy passion, by relapsing into
any mortal sin. No, dear Redeemer, I never will prefer Barabbas to
thee; I never will set thee in competition with the world, or its
delusive charms, sinful pleasures, or sordid interests. O amiable
Jesus, thou shalt be my choice for ever. I will strike no more nails
into thy hands by my evil deeds. I will add no more thorns to thy
painful crown by my sinful thoughts. I will no more pierce thy
sacred side by any unlawful desires. I will not scourge thy holy
flesh by curses or blasphemies, nor crucify thee over again by any
fresh crime. I am determined, with thy assistance, to put off the
old man with all his acts, by a candid and naked confession of all
my past sins. O grant that I may never appear naked of virtue in
thy sight; but may be clad with the white robe of innocence when I
shall be presented before thy awful tribunal. Pierce my heart with
the thorns of penance and compunction here, that I may, through

thy merits, be crowned with glory hereafter. Grant that whenever I
am under any affliction, meet with any adversity, disgrace or
contempt, or feel any part of the thorny crown on my head, I may
rejoice in bearing such a resemblance of thy sufferings, and show
by my patience and humility whose disciple I am. Give me grace to
submit with cheerfulness to the rod of thy paternal correction; and
support my natural weakness, that I may not sink under the weight
of any cross with which it shall please thy Divine Providence to visit
me. Disengage my heart from all earthly affections. Raise and
elevate my soul to thee, that I may always live and converse in
heaven, where thou, my only treasure, art. I now presume to join
my unworthy voice with the heavenly choirs of all thy angels and
saints, who are incessantly singing eternal praises to thee:
Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth; Heaven and Earth
are full of thy glory: Blessed is he who cometh in the
name of the Lord: Hosannah in the highest, &c.
Explanation.
"The Canon, which is the most sacred and most solemn part of the Mass, is
read in a low voice, to denote the mourning and affliction of the faithful at
the time of our Saviour's passion, which amazed and silenced all nature. The
priest raises his hands, in imitation of Moses, who, as we read, (Exodus
xvii.) prayed with his hands lifted up, whilst Josue was combating with the
Amalekites. After the Memento for the living he spreads his hands over the
bread and wine that are to be consecrated, in imitation of the priests of the
old law, who were ordered, (Lev. 1.) when they offered sacrifice, to lay their
hands upon the victim before it was immolated. These ceremonies represent
Christ led away to be crucified, carrying his cross on his shoulders to Mount
Calvary, admonishing the devout women on the way, who wept over him, to
mourn for themselves and for their children; and when he arrived at the end
of his painful journey, stripped again of his garments, and laid on the painful
bed, without any other pillow to support his head but the thorns with which
he was crowned. The signing of the oblation with the sign of the cross,
denotes how his hands and feet were stretched and nailed on the cross. The
separated consecration of the bread and wine, represents his body slain, and
his blood shed, for the remission of our sins. The elevation of the

consecrated Host, represents him exalted on the cross in the sight of the
whole multitude. The elevation of the Chalice represents the sacred blood
flowing from his wounds. The ringing of the bell denotes the earthquakes
and other signs which happened at his death. The five crosses formed over
the oblation, signify the five principal wounds in his body. The time from the
elevation to the communion corresponds to the three hours he hung alive on
the cross. The Memento for the dead denotes that whilst he was thus
elevated between heaven and earth, he prayed as a powerful mediator for
the whole world, even for his enemies and crucifiers. The conversion of the
thief on the cross, on one side of him, is represented by the priest striking
his breast, and saying, nobis quoque peccatoribus. The seven petitions of
the Pater Noster remind us of Christ's last words on the cross. The
breaking of the Host is used in imitation of his having broken it before he
gave it to his disciples at his last supper. The breaking of it in three parts
represents his mystical body, or the church in three states: the blessed in
heaven, the souls in purgatory, and the faithful on earth; this great sacrifice
being offered for the whole church, triumphant, suffering, and militant; in
honour of the first, that is, in thanksgiving to God for all the graces
bestowed upon them, and for all the happiness they enjoy; for the relief of
the second, to obtain a speedy admittance for them into eternal glory; and
for the benefit of the last, according to the four great ends of sacrifice. The
breaking of the Host also represents the death of Christ on the cross, and is
a figure of his soul being separated from his body after he bowed down his
sacred head. The mixing a particle of the Host with the sacramental species
in the chalice, represents the descent of his soul into Limbo, or the prison
of the Fathers of the old testament."
Prayer At The Canon Of The Mass.
O King of glory! when shall I leave this earthly prison, this
miserable Babylon, and be admitted into thy lovely tabernacles? O
ocean of sweetness, and fountain of divine love, when shall I
contemplate thee face to face in thy happy kingdom? My sins are a
terror to my soul, but having so plentiful a redemption, I never will
despair. Thy wounds cry out for mercy. Mercy, then, O God of
goodness! have mercy on me. O Jesus, be a Jesus to my soul, and
save me. I am thy purchase, snatched from the jaws of hell by the
merits of thy sacred passion; accept me, therefore, an unworthy
sinner. Purify me in those sacred streams that flowed from thy

bleeding wounds, and present me to thy eternal Father, that
through thee I may obtain his blessing and favour, which of myself
I do not deserve. Extinguish in me all ambition, pride, and vanity,
the love of the world, and every degree of vicious self-love. Grant
me true humility, perfect patience, unfeigned charity, and sincere
devotion. Give me only grace to practise what thou commandest,
and command what thou pleasest. Increase true religion; plant thy
faith in our hearts; give peace and unity to thy church; repentance
and pardon to all sinners. Grant comfort to the sick and afflicted;
relief to the distressed; mercy, grace, and salvation to all those for
whom thou hast shed thy blood, and whom I am bound to pray for,
particularly N. We render thee thanks for admitting us to have a
part in this great sacrifice, which thy Catholic Church offers to thy
holy name, by the hands of the priest, for thy people. Accept it
now, we beseech thee, O Lord, to thy glory, in satisfaction for all
our offences and ingratitude, and in union with that divine intention
with which our blessed Saviour offered it up, when he instituted it
at his last supper, and consummated it upon the altar of the cross.
Prayer At The Elevation Of The
Consecrated Host And Chalice.
Hail, O King of glory, Prince of peace, and Saviour of the world!
Hail, O immaculate Host! offered for me and all mankind on the
cross! I adore, bless, and glorify thee, O loving Jesus, with all the
faculties of my soul and body. May all thy creatures sound forth thy
praises. O sacrament of piety! O sign of unity! O bond of charity! O
the goodness of my God! O how wonderful are the ways of divine
love! How incomprehensible are the riches of the divine bounty!
O my bleeding Jesus, I bow down to the ground to adore thee!
Hail! most precious blood, shed for me and the sins of the whole
world! Hear, O eternal Father, the voice of thy Son's blood, that
cries out loudly to heaven, not for vengeance, but for mercy: let it
now speak in my behalf, and plead my pardon; let it blot out my

iniquities, and cleanse my soul from all the foul stains of sin. I beg
it most humbly for the sake of Jesus, who died upon the cross for
my redemption.
Prayer After The Elevation.
Behold, O almighty and all-gracious God, thy Son, Jesus, in whom
thou art well pleased. Look upon the face of thy Christ and my
Saviour, here present. Look upon this spotless lamb, this adorable
victim, this pure holocaust of obedience, humbled to the very death
of the cross. Behold in him what may move thee to look down
upon us with an eye of mercy, and to forgive us our sins. He is our
High Priest, sprinkled with his own blood. Receive the sacrifice he
has offered for us, in consideration of all the honours and homages
that are due to thy sovereign goodness from me and all creatures.
Extend, O compassionate Creator, the virtue of it unto the souls in
the church suffering, and grant to the faithful departed rest and life
everlasting, particularly to N.; mitigate their punishment, and
translate them to that state of glory for which thou hast designed
them. Thou hast formerly promised, that looking on thy rainbow
thou wouldst remember the covenant made between thee and the
patriarch Noah, (Genes, ix.); canst thou then look down on the
blood of thy beloved Son Jesus, offered here to thee in sacrifice,
and not remember the great covenant of the new law, sealed and
confirmed with the effusion of his sacred blood?
O dear Jesus! that I could love thee as thy goodness deserves. The
more thou hast humbled thyself for my sake, the more I am bound
to love thee. Remember thou hast bought me at a dear rate. O let
not thy blood be lost or spilt in vain for me; but receive me into the
number of the elect. I detest my sins, which were the cause of thy
sufferings, and thy most cruel executioners. My crimes, alas! were
the nails that bored thy hands and feet, and fastened thee to an
ignominious cross. O who will give sorrow to my heart, and a
fountain of tears to my eyes, that I may bewail them in the

bitterness of my soul all the days of my life, and that at the hour of
my departure I may, by means of a true conversion, be entitled to
hear those comfortable words which thou saidst to the penitent
thief on the cross: This day shalt thou be with me in paradise.
I acknowledge my unworthiness, I do not deserve to be ranked
among the number of thy children, yet I will presume to say that
heavenly prayer which thou hast taught me: "Our Father, who art in
heaven," &c.
Explanation
"When the priest strikes his breast, and says the Agnus Dei, (that is, O
Lamb of God, &c.) he reminds us of the Centurion and many others striking
their breasts with sorrow, and bewailing their offences, when they beheld
Christ expiring on the cross, and were eye-witnesses of the prodigies which
happened at his death. The Prayer for Peace, before the communion of the
priest, signifies, that to communicate worthily, we must be in peace with God
and our neighbour, and approach with a clean heart and pure conscience.
The priest's communion is a sign of the burial of Christ's body, which was
taken down from the cross, wrapped up in clean linen, and laid in a new
monument, cut out of a rock, near Mount Calvary. The purifying and
covering of the chalice represents Christ's sepulchre, shut and covered with a
stone. The resurrection of Christ from the dead is represented by the priest
going to the corner of the Epistle, and reading the Post Communion, the
mass-book being brought back to the right side of the altar, to signify that
the Jews are to be converted to the Christian faith at the end of the world.
Dominus vobiscum represents Christ appearing to his disciples, and giving
them his peace. The last Collect represents Christ conversing forty days with
his disciples, and speaking to them of the kingdom of God. The last
Dominus vobiscum, represents Christ's last apparition to his disciples; and
the blessing given by the priest to the people, denotes that Christ lifted up
both his hands, and blessed his apostles and other disciples before he left
them, and in their sight ascended into heaven. The Ite Missa est, and the
reading of the Gospel at the left corner of the altar, denote that Christ came
not to call the just, but sinners, to repentance: and sent his apostles to
teach all nations; and that they preached the gospel with amazing success in
all parts of the known world, after the descent of the Holy Ghost."

Prayer At The Agnus Dei.
O Innocent Lamb of God, who takest away the sins of the world,
have mercy on me; for nothing is more pleasing to thee than to
have compassion on those that are miserable. Give me tears of
repentance, that I may mourn for the evil I have committed. In
thee I place all my hope, because thou alone art my salvation, my
strength, my refuge, and the fountain of all my good. I most
humbly beseech thee, by the anguish of thy passion, and by thy
sufferings on the cross, especially at that hour when thy blessed
soul left thy body, to spare me in that dreadful moment, and have
mercy on my soul. Let me experience the multitude of thy tender
mercies, when I shall be in conflict with the pangs of death. Let thy
passion and death stand then between my soul and thy justice. I
accept the sentence of my death, in whatever manner I am to
suffer it, in union with thy death on the cross. I humbly submit to
it, and now offer it to thy divine majesty as a sacrifice and a just
punishment due to my sins. I commend my soul into thy hands,
and most earnestly entreat thee to give me thy blessing this day,
and to grant me perseverance in thy service, that on the day of
judgment I may be ranked in the happy number of those blessed
souls, who are to be invited by thee to take possession of the
kingdom of thy glory. During the time of my sojourn here on earth,
preserve me from thirsting after the false goods of this world.—May
I always remember thy vinegar and gall, and rest contented with
what is sufficient to support nature. May I every day increase in thy
love, and may all created objects be of little account with me, that
thou mayest be the only delight of my soul and my everlasting joy.
Prayer At The Communion.
I Adore, O dear Jesus, thy sacred body and blood, soul and divinity,
here present on the altar under the sacramental forms. Praised be
this most holy sacrament with as many praises as there are stars in

the heavens, atoms in the air, drops of water in the ocean, sands in
the sea, sparks in the fire, motes of dust upon the earth, flowers in
the spring, grains of corn in the summer, leaves in the autumn,
flakes of snow and hailstones in the winter, or creatures in the
universe. O that I had the necessary dispositions of a worthy
communicant! how willingly would I unite myself to my divine
Redeemer in this sacrament of love! O may I receive it worthily at
the hour of my death, that it may serve me as a viatic to a happy
eternity. Though I am unworthy to receive it now sacramentally, yet
I wish to receive it spiritually into my soul by faith, love, and
devotion. Enter then, O divine bridegroom, into this poor lodging:
you vouchsafed to lodge in a stable, you did not refuse to enter
into the house of Zachæus, the publican; enter into my house as
into the house of another Zachæus, and give a blessing to my soul,
as thou didst to the house of Zachæus: say unto me, as thou saidst
unto him: Salvation is this day come to this house.—Luke, xix.
A Prayer At The Last Collects, &c.
Praise, honour, and glory be to thee, O blessed Redeemer, who
coming forth out of the grave, didst rise triumphantly from the
dead, and having conversed with thy disciples for forty days, didst
ascend into heaven, where thou sittest at the right hand of thy
eternal Father. Inflame my heart and soul with thee, that I may
seek nothing but to be united to thee for ever in heaven.
Hear, O eternal Father, whatever the holy Catholic Church asks of
thee in the name of thy beloved son. We beseech thee, that this
our sacrifice may be acceptable in thy sight, and become profitable
to us and to thy whole church. Receive my unworthy prayers,
supply all my defects, pardon all my indevotions, distractions, and
irreverences. Engrave in my heart the rules and maxims of thy
gospel, and give me grace to live according to them. Teach me to
follow thy example, that rising with thee to a new life of piety and

holiness, and walking in thy footsteps, I may live to thee alone, and
advance every day towards everlasting happiness. Amen.
I did not judge to know anything among you, but Jesus
Christ, and him crucified.
St. Paul, 1 Cor. ii. 2.

The Epistles And Gospels For The Sundays And
Principal Festivals Throughout The Year.
First Sunday Of Advent.
Epistle.
Romans xiii. 11, 14.
Brethren: Know, that it is now the hour for us to rise from sleep.
For now our salvation is nearer than when we believed. The night
is past, and the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works
of darkness, and put on the armour of light. Let us walk honestly,
as in the day; not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering
and impurities, not in contention and envy: but put ye on the Lord
Jesus Christ.
Gospel.
Luke xxi. 25, 33.
At that time: Jesus said to his disciples: There shall be signs in
the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth
distress of nations, by reason of the confusion of the roaring of the
sea and of the waves, men withering away for fear, and expectation
of what shall come upon the whole world. For the powers of the
heavens shall be moved; and then they shall see the Son of Man
coming in a cloud with great power and majesty. But when these
things begin to come to pass, look up, and lift up your heads;
because your redemption is at hand. And he spoke to them a
similitude: See the fig-tree and all the trees: when they now shoot
forth their fruit, you know that summer is nigh: so you also, when
you shall see these things come to pass, know that the kingdom of
God is at hand. Amen, I say to you, this generation shall not pass
away till all things be fulfilled. Heaven and earth shall pass away;
but my words shall not pass away. Credo.

Second Sunday Of Advent
Epistle.
Romans xv. 4, 13.
Brethren: What things soever were written, were written for our
learning, that through patience and the comfort of the scriptures
we might have hope. Now the God of patience and of comfort
grant you to be of one mind one towards another, according to
Jesus Christ; that with one mind, and with one mouth, you may
glorify God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Wherefore
receive one another, as Christ also hath received you unto the
honour of God. For I say that Christ Jesus was minister of the
circumcision for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made
unto the fathers. But that the Gentiles are to glorify God for his
mercy, as it is written: "Therefore, will I confess to thee, O Lord,
among the Gentiles, and will sing to thy name." And again, he
saith: "Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with his people." And again: "Praise the
Lord all ye Gentiles, and magnify him all ye people." And again
Isaiah saith: "There shall be a root of Jesse, and he that shall rise
up to rule the Gentiles, in him the Gentiles shall hope." Now the
God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, that you
may abound in hope, and in the power of the Holy Ghost.
Gospel.
Matt. xi. 2, 10.
At that time: When John had heard in prison the works of Christ,
sending two of his disciples he said to him: Art thou he that art to
come, or look we for another? And Jesus making answer, said to
them: Go and relate to John what you have heard and seen. The
blind see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear,
the dead rise again, the poor have the gospel preached to them;
and blessed is he that shall not be scandalized in me. And when
they went their way, Jesus began to say to the multitude,
concerning John: What went ye out into the desert to see? A reed
shaken with the wind? But what went ye out to see? A man clothed
in soft garments? Behold, they that are clothed in soft garments

are in the houses of kings. But what went ye out to see? A
prophet? Yea, I tell you, and more than a prophet. For this is he of
whom it is written: "Behold, I send my angel before thy face, who
shall prepare thy way before thee." Credo.
Third Sunday Of Advent.
Epistle.
Philip iv. 4, 7.
Brethren: Rejoice in the Lord always; again, I say, rejoice. Let
your modesty be known to all men. The Lord is nigh. Be nothing
solicitous: but in every thing by prayer and supplication with
thanksgiving, let your petitions be made known to God. And the
peace of God, which surpasseth all understanding, keep your hearts
and minds in Christ Jesus.
Gospel.
John i. 19, 28.
At that time: The Jews sent from Jerusalem Priests and Levites to
John, to ask him: Who art thou? And he confessed, and did not
deny; and he confessed: I am not the Christ. And they asked him:
What then? Art thou Elias? And he said: I am not. Art thou a
prophet? And he answered: No. They said therefore unto him: Who
art thou, that we may give an answer to them that sent us? What
sayest thou of thyself? He said: "I am the voice of one crying in
the wilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord," as said the
prophet Isaias. And they that were sent were of the Pharisees. And
they asked him and said to him: Why then dost thou baptize, if
thou be not Christ, nor Elias, nor the prophet? John answered
them, saying: I baptize with water; but there hath stood one in the
midst of you, whom you know not. The same is he that shall come
after me, who is preferred before me; the latchet of whose shoe I
am not worthy to loose. These things were done in Bethania
beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing.—Credo.

Fourth Sunday Of Advent.
Epistle.
1 Corinthians iv. 1, 6.
Brethren: Let a man so account of us as of the ministers of Christ,
and the dispensers of the mysteries of God. Here now it is required
amongst the dispensers that a man be found faithful. But to me it
is a very small thing to be judged by you, or by man's day: but
neither do I judge my own self. For I am not conscious to myself of
any thing: yet I am not hereby justified; but he that judgeth me is
the Lord. Therefore judge not before the time till the Lord come;
who both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will
make manifest the counsel of hearts: and then shall every man
have praise from God.
Gospel.
Luke iii. 1, 6.
Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cæsar (Pontius
Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod Tetrarch of Galilee, and
Philip his brother Tetrarch of Iturea and the country of Trachonitis,
and Lysanias Tetrarch of Abilana, under the high priests Annas and
Caiphas) the word of the Lord came to John, the son of Zachary, in
the desert. And he came into all the country about the Jordan,
preaching the baptism of penance for the remission of sins, as it
was written in the book of the words of Isaias the prophet: "A
voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare ye the way of the
Lord: make straight his paths: every valley shall be filled, and every
mountain and hill shall be brought low: and the crooked shall be
made straight, and the rough ways plain:" and all flesh shall see
the salvation of God. Credo.
Christmas Day.
First Mass. At Midnight.

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