Oracle Database 10g The Complete Reference 1st Edition Kevin Loney

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Oracle Database 10g The Complete Reference 1st Edition
Kevin Loney Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Kevin Loney
ISBN(s): 9780130321244, 0130321249
Edition: 1
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Year: 2004
Language: english

ORACLE Series TIGHT / Oracle Database 10g: TCR / Loney / 225351-7 / Front Matter
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Oracle Database 10g:
The Complete Reference
Kevin Loney
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About the Author
Kevin Loney is a senior technical management consultant with
TUSC (http://www.tusc.com), an Oracle-focused consultancy
headquartered in Chicago. He was selected as ORACLE Magazine’s
Consultant of the Year in 2002. He is an expert in the design,
development, administration, tuning, security, and recovery of
Oracle-based applications. An Oracle DBA and developer since
1987, he is the primary author of 15 books for Oracle DBAs and
developers. He is a frequent and highly-rated presenter at local
and international Oracle user groups.
About the Technical Reviewers
Pete Sharman has 16 years’ IT experience designing, implementing,
and managing the performance of Oracle solutions. As a solo
consultant and team leader, Pete has provided administrative and
technical leadership to leading Internet-based businesses as well
as several Fortune 100 and Fortune 500 companies. He has also
completed world-class benchmarks and implementation reviews
of the Oracle RDBMS, and performed high-impact performance
tuning. A proven technical leader, Pete has acquired expert-level
skills in Oracle Parallel Server and Real Application Clusters database
design, administration, backup and recovery, operations planning
and management, performance management, system management,
and security and management of complex data centers.
Currently, Pete is performing the role of Oracle9i and Oracle 10g
Database Global Consulting Lead, acting as an interface between
Oracle Development and North America Sales and Consulting.
Pete has also passed all the Oracle DBA Certifications (Oracle7,
Oracle8, Oracle8i, and Oracle9i) and was one of the first 20 people
in the world to qualify as an Oracle9i Certified Master.
Bob Bryla is an Oracle 8, 8i, 9i, and 10g Certified Professional with
more than 15 years of experience in database design, database
application development, training, and database administration,
and he is the tech editor and author of several Oracle Press and
Sybex Oracle DBA books. He is an Internet database analyst and
Oracle DBA at Lands’ End, Inc., in Dodgeville, Wisconsin.
Blind Folio FM:iv

ORACLE Series TIGHT / Oracle Database 10g: TCR / Loney / 225351-7 / Chapter 1
Blind Folio 1:v
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
PART I
Critical Database Concepts
1 Oracle Database 10g Architecture Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Databases and Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Inside the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Choosing Architectures and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Installing Oracle Database 10g and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Overview of Licensing and Installation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Upgrading to Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Choosing an Upgrade Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Before Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Using the Database Upgrade Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Performing a Manual Direct Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Using Export and Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Using the Data-Copying Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
After Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4 Planning Oracle Applications—Approaches, Risks, and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Cooperative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Everyone Has “Data” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Familiar Language of Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Some Common, Everyday Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
What Are the Risks? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Importance of the New Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
How to Reduce the Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Capitalization in Names and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Normalizing Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Good Design Has a Human Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Understanding the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Toward Object Name Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
v

vi Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference
Blind Folio FM:vi
Intelligent Keys and Column Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
The Commandments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
PART II
SQL and SQL*Plus
5 The Basic Parts of Speech in SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Creating the NEWSPAPER Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Using SQL to Select Data from Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
select, from, where, and order by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Logic and Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Another Use for where: Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Combining Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Creating a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6 Basic SQL*Plus Reports and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Building a Simple Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Other Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Checking the SQL*Plus Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7 Getting Text Information and Changing It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
What Is a String? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Concatenation ( || ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
How to Cut and Paste Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Using order by and where with String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8 Searching for Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Search Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
REGEXP_SUBSTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
9 Playing the Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
The Three Classes of Number Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Single-Value Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
List Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Finding Rows with MAX or MIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Precedence and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10 Dates: Then, Now, and the Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Date Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
ROUND and TRUNC in Date Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Contents vii
Blind Folio FM:vii
TO_DATE and TO_CHAR Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Dates in where Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Dealing with Multiple Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Using the EXTRACT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Using the TIMESTAMP Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
11 Conversion and Transformation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Elementary Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Specialized Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Transformation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
12 Grouping Things Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
The Use of group by and having . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Views of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
The Power of Views of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
More Grouping Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
13 When One Query Depends upon Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Advanced Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Outer Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Natural and Inner Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
14 Some Complex Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Complex Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Using Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Using ROLLUP, GROUPING, and CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Family Trees and connect by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
15 Changing Data: insert, update, merge, and delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
rollback, commit, and autocommit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Multitable Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Using the merge Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
16 DECODE and CASE: if, then, and else in SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
if, then, else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Replacing Values via DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
DECODE Within DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Greater Than and Less Than in DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Using CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
17 Creating and Managing Tables, Views, Indexes, Clusters, and Sequences . . . . . . . . . 311
Creating a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Dropping Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Altering Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Creating a Table from a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Creating an Index-Organized Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Using Partitioned Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Creating a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
18 Basic Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Users, Roles, and Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
What Users Can Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Granting Limited Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
PART III
Beyond the Basics
19 Advanced Security—Virtual Private Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Initial Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Create an Application Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Create a Logon Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Create a Security Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Apply the Security Policy to Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Test VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
How to Implement Column-Level VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
How to Disable VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
How to Use Policy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
20 Working with Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Tablespaces and the Structure of the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Planning Your Tablespace Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
21 Using SQL*Loader to Load Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
The Control File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Starting the Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Control File Syntax Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Managing Data Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Tuning Data Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
22 Using Data Pump Export and Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Creating a Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Data Pump Export Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Starting a Data Pump Export Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Data Pump Import Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Starting a Data Pump Import Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
23 Accessing Remote Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Using Synonyms for Location Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
viii Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference
Blind Folio FM:viii

Using the User Pseudo-Column in Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Dynamic Links: Using the SQL*Plus copy Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Connecting to a Remote Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
24 Using Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Required System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Required Table Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Read-Only vs. Updatable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
create materialized view Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Using Materialized Views to Alter Query Execution Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Using DBMS_ADVISOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Refreshing Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
create materialized view log Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Altering Materialized Views and Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Dropping Materialized Views and Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
25 Using Oracle Text for Text Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Adding Text to the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Text Queries and Text Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Index Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
26 Using External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Accessing the External Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Creating an External Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Altering External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Limitations, Benefits, and Potential Uses of External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
27 Using Flashback Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Time-Based Flashback Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Saving the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
SCN-Based Flashback Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
What If the Flashback Query Fails? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
What SCN Is Associated with Each Row? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Flashback Version Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Planning for Flashbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
28 Flashback—Tables and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
The flashback table Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
The flashback database Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
PART IV
PL/SQL
29 An Introduction to PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
PL/SQL Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Declarations Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Executable Commands Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Exception Handling Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Contents ix
Blind Folio FM:ix

x Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference
Blind Folio FM:x
30 Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Types of Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Trigger Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Enabling and Disabling Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Replacing Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Dropping Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
31 Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Procedures vs. Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Procedures vs. Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
create procedure Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
create function Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
create package Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Viewing Source Code for Procedural Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Compiling Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Replacing Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Dropping Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
32 Using Native Dynamic SQL and DBMS_SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Using Bind Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Using DBMS_SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
PART V
Object-Relational Databases
33 Implementing Types, Object Views, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Working with Abstract Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Implementing Object Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
34 Collectors (Nested Tables and Varying Arrays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Nested Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Additional Functions for Nested Tables and Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Management Issues for Nested Tables and Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
35 Using Large Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Available Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Specifying Storage for LOB Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Manipulating and Selecting LOB Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Contents xi
Blind Folio FM:xi
Row Objects vs. Column Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Object Tables and OIDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Object Views with REFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Object PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Objects in the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
PART VI
Java in Oracle
37 An Introduction to Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Java vs. PL/SQL: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Executable Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
38 JDBC Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Using the JDBC Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
39 Java Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Loading the Class into the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
How to Access the Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
PART VII
Clustered Oracle—The Grid
40 Oracle Real Application Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Preinstallation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Installing RAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Starting and Stopping RAC Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Transparent Application Failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Adding Nodes and Instances to the Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Managing the Cluster Registry and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
41 Grid Architecture and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Hardware and Operating System Configuration Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Adding Servers to the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Sharing Data Across the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Managing the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Launching OEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
36 Advanced Object-Oriented Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

A Note About Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
New Views Introduced in Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
New Columns Introduced in Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
The Road Maps: DICTIONARY (DICT) and DICT_COLUMNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Things You Select From: Tables (and Columns), Views, Synonyms, and Sequences . . 746
Recycle Bin—USER_RECYCLEBIN and DBA_RECYCLEBIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Constraints and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Abstract Datatypes, ORDBMS-Related Structures, and LOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Database Links and Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Triggers, Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Space Allocation and Usage, Including Partitions and Subpartitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Users and Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Monitoring: The V$ Dynamic Performance Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
43 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Tuning Applications and SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
New Tuning Features in Oracle Database 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Tuning—Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
Generating and Reading Explain Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Major Operations Within Explain Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
Implementing Stored Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
44 Case Studies in Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Case Study 1: Waits, Waits, and More Waits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Case Study 2: Application-Killing Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Case Study 3: Long-Running Batch Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
45 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Oracle Application Server 10g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
What Is Oracle Application Server 10g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Communication Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
Content Management Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Business Logic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Presentation Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Business Intelligence Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Portal Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866
Developer Toolkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Persistence Layer Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Caching Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
System Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
xii Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference
Blind Folio FM:xii
PART VIII
Hitchhiker’s Guides
42 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Oracle10g Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

Starting and Stopping the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Sizing and Managing Memory Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
Allocating and Managing Space for the Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Monitoring an Undo Tablespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Automating Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Segment Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Transporting Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Performing Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
47 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to XML in Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Document Type Definitions, Elements, and Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
XML Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Using XSU to Select, Insert, Update, and Delete XML Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Using XMLType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Other Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Alphabetical Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Contents xiii
Blind Folio FM:xiii
46 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Database Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

Blind Folio FM:xiv

Blind Folio FM:xv
Acknowledgments
This book is dedicated to my family. Thank you for your patience, support, and love.
This book is the product of many hands, and countless hours from many people. My thanks go
out to all those who helped, whether through their comments, feedback, edits, or suggestions.
For additional information about the book, see the publisher’s site (http://www.osborne.com)
and my site (http://www.kevinloney.com). Additional articles and presentations can be found
on the company site at http://www.tusc.com.
■ To the contributors and reviewers at TUSC, including Chris Ostrowski, Brad Brown,
and Shaun O’Brien.
■ To the management, including Rich Niemiec, Joe Trezzo, Brad Brown, and others for
their dedication to the Oracle user community and their commitment to establishing
and following best practices.
■ To my peers at TUSC, including Bill Callahan, Patrick Callahan, Tony Catalano, Holly
Clawson, Judy Corley, Mike Killough, Randy Swanson, Bob Taylor, Bob Yingst, and
many others for their insights and contributions.
Thanks to my colleagues and friends, including Eyal Aronoff, Steve Bobrowski, Rachel
Carmichael, Steven Feuerstein, Mike McDonnell, Vinny Smith, Susan St. Claire, and Marlene
Theriault. This book has benefited from the knowledge they have shared, and I have benefited
from their friendship and guidance.
Thanks to the folks at McGraw-Hill/Osborne who guided this product through its stages: Scott
Rogers, Athena Honore, Lisa McClain, Patty Mon, Bart Reed, Margaret Berson, Bill McManus, and
the others at Osborne with whom I never directly worked. Thanks to the reviewers, including
Pete Sharman and Bob Bryla (who also contributed material). Thanks also to the Oracle component
of Oracle Press. This book would not have been possible without the earlier excellent work of
George Koch and Robert Muller.
Thanks to the writers and friends along the way: Jerry Gross, Jan Riess, Robert Meissner, Marie
Paretti, Br. Declan Kane, CFX, Br. William Griffin, CFX, Chris O’Neill, Cheryl Bittner, Bill Fleming,
and the FSOUG board.
Special thanks to Sue, Emily, Rachel, Jane, and the rest of the home team. As always, this has
been a joint effort.
—Kevin Loney
xv

Blind Folio FM:xvi

Blind Folio FM:xvii
Introduction
Oracle documentation is thoroughgoing and voluminous, currently spanning multiple CDs.
Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference is the first entity that has gathered all the major Oracle
definitions, commands, functions, features, and products together in a single, massive core reference—
one volume that every Oracle user and developer can keep handy on his or her desk.
The audience for this book will usually fall into one of three categories:
■ An Oracle end user Oracle can easily be used for simple operations such as entering
data and running standard reports. But such an approach would ignore its great power;
it would be like buying a high-performance racing car and then pulling it around with a
horse. With the introduction provided in the first two sections of this book, even an end
user with little or no data processing background can become a proficient Oracle user—
generating ad hoc, English-language reports, guiding developers in the creation of new
features and functions, and improving the speed and accuracy of the real work done in
a business. The language of the book is simple, clear English without data processing
jargon, and with few assumptions about previous knowledge of computers or databases.
It will help beginners to become experts with an easy-to-follow format and numerous
real examples.
■ A developer who is new to Oracle With as many volumes of documentation as Oracle
provides, finding a key command or concept can be a time-consuming effort. This book
attempts to provide a more organized and efficient manner of learning the essentials of
the product. The format coaches a developer new to Oracle quickly through the basic
concepts, covers areas of common difficulty, examines misunderstandings of the product
and relational development, and sets clear guidelines for effective application building.
■ An experienced Oracle developer As with any product of great breadth and sophistication,
there are important issues about which little, if anything, has been published. Knowledge
comes through long experience, but is often not transferred to others. This book delves
deeply into many such subject areas (including new features such as the flashback options,
Data Pump, and many others). The text also reveals many common misconceptions and
suggests rigorous guidelines for application development and designing for performance
issues.
xvii

In Chapter 1, you will see a roadmap to the organization of this book. Briefly, the first part
of the book focuses on installing Oracle, upgrading from prior versions of Oracle, and reviewing
new features introduced with the latest version. The following sections provide guidance on the
technologies you use to exploit Oracle’s capabilities—SQL, PL/SQL, dynamic SQL, object-relational
features, Java, and more. The chapters progress from basic information on SQL to detailed examples
of complex programs.
The final two parts of the book contain the “hitchhiker’s guides”—guided tours of the data
dictionary, optimizer, tuning case studies, the application server, database administration, and
XML—and the Alphabetical Reference. The Alphabetical Reference contains the syntax and
description of all functions and commands supported by Oracle Database 10g. The reference
is intended for use by both developers and users of Oracle but assumes some familiarity with
the products.
xviii Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference
Blind Folio FM:xviii

Blind Folio 1:1
PART
I
Critical Database
Concepts

Blind Folio 1:2

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with Unrelated Content

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TRUE HISTORY. 229 firm and upright, standing upon the
water. When we came to it and found how the case stood with us,
we knew not what to do with ourselves. To go forwards through the
trees was altogether impossible : they were so thick and grew so
close together : and to turn again with safety was as much unlikely.
I therefore got me up to the top of the highest tree to discover, if I
could, what was beyond ; and I found the breadth of the wood to be
fifty furlongs or thereabout, and then appeared another ocean to
receive us. Wherefore we thought it best to assay to lift up our ship
upon the leaves of the trees which were thick grown, and by that
means pass over, if it were possible, to the other ocean : and so we
did : for fastening a strong cable to our

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TRUE HISTORY. 231 ship, we wound it about the tops of
the trees, and with much ado poised it up to the height, and placing
it upon the branches, spread our sails, and were carried as it were
upon the sea, dragging our ship after us by the help of the wind
which set it forwards. At which time a verse of the poet Antimachus
came to my remembrance, wherein he speaks of sailing over tops of
trees. When we had passed over the wood, and were come to the
sea again, we let down our ship in the same manner as we took it
up. Then sailed we forwards in a pure and clear stream, until we
came to an exceeding great gulf or trench in the sea, made by the
division of the waters as many times is upon land, where we see
great clefts

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TRUE HISTORY. 233 made in the ground by earthquakes
and other means. Whereupon we struck sail and our ship stayed
upon a sudden when it was at the pit's brim ready to tumble in : and
we stooping down to look into it, thought it could be no less than a
thousand furlongs deep, most fearful and monstrous to behold, for
the water stood as it were divided into two parts, but looking on our
right hand afar off, we perceived a bridge of water, which to our
seeming, did join the two seas together and crossed over from the
one to the other. Wherefore we laboured with oars to get unto it,
and over it we went and with much ado got to the further side
beyond all our expectation. Then a calm sea received us, and in it
we found an island, not very great, but

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TRUE HISTORY. 235 inhabited with unsociable people, for
in it were dwelling wild men named Bucephalians, that had horns on
their heads like the picture of Minotaurus. where we went *
mons^et'f •who was half a bull and half ashore to look for fresh
water and victuals, «*««•,*«»#»» on Pasiph ae, the -wife of Minos,
for ours was all spent : and there we found &«? °f Crete, by a bull,
with . , i • i 1 "which she fell water enough, but nothing: else
appeared : «* ***, etc. ' OVID. Met. only we heard a great
bellowing and roaring a little way off, which we thought to have
been some herd of cattle, and going forwards, fell upon those men,
who espying us, chased us back again, and took three of our
company: the rest fled towards the sea. Then we all armed
ourselves, not meaning to leave our friends unrevenged, and set
upon the Bucephalians as they were dividing the flesh of them that
were slain, and put them all to flight, and pursued

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TRUE HISTORY. 237 after them, of whom we killed fifty,
and two we took alive, and so returned with our prisoners ; but food
we could find none. Then the company were all earnest with me to
kill those whom we had taken ; but I did not like so well of that,
thinking it better to keep them in bonds until ambassadors should
come from the Bucephalians to ransom them that were taken, and
indeed they did : and I well understood by the nodding of their
heads, and their lamentable lowing, like petitioners, what their
business was. So we agreed upon a ransom of sundry cheeses and
dried fish and onions and four deer with three legs apiece, two
behind and one before. Upon these conditions we delivered those
whom we had taken, and tarrying there but one day, departed.

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TRUE HISTORY. 239 Then the fishes began to show
themselves in the sea, and the birds flew over our heads, and all
other tokens of our approach to land appeared unto us. Within a
while after we saw men travelling the seas, and a new found
manner of navigation, themselves supplying the office both for ship
and sailor, and I will tell you how. As they lie upon their backs in the
water and their privy members standing upright, which are of a large
size and fit for such a purpose, they fasten thereto a sail, and
holding their cords in their hands, when the wind hath taken it, are
carried up and down as please themselves. After these followed
others riding upon cork, for they yoke two dolphins together, and
drive them on (performing themselves the place of a coachman),
which draw the

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TRUE HISTORY. 241 cork along after them. These never
offered us any violence, nor once shunned our sight ; but passed
along in our company without fear, in a peaceable manner,
wondering at the greatness of our ship, and beholding it on every
side. At evening we arrived upon a small island, inhabited, as it
seemed, only by women, which could speak the Greek language ;
for they came unto us, gave us their hands, and saluted us, all
attired like wantons, beautiful and young, wearing long mantles
down to the foot : the island was called Cabbalusa and the city
Hydramardia. So the women received us, and every one of them
took aside one of us for herself, and made him her guest. But I
pausing a little upon it (for my heart misgave me), looked narrowly
round about, and saw the R

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TRUE HISTORY. 243 bones of many men, and the skulls
lying together in a corner ; yet I thought not good to make any stir,
or to call my company about me, or to put on arms ; but taking the
mallow into my hand, made my earnest prayers thereto that I might
escape out of those present perils. Within a while after, when the
strange female came to wait upon me, I perceived she had not the
legs of a woman, but the hoofs of an ass. Whereupon I drew my
sword, and taking fast hold of her, bound her, and examined her
upon the point: and she, though unwillingly, confessed that they
were sea-women, called Onosceleans, and they fed upon strangers
that travelled that way. For, said she, when we have made them
drunk, we go to bed to them, and in their sleep, make a hand of
them.

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