organizing speeches.ppt
- 1. Strategic Organization Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
- 2. Organizing your speech 1.The importance to organize speeches clearly and coherently. 2.Five major patterns of organizing main points in a speech. 3.Guidelines for organizing main points. 4.Speech connectives and their roles in a speech.
- 3. Clear organization is essential to effective public speaking ► 1. Research shows that well-organized speeches are easier for listeners to comprehend. ► 2. Research shows that listeners find speakers who give well-organized speeches more competent and trustworthy.
- 4. Clear organization is also connected to critical thinking ►1. Organizing speeches helps students understand the relationships between ideas. ►2. The skills of critical thinking used in organizing speeches will benefit students in many aspects of their lives.
- 5. The main points ►1. Speeches should have a limited number of main points. ►2. Most speeches contain from two to five main points. ►3. If a speaker discovers that she or he has too many main points, the points should be condensed into a few broad categories.
- 6. Main points arrangement ► 1. Chronological: main points follow a time sequence (historical events, a process, etc.) ► 2. Spatial: main points follow a directional pattern (right to left, east to west) ► 3. Causal: main points show a cause-and-effect relationship. ► 4. Topical order break the speech topic into its constituent parts. ► 5. Problem-solution (for persuasive speech).
- 7. Chronological Order A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
- 8. Chronological Order Specific Purpose: To inform my audience when the Great Wall of China was built. Main Points: I. Building of the Great Wall began during the Qin dynasty of 221-206 B.C. II. New sections of the Great Wall were added during the Han dynasty of 206 B.C.-220 A.D. III. The Great Wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644.
- 9. Spatial Order A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
- 10. Spatial Order Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the design of the Eiffel Tower. Main Points: I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section of the tower has an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.
- 11. Topical Order A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
- 12. Topical Order Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the artistic versatility of Pablo Picasso. Main Points: I. As a painter, Picasso tested the limits of abstraction. II. As a sculptor, Picasso often incorporated “found” objects. III. As a printmaker, Picasso gave vent to his whimsy and eroticism.
- 13. Problem-Solution Order A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence and seriousness of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
- 14. Problem-Solution Order Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that legislation is needed to control the abuses of fraudulent fund-raisers. Main Points: I. Fraudulent charity fund-raising has become a widespread national problem. II. The problem can be solved by a combination of government initiative and individual awareness.
- 15. Causal Order A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause- effect relationship.
- 16. Causal Order Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the possible causes for the collapse of Mayan civilization. Main Points: I. Mayan civilization flourished for over a thousand years until 900 A.D., when it mysteriously began to disintegrate. (EFFECT) II. Scholars have advanced three major explanations for the causes of this disintegration. (CAUSE)
- 17. Tips for preparing main points ► 1. Keep your main points separate and distinct: each point should focus on a single idea. ► 2. Try to use parallel wording in your main points. It makes main points easier to understand and to stand out from the details of the speech. ► 3. Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.
- 18. Four types of connectives ► 1. Transitions indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another. ► 2. Internal previews let the audience know what the speaker will take up next. ► 3. Internal summaries remind listeners of what they have just heard. ► 4. Signposts are brief statements that indicate exactly where a speaker is in the speech or that focus attention on key ideas.
- 19. Identify the organizational method ►I. Cesar Chavez is best known for his efforts to protect the rights of Hispanic farm workers in California. ►II. Cesar Chavez was also a tireless advocate for Hispanic racial and cultural pride in general.
- 20. Identify the organizational method ► I. Rodeos began in the Old West as contests of skill among cowboys during cattle roundups. ► II. By 1920 rodeos had become a popular spectator sport for the general public. ► III. Today rodeos combine traditional western events with a circus-like atmosphere and the marketing techniques of big business.
- 21. Identify the organizational method ► I. The outermost section of the ancient Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage. ► II. The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber. ► III. The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.
- 22. Introductions and conclusions ►Objectives of a speech introduction ►A. To gain the attention and interest of the audience. ►B. To reveal the topic of the speech. ►C. To establish the credibility and good will of the speaker. ►D. To preview the body of the speech.
- 23. Methods of gaining attention ► 1. Relate the topic to the audience ► 2. State the importance of the topic. ► 3. Startle the audience. ► 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience. ► 5. Question the audience. ► 6. Begin with a quotation. ► 7. Tell a story, an anecdote, a joke. ► 8. Refer to the occasion or to a previous speaker.
- 24. Preparing an effective introduction ► A. Make the introduction brief and to the point. ► B. Keep an eye out for potential introductory material as you research the speech. ► C. Be creative when devising their introductions. ► D. Don’t be concerned with the exact wording of the introduction until the body of the speech is finished. ► E. Prepare it in detail so it can be delivered effectively.
- 25. A speech conclusion has two primary functions ►A. The first function is to signal the end of the speech. ►B. The second function of a conclusion is to reinforce the audience’s understanding of or commitment to the central idea of the speech.
- 26. Methods of ending the speech ► a. Summarize the main points of the speech. ► b. Conclude with a quotation. ► c. End with a dramatic statement. ► d. Refer back to the introduction of the speech. ► These methods can be used separately or in combination to create an effective conclusion. ►
- 27. Preparing an effective conclusion ►A. Keep an eye out for potential concluding materials as you research the speech. ►B. Conclude with a bang instead of a whimper. ►C. Be brief. ►D. Prepare the content and delivery of your conclusions with special care.