Packet Transfer Rate & Robust Throughput for Mobile Adhoc Network

Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 08 Issue: 06 Pages: 3242-3245 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
3242
Packet Transfer Rate & Robust Throughput for
Mobile Adhoc Network
Madhusudan G
Department of Computer Science, JSS University, Mysuru-06
Email: madhusudan@sjce.ac.in
Kumar TNR
Department of Computer Science, MSR University, Bangaluru
Email: tnrkumar@msrit.edu
----------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
An ad-hoc wireless network is highly different considering dynamic stochastic process of its underlying links, leads
to link breaks during data transaction. Hence, to provide free flow data transaction, many routing algorithms have
the property of link recovery and maintenance procedures to minimize the loss of data during transmission.
However these routing method do not guarantee reliable data transmission in some special application conditions
with wide requirements on Packet delivery ratio and link quality of the network. Routing is a critical issue in
MANET and hence the focus of this paper is the performance analysis of different routing protocols used in the
wireless network. We evaluate the ability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows across robust
routes by introducing the robust throughput measure as a performance metric. The utility gained by the delivery
of flow messages is based on the level of interruption experienced by the underlying transaction. We describe the
mathematical calculation of a network’s robust throughput measure, as well as its robust throughput capacity. We
introduce the robust flow admission and routing algorithm (RFAR) to provide for the timely and robust transport
of flow transactions across mobile ad hoc wireless systems.
Keywords – MANET, AODV, DSR, RFAR, TORA.
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Date of Submission: May 02, 2017 Date of Acceptance: May 17, 2017
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I. INTRODUCTION
When two nodes are at the accessible distance then
packet transmission between the source and destination
node occurs. The transmission power in an ad-hoc can
change rapidly and unpredictably. The central challenge
in the design of ad-hoc network is in maintaining routes
and links between these mobile nodes. Mobile ad-hoc
networks (MANETs) are characterized by time-varying
links and network topology. There are transmission
impediments like fading, path loss, blockage and
interference that add to the inclined behavior of wireless
channels. In such situation, the network must
accommodate the changes, providing end-end packet
delivery while at the same time incurring low control
overhead. This paper proposes an improvement over the
existing routing algorithm for MANETs with the primary
goal of maximize network connectivity while limiting
operating cost by finding those routes which can stay
intact for a period of time, failures as well as by
fluctuations in the communication transport quality
experienced across the network’s communications links.
When an active route is broken, an on-demand routing
mechanism acts to discover an alternate route considering
the same souce and destination. At that time, forwarding
entries are configured in the routing tables of the routers
located across the new route. In turn, under a proactive
routing scheme, routing entries are refreshed periodically
at all (active or inactive) routers. At such a refresh instant,
link failures may be discovered, and the routing entries are
updated. The alternate routing of packets occurring under
a corresponding proactive routing base datagram-oriented
(connectionless) packet switching operation, the re-
configuration of the route executed by connection-oriented
packet switching networks (including connection-oriented
and on-demand ad hoc wireless routing schemes, such as
AODV or DSR, and IP-MPLS label switching methods)
may induce unacceptably long excess delays. Latencies
may be adversely perceived at the impacted layer, and for
many applications cause significant degradations in the
quality of the provided transport service. Induced by such
perceivable re-routing delays, the reception of data packets
embedded in flows (or within bursts of such flows) that
use routes that are prematurely terminated or altered may
be of reduced value to their intended receivers. An
application may generate a program (or file, or burst of
messages) that must be delivered, as a whole, across the
network in a critically timely manner. Kaixin Xu et al. [6]
have proposed a Scalable QoS architecture suitable for
large scale mobile ad-hoc networks. Xiaoqin Chen et al.
[1] have proposed congestion-aware routing protocol for
mobile ad-hoc networks which uses a metric incorporating
data-rate, MAC overhead, and buffer delay to combat
congestion. Ming Yu et al. [2] have proposed a link
availability-based QoS-aware (LABQ) routing protocol for
mobile ad-hoc networks based on mobility prediction and
link quality measurement, in addition to energy
consumption estimate. The packets which are equipped to
be transmitted are buffered by the Network Interface
Queues (IFQ) implemented by AODV [3], TORA [4], and
DSR [5] and the network protocol stack receives these
packets.

3243
ROBUST THROUGHPUT: We evaluated the ability of
a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows
across robust routes by introducing the robust throughput
measure as a performance metric. It describes the rate at
which robust data is received by intended destinations.
we investigate robust routing in MANETs. Throughput is
defined as; the ratio of the total data reaches a receiver
from the sender. The time it takes by the receiver to
receive the last message is called as throughput.
Throughput is expressed as bytes or bits per sec (byte/sec
or bit/sec). Some factors affect the throughput as; if there
are many topology changes in the network unreliable
communication between nodes, limited bandwidth
available and limited energy. A high throughput is
absolute choice in every network. By “robust” we mean
that although a particular routing configuration (in our
case, a set of multi-path routes) may not be optimal for a
single specific configuration (e.g.,specific network
topology and link characteristics), it will perform well
over a larger set of likely network configurations: i.e.,it is
robust to changes without requiring global recomputation
of the network. For example, only transactions that are
completed without being prematurely interrupted may
convey data to their intended users that are of acceptable
utility and are thus accounted (as ‘robust’). In the
following, we illustrate the mathematical calculation of a
network’s robust throughput measure, as well as its robust
throughput capacity. Different algorithms have been
developed to improve the link quality. A large amount of
work has been done to improve the quality of service in
Manets, as well as extending existing protocols with QoS
features. Most of the performance analysis work is based
on simulation studies with several design parameters in
commercial settings. Through simulation, we compare the
reliability of braided routing and various other MANET
routing protocols, including AODV, and quantify the
relative amounts of control overhead incurred by braided
routing and AODV. Routing means to choose a path.
Routing in MANET means to choose a right and suitable
path from source to destination. Routing has two basic
types, which are as under as follows;
Static routing: It is done by the administrator manually to
forward the data packets in the network and it is
permanent. None of the administrator can change this
setting. These static routers are configured by the
administrator, which means there is no need to make
routing tables by the router itself. The Destination-
Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) protocol [17] is a
proactive routing algorithm and is an enhanced version of
the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm Jangeun Jun and
Mihail L. Sichitiu [7] have exposed a significant fairness
problem existent practically in all wireless multi hop
networks. Examples include Destination-Sequenced
Distance-Vector (DSDV) Routing [11], Wireless Routing
Protocol (WRP) [12], Global State Routing (GSR) [13],
and Fisheye State Routing (FSR) [14] On the contrary, in
on-demand routing protocols, routes are discovered
between source and destination pair only when data is
to be sent. This provides reduced overhead but high
path finding latency as whenever the route is to be found
between source and destination, route discovery procedure
is initiated. And reSchumacher et al. [7] have approached
the problem of load balancing for wireless multihop
networks by distributed optimization. Examples include
Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) [8],
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [9], and C luster Based
Routing protocol (CBRP)[10].
Hybrid routing protocols combine the merits of both
proactive and reactive routing protocols and overcome
their short comings. Normally, hybrid routing protocols
for mobile ad hoc networks exploit hierarchical network
architectures. Proper proactive routing approach and
reactive routing approach are exploited in different
hierarchical levels, respectively. Examples of hybrid
routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks are the Zone
Routing Protocol (ZRP) [15], Zone-based Hierarchical
Link State routing (ZHLS) [16].
Dynamic Routing: is automatically done by the choice
of router. It can route the traffic on any route depend on
the routing table. Dynamic routing allows the routers to
know about the networks and the interesting thing to add
information in their routing tables. There are several kinds
of routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks. The
first kind of protocol is simply called Reactive MANET
Protocol(RMP). In these kinds of protocols,
communication is only possible when the source node
requests to communicate with the other node. Reactive
MANET Protocols are mostly suited for nodes with high
mobility or nodes that transmit data rarely. These reactive
routing protocols include the protocol AODV. The routing
information about all the nodes is build and maintained
by the proactive protocols. The proactive routing protocols
are independent of whether or not the route is needed.
Control messages are transmitted with periodically
intervals. Even if there is no data flow still control
messages are transmitted. Because of these control
messages proactive routing protocols are not bandwidth
efficient. These proactive routing protocols include DSDV
etc.
II. AODV(Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector):
AODV is an on-demand routing protocol. The Ad Hoc
On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol is
a reactive unicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc
networks [5] in which a route is established only when
required by a source node for transmitting data packets.
The AODV algorithm gives an easy way to get change in
the link situation. For example if a link fails notifications
are sent only to the affected nodes in the network .This
notification cancels all the routes through this affected
node. It builds unicast routes from source to destination
and that’s why the network usage is least. Since the routes
are build on demand so the network traffic is minimum.
AODV does not allow keeping extra routing which is not
in use. If two nodes wish to establish a connection in an
ad hoc network then AODV is responsible to enable them
to build a multi hop route. AODV uses Destination
Sequence Numbers (DSN) to avoid counting to infinity

3244
that is why it is loop free. When a node send request to a
destination, it sends its DSNs together with all routing
information. It also selects the most favorable route based
on the sequence number. There are three messages
i.e.,Route Request (RREQs), Route Replies (RREPs), and
Route Errors (RERRs). By using UDP protocol.
III AODV Protocol with implementation steps:
1] Begin If intermediate node k receives RREQ from
node I.
2] Determine the RREQ Discard limit (or D Lim) of
RREQ receives in all sessions on each node from their
neighbors node.
3] AVG_VAL = AVG [S1, S2, S3, S4, S5]
4] RATE_LIMIT =max no of RREQ [Si] - AVG_VAL
5] RREQ Discard limit (DLim) =
(AVG_VAL+RATE_LIMIT)+1
6] If received RREQ >RREQ Discard limit Drop the
RREQ packet Set the node a UNKNOWN NODE.
7] If received RREQ <RREQ Discard limit Process the
packet Set as KNOWN NODE
Figure.1 Mobile Node Creations: with source S and
Destination D is specified
After creating the nam file and trace file, we set up
topography object. set node_ ($i) [$ns node] is used to
create the nodes- Node Creation is shown in Figure1.
Packet Transmission: Every node transmits a packet only
up to a limited transmission range. This provides multi-
hop functionality.
Data transfer rate is a measurement of the amount of data
sent between two points on a network in a given time
period. It is a highly important concept in modern business
networking, with high data transfer rates allowing
networks to be used for complex tasks, such as on line
streaming. Understanding data transfer rate could help you
improve the performance of your business's own network.
It is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Packet Transmission between nodes
Mobility of Nodes: Number of nodes is fixed in the
program. Nodes are configured with specific parameters of
a mobile wireless node. Initial location of the nodes is
fixed. Specific X, Y coordinates are assigned to every
node. Nodes are given mobility with fixed speed and
specific destination location which is generated randomly.
Nodes’ mobility will change time to time. Here we set the
initial size for the every node by using initial_node_pos.
AODV routing protocol is used here. $val(stop)
specifies the end time of the simulation.
Figure 3. Mobility of Nodes from source S to
Destination D
Throughput: Throughput: is a measure of how many
units of information a system can process in a given
amount of time. It is applied broadly to systems ranging
from various aspects of computer and network systems to
organizations. Related measures of system productivity
include the speed with which some specific workload can
be completed, and response time, the amount of time
between a single interactive user request and receipt of the
response.

3245
The cumulative throughput plot is much smoother and
fairness plot does not show any improvement when pacing
is on. Throughput is the number of successfully received
packets in a unit time and it is represented in bps.
Throughput is calculated using awk script which
processes the trace.
Throughput=No of packets received from application
layer with No of packets generated in application file and
that produces the result.
Figure 4. Throughput of a graph
IV CONCLUSION:
We proposed robust throughput and packet transfer
capacity measures to characterize the ability of a mobile
ad hoc wireless network to provide highly survivable
transport of flows. Such a service is critically required
for supporting applications that often required flow
transactions to be carried out to completion without
interruption to yield maximum benefit. We note that a
network system that is designed to yield a high throughput
rate does not necessarily provide its users with a high
measure of robust service and consequently may be
characterized by low robust throughput performance.
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