Part of UNIT2 Memory mapped IOjkl;'lk.pdf
- 1. Memory and I/O Interfacing 1 of 55
- 2. What is an Interface • an interface is a concept that refers to a point of interaction between components, and is applicable at the level of both hardware and software. • This allows a component, (such as a graphics card or an Internet browser), to function independently while using interfaces to communicate with other components via an input/output system and an associated protocol. 2
- 3. Example Block Diagram 8085 Memory Address Lines Data Lines Control Lines Interface 3
- 4. 8085 Interfacing Pins 8085 Higher Address Bus Lower Address/Data Bus ALE M IO/ RD WR READY A15 – A8 AD7 – AD0 4
- 5. Address Bus of 8085 • Address Bus – Used to address memory & I/O devices – 8085 has a 16-bit address bus A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 Lower-order Address Higher-order Address Data Bus Used to transfer instructions and data 8085 has a 8-bit data bus Data Bus 5
- 6. Higher Order Address Bus • The higher order address bus is a unidirectinal bus. • It carries most significant 8-bits of a 16-bit address of memory or I/O device. • Address remains on lines as long operation is not completed. 6
- 7. Lower Order Address/Data Bus • This bus is bidirectional and works on time division multiplexing between address and data. • During first clock cycle, it serves as a least significant 8-bits of memory/ IO address. • For second and third clock cycles it acts as data bus and carries data. 7
- 8. Demultiplexing Address/Data Lines • 8085 identifies a memory location with its 16 address lines, (AD0 to AD7) & (A8 to A15) • 8085 performs data transfer using its data lines, AD0 to AD7 • Lower order address bus & Data bus are multiplexed on same lines i.e. AD0 to AD7. • Demultiplexing refers to separating Address & Data signals for read/write operations. 8
- 9. Need for Demultiplexing… 8085 Memory 20H 05H 2005H RD A15 – A8 AD7 – AD0 4FH 9
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- 11. Demultiplexing Address/Data Lines 8085 Memory Interface Memory Chip AD0-AD7 Control A0 – A7 Data 74LS373 A8-A15 A8-A15 ALE 11
- 12. Generating Control Signals M IO/ Memory Read Memory Write IO Read IO Write RD=0 WR=1 =0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 12
- 13. Generating Control Signals M IO/ Memory Read Memory Write IO Read IO Write RD=1 WR=0 =0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 13
- 14. Generating Control Signals M IO/ Memory Read Memory Write IO Read IO Write RD=0 WR=1 =1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 14
- 15. Generating Control Signals M IO/ Memory Read Memory Write IO Read IO Write RD=1 WR=0 =1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 15
- 16. Memory Interface • The memory is made up of semiconductor material used to store the programs and data. The types of memory is, – Primary or main memory – Secondary memory 16
- 17. Primary Memory • RAM and ROM are examples of this type of memory. • Microprocessor uses it in storing a program temporarily (commonly called loading) and executing a program. • Hence the speed of this type of memory should be fast. 17
- 18. Secondary Memory • These are used for bulk storage of data and information. • The main examples include Floppy, Hard Disk, CD-ROM, Magnetic Tape etc. • Slower and Sequential Access Nature. • non-volatile nature. 18
- 19. Memory Chip Memory 2n words ‘k’ bits per word ‘k’ data input lines ‘k’ data output lines ‘n’ address lines read write Chip select 19
- 20. 8085 Interfacing with Memory chips 8085 Memory Interface Program Memory AD0-AD7 IO/M A0 – A7 Data 74LS373 A8-A15 A8-A15 ALE RD RD CS 20
- 21. Interface with two memory chips 11 10 01 00 11 10 01 00 A0 A1 Memory 1 Memory 2 21
- 22. Interface with two memory chips 11 10 01 00 11 10 01 00 A0 A1 Memory 1 Memory 2 A3 011 010 001 000 111 110 101 100 CS CS 22
- 23. Interface with Multiple Chips • In case of multiple chips simple circuit like NOT gate will not work. • In this case normally decoder circuits like 3-to-8 decoder circuit 74LS138 are used. • These circuit are called address decoders. 23
- 24. Address decoders Memory 1 CS Memory 2 CS Memory 3 CS Memory 4 CS A12 A11 A10 - A0 S1 S0 E A13 O0 O1 O2 O3 2 to 4 decoder 24
- 25. The Overall Picture A15-A8 Latch AD7-AD0 D7- D0 A7- A0 8085 ALE IO/M RD WR 1K Byte Memory Chip WR RD CS A9- A0 A15- A10 Chip Selection Circuit 25
- 26. Types of Address Decoding • There are two types of address decoding techniques – Exhaustive Decoding – Partial Decoding 26
- 27. Exhaustive Decoding • In this type of scheme all the 16 bits of the 8085 address bus are used to select a particular location in memory chip. • Advantages: – Complete Address Utilization – Ease in Future Expansion – No Bus Contention, as all addresses are unique. • Disadvantages – Increased hardware and cost. – Speed is less due to increased delay. 27
- 28. Partial Decoding • In this scheme minimum number of address lines are used as required to select a memory location in chip. • Advantages: – Simple, Cheap and Fast. • Disadvantages: – Unutilized space & fold back (multiple mapping). – Bus Contention. – Difficult future expansion. 28
- 29. Interfacing I/O Devices • Using I/O devices data can be transferred between the microprocessor and the outside world. • This can be done in groups of 8 bits using the entire data bus. This is called parallel I/O. • The other method is serial I/O where one bit is transferred at a time using the SID and SOD pins on the Microprocessor. 29
- 30. Types of Parallel Interface • There are two ways to interface 8085 with I/O devices in parallel data transfer mode: – Memory Mapped IO – IO Mapped IO 30
- 31. Memory Mapped IO • It considers them like any other memory location. – They are assigned a 16-bit address within the address range of the 8085. – The exchange of data with these devices follows the transfer of data with memory. The user uses the same instructions used for memory. 31
- 32. IO Mapped IO • It treats them separately from memory. –I/O devices are assigned a “port number” within the 8-bit address range of 00H to FFH. –The user in this case would access these devices using the IN and OUT instructions only. 32
- 33. IO mapped IO V/s Memory Mapped IO Memory Mapped IO • IO is treated as memory. • 16-bit addressing. • More Decoder Hardware. • Can address 216 =64k locations. • Less memory is available. IO Mapped IO • IO is treated IO. • 8- bit addressing. • Less Decoder Hardware. • Can address 28 =256 locations. • Whole memory address space is available. 33
- 34. IO mapped IO V/s Memory Mapped IO Memory Mapped IO • Memory Instructions are used. • Memory control signals are used. • Arithmetic and logic operations can be performed on data. • Data transfer b/w register and IO. IO Mapped IO • Special Instructions are used like IN, OUT. • Special control signals are used. • Arithmetic and logic operations can not be performed on data. • Data transfer b/w accumulator and IO. 34
- 35. The interfacing of output devices • Output devices are usually slow. • Also, the output is usually expected to continue appearing on the output device for a long period of time. • Given that the data will only be present on the data lines for a very short period (microseconds), it has to be latched externally. 35
- 36. The interfacing of output devices • To do this the external latch should be enabled when the port’s address is present on the address bus, the IO/M signal is set high and WR is set low. • The resulting signal would be active when the output device is being accessed by the microprocessor. • Decoding the address bus (for memory-mapped devices) follows the same techniques discussed in interfacing memory. 36
- 37. Interfacing of Input Devices • The basic concepts are similar to interfacing of output devices. • The address lines are decoded to generate a signal that is active when the particular port is being accessed. • An IORD signal is generated by combining the IO/M and the RD signals from the microprocessor. 37
- 38. Interfacing of Input Devices • A tri-state buffer is used to connect the input device to the data bus. • The control (Enable) for these buffers is connected to the result of combining the address signal and the signal IORD. 38
- 39. Basic RAM Cell • RAM is a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly i.e. any location can be accessed any time within chip. • It is most common type of memory found in computers, printers etc. • It is basically of two types: – SRAM – DRAM 39
- 40. SRAM • SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. • This memory is made up of flip-flops and stores the bit as a voltage. • Each cell requires 6 transistors hence chip has low density but high speed. • More expensive and consumes more power. • Often known as cache memory in high speed PCs. 40
- 42. DRAM • DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. • This memory is made up of MOS transistor gates and it stores the bit as charge. • High density, low power consumption, cheap as compared to SRAM. • Due to leakage of charge requires frequent refreshing and hence extra circuitry. 42
- 43. Basic DRAM 43
- 44. ROM • ROM is a read only memory. • It retains the information even if power is turned off. • It contains permanently stored instructions that help in staring up of a computer e.g. BIOS or Basic Input Output System. • These are of following three basic types – PROM, EPROM, EEPROM 44
- 45. PROM • The Programmable Read Only Memory can be programmed only once in its lifetime. • Information once stored can not be erased. • Requires special hardware circuit to program it. 45
- 46. EPROM • Stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. • These ROMs can be erased and programmed again and again. • Can be erased with UV light or electricity. • Main disadvantage is that it takes 15 to 20 minutes to erase it. 46
- 47. EEPROM • Stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. • Information can be erased electrically at register level rather than erasing entire information. • It requires lesser erasing time. 47
- 48. Stack • It is a part of memory, reserved in RAM, used to temporarily store information during execution of program. • Starting address of stack is loaded in “Stack Pointer (SP)” (a 16-bit register). • The address pointed to by SP is known as “Top of Stack”, which is always an empty memory location. 48
- 49. Stack Initialization • Stack can be defined anywhere in RAM. • But generally it initialized from highest (end) address of RAM to avoid any data loss. FFFFH F000H 0000H STACK MEMORY SP = FFFFH TOP OF STACK 49
- 50. Size of Stack Memory • Theoretically there is no limitation on the size of stack memory. • Practically the size of stack memory is limited to the availability of free RAM. • As RAM is used to store temporarily program and data during execution, hence only free RAM can be used as stack. 50
- 51. Storing Data on Stack • Stack is Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) type of memory. • When information is stored on stack, the Stack Pointer register decrements to point to lower empty address. • When information is read from stack, the Stack Pointer register increments to point to higher empty address. 51
- 52. Animation Stack Memory FFFF FFFE FFFD FFFC FFFB FFFA FFF9 0001 0000 STACK MEMORY PUSH B Stack Pointer PUSH C POP B POP C 52 H B= 52 H FFFF H FFFE H 35 H C = 35 H FFFD H 35 H 52 H 52
- 53. Advantages of Stack • Address is always in Stack Pointer, need not be part of instruction, therefore, stack access is always faster. • Stack instructions are short with only one operand. • Used to save important data before branch instruction e.g. jump or interrupt instruction. 53
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