PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Narrative Recording
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The document discusses narrative recording as a method of observation in qualitative research. Narrative recording aims to provide a rich description of natural behavior. It can take the form of anecdotal or running records. Key aspects covered include using molar vs molecular descriptions, the continuum of inferential judgments from low to high, guidelines for narrative recording, and the advantages and disadvantages of this method.
PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Narrative Recording
- 1. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA SEMESTER GENAP 2013/2014 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA Kuliah IV - 17 Februari 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING 04
- 2. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 KULIAH I ONE DAY OBJECTIVE Mahasiswa mampu menerapkan teknik observasi sesuai kaidah observasi penelitian kualitatif OBSERVATION SKILLS
- 4. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS
- 5. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS NARRATIVE RECORDING INTERVAL RECORDING EVENT RECORDING RATINGS RECORDING (Sattler, 1992)
- 6. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS NARRATIVE RECORDING INTERVAL RECORDING EVENT RECORDING RATINGS RECORDING to formulate rich and comprehensive description of the individual’s (or group’s) natural behavior. (Sattler, 1992)
- 7. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS NARRATIVE RECORDING INTERVAL RECORDING EVENT RECORDING RATINGS RECORDING focuses on selected aspects of behavior as they occur within specified intervals of time. (Sattler, 1992)
- 8. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS NARRATIVE RECORDING INTERVAL RECORDING EVENT RECORDING RATINGS RECORDING each instance of a specific behavior or event is recorded as it occurs during the observation period; the unit of measure is the behavior, not the time interval. (Sattler, 1992)
- 9. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RECORDING METHODS NARRATIVE RECORDING INTERVAL RECORDING EVENT RECORDING RATINGS RECORDING behavior is rated on a scale or checklist, usually at the end of the observation period. (Sattler, 1992)
- 11. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING THE DEFINITION The goal of the narrative method is to formulate a rich and comprehensive description of a person’s (or group’s) natural behavior.
- 12. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING THE TYPES
- 13. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING THE TYPES ANECTODAL RECORD RUNNING RECORD
- 14. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 the observer records anything that seems noteworthy; a specific time frame is not needed, nor are specific codes or categories NARRATIVE RECORDING THE TYPES ANECTODAL RECORD RUNNING RECORD the observer records behavior as it occurs
- 15. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER
- 16. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER MOLAR & MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR A CONTINUUM OF INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS
- 17. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER MOLAR & MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR
- 18. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 focus on actions that reflect the person’s behavior as a whole, that are goal directed, and that are within the person’s cognitive field. NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER MOLAR & MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR reflecting subordinate parts of the person’s behavior or the setting.
- 19. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 focus on actions that reflect the person’s behavior as a whole, that are goal directed, and that are within the person’s cognitive field. NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER MOLAR & MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR MOLAR DESCRIPTIONS MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS reflecting subordinate parts of the person’s behavior or the setting.
- 20. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER A CONTINUUM OF INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS
- 21. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • the observer records inferences based on directly observable behaviors, making behavioral inferential statements • go beyond describing behaviors; they are at an integrative or theoretical level NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER A CONTINUUM OF INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS • the observer records what is directly observable, making behavioral descriptive statements • relate behaviors as they occur, without explanations beyond the behavior
- 22. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • the observer records inferences based on directly observable behaviors, making behavioral inferential statements • go beyond describing behaviors; they are at an integrative or theoretical level NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER A CONTINUUM OF INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT • the observer records what is directly observable, making behavioral descriptive statements • relate behaviors as they occur, without explanations beyond the behavior LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT
- 23. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT
- 24. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com • melangkah mundur ke belakang • menutup mulutnya dengan satu tangan • matanya terbelalak, tidak berkata apa-apa HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT
- 25. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com • melangkah mundur ke belakang • menutup mulutnya dengan satu tangan • matanya terbelalak, tidak berkata apa-apa merasa sangat terkejut dengan apa yang dilakukan kekasihnya, sampai terdiam dan tidak bisa berkata apa-apa HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT
- 26. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com MOLAR DESCRIPTIONS MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS merasa sangat terkejut dengan apa yang dilakukan kekasihnya, sampai terdiam dan tidak bisa berkata apa-apa • melangkah mundur ke belakang • menutup mulutnya dengan satu tangan • matanya terbelalak, tidak berkata apa-apa
- 27. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com SO, WHICH ONE SHOULD WE DO FIRST? HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT MOLAR DESCRIPTIONS MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS
- 28. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING FEW THINGS TO CONSIDER image huffingtonpost.com SO, WHICH ONE SHOULD WE DO FIRST? HIGH INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT LOW INFERENTIAL JUDGMENT MOLAR DESCRIPTIONS MOLECULAR DESCRIPTIONS
- 29. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING DESIGNING
- 30. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING DESIGNING THINGS TO CONSIDER:
- 31. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 FREQUENCY, LENGTH, AND TIME OF OBSERVATION PERIOD NARRATIVE RECORDING DESIGNING THINGS TO CONSIDER: TYPE OF NARRATIVE RECORDING TARGET BEHAVIOR METHOD OF RECORDING DATA
- 32. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING GUIDELINES TO MAKE
- 33. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 1. Identify the person engaged in the behavior; 2. Clearly identify the behavior of the person (and other person in the setting) and those factors in the situation that affect the behavior; 3. Identify the setting and the time of day; 4. Consider how the person’s environment (including other person and the physical and spatial determinants) affects the behavior of the person; 5. Be alert to both verbal and nonverbal cues generated by the person and others in the person’s environment; 6. Write down the event (or anecdote) as soon as possible after it occurs; NARRATIVE RECORDING GUIDELINES TO MAKE
- 34. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 7. Record important verbalizations as precisely as possible, including direct quotations of the person and others, to preserve the flavor of how things were said; 8. Preserve the sequence of the episode; 9. Be as objective, accurate, and complete as possible; 10. Use everyday language to record the behavior; 11. Describe rather than interpret the person’s behavior; 12. Record the reactions of others to the person’s behavior; NARRATIVE RECORDING GUIDELINES TO MAKE
- 35. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 13. Recognize that your initial general impressions may change during the course of the observation; 14. Always consider your role in the process, particularly how you are reacting and feeling; 15. Do not allow your interest in specific behaviors to keep you from recording general impressions; 16. When you interpret the person’s behavior after the recordings, try to understand the person’s viewpoint rather than impose your own perceptions on the behavior; 17. Finally, attempt to integrate all sources of behavioral information, including molar and molecular observations, into a unified and coherent picture of the person’s behavior. NARRATIVE RECORDING GUIDELINES TO MAKE
- 36. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 NARRATIVE RECORDING ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
- 37. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • provides a record of the person’s behavior and of general impressions; • maintains the original sequence of events; • provides a means of gathering information and discovering critical behaviors; • requires very little equipment; • valuable as a precursor to more systematic observational procedures. NARRATIVE RECORDING ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
- 38. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • not well suited to obtaining quantifiable data; • difficult to validate; • does not fully describe some types of critical behaviors; • produces findings with limited generalizability; • only as good as the observer. NARRATIVE RECORDING ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- 39. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 WANT TO KNOW MORE? Sattler, J.M. (1992). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego, California: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc.