PDU 211 Research Methods: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses
14 likes2,436 views
The document outlines PDU 211 methodology for research in psychology, emphasizing the distinction between research purposes, questions, and hypotheses in both qualitative and quantitative studies. It details how to formulate statements that guide research direction and specifies the types of variables involved in research design. Additionally, it contrasts quantitative and qualitative research approaches, illustrating their respective methodologies and objectives.
PDU 211 Research Methods: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses
- 1. PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN SPECIFYING A PURPOSE & RESEARCH QUESTIONS SEMESTER GASAL 2015/2016 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA KULIAH V - 07 SEPTEMBER 2015
- 2. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN© 2015 Ardhiati Mahasiswa mampu membedakan antara tujuan penelitian, masalah (pertanyaan) penelitian, dan hipotesis; Mahasiswa memahami pentingnya ketiga hal tersebut; Mahasiswa mampu merumuskan tujuan, masalah, dan hipotesis pada penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. 01. 03. 02. ONE DAY OBJECTIVES 2
- 3. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study PURPOSE STATEMENT THE DEFINITION 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS HYPOTHESES RESEARCH OBJECTIVES questions that narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researchers seek to answer statements in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics a statement that specifies goals that the investigator plans to achieve in a study (Creswell, 2012, p. 110-112) ICON SOURCES: Quote by Austin Condiff, Question by Stefano Vetere, Crystal Ball by Emma Yuan, Target by Swaty Shah; from the Noun Project
- 4. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN a statement that advances the overall direction or focus for the study PURPOSE STATEMENT THE DEFINITION 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS HYPOTHESES RESEARCH OBJECTIVES questions that narrow the purpose statement to specific questions that researchers seek to answer statements in which the investigator makes a prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics a statement that specifies goals that the investigator plans to achieve in a study (Creswell, 2012, p. 110-112) ICON SOURCES: Bird by misirlou, Bird by misirlou, Bird by misirlou, Bird by misirlou, Psychology by gilbert bages; from the Noun Project QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE ICON SOURCES: Quote by Austin Condiff, Question by Stefano Vetere, Crystal Ball by Emma Yuan, Target by Swaty Shah; from the Noun Project
- 5. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN THESE STATEMENTS ARE SIGNPOSTS. Without clear signposts, the readers will be lost throughout your study. They simply will not know the central ideas addressed in your study. 5 (Creswell, 2012, p. 112)ICON SOURCE: Map by Kyle Lynn; from the Noun Project
- 6. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- 7. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN PURPOSE STATEMENTS, RESEARCH QUESTIONS, & HYPOTHESES VARIABLES DESIGNING 7 3 1 2 4 QUANTITATIVE PURPOSE STATEMENTS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS QUANTITATIVE HYPOTHESES
- 8. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Characteristics or attributes of individuals or organizations (personal aspects about them) that can be measured or observed and varies among individuals or organizations studied. 8 VARIABLES (Creswell, 2012, p. 112)
- 9. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN ABLE TO BE MEASURED “Measurement is the assigning of numbers to individuals in a systematic way as a means of representing properties of the individuals.” (Allen & Yen, 1979) VARIABLES 9 RESEARCH VARIABLES SHOULD BE… VARIES AMONG INDIVIDUALS scores will assume different values depending on the type of variable being measured. EITHER CATEGORIES OR CONTINOUS SCORES • a small number of groups or categories • a point along a continuum of scores, from low to high scores (Creswell, 2012, p. 112-114) ICON SOURCES: Ruler by Victor Pedraza, Russian Doll by Dima Lagunov, Counting by Magicon; from the Noun Project
- 10. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN independent variables manipulated by the researcher TREATMENT INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT CONTROL VARIABLES FAMILY 10 (Creswell, 2012, p. 114-119) MODERATING CONFOUNDINGINTERVENING attributes or characteristics that is dependent on or influenced by the independent variable attributes or characteristics that influence or affect an outcome or dependent variable variables that are important to consider and “neutralize” because they potentially influence the dependent variable new variables constructed by the researcher by taking one variable times another to determine the joint impact of both variables together attributes or characteristics that “stand between” the independent and dependent variables and exercise an influence on the dependent variable apart from the independent variable attributes or characteristics that the researcher cannot directly measure because their effects cannot be easily separated from those of other variables
- 11. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN VARIABLES THEORIES & TESTING 11 HUNCH OR EDUCATED GUESS THEORETICAL RATIONALE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THEORIES (Creswell, 2012, p. 120-122) ICON SOURCES: Idea by Jens Tärning, Thinking by Jens Tärning, Love by Vicons Design, Brainstorm by Vicons Design; from the Noun Project NO TEST EXTENSIVE TESTS BY OTHER RESEARCHERS NARROW APPLICATIONS BROAD APPLICATIONS
- 12. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Quantitative purpose statements identifies the variables, their relationship, and the participants and site for research. 12 QUANTITATIVE PURPOSE STATEMENTS (Creswell, 2012, p. 123)
- 13. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE PURPOSE STATEMENTS a single sentence “the purpose of this study” as identifier if you plan to use a theory, introduce it in this statement using in this statement: to relate variables, to compare a variable composed of two or more groups, or to describe one variable • to relate or compare variables: specify the independent and dependent variables and any control or intervening variables • (1) the independent variable, (2) the dependent variable, (3) control/mediating variables last identify the participants and the research site 13 GUIDELINES (Creswell, 2012, p. 123)ICON SOURCE: Check by Nick Dominguez; from the Noun Project
- 14. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Quantitative research questions serve to restate the purpose in specific questions that the researcher seeks to answer; describe the participants’ reactions to a single variable, compare groups on an outcome, or relate to variables. 14 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS (Creswell, 2012, p. 124)
- 15. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS pose a question begin with “how,” “what,” or “why” specify the independent, dependent, and mediating or control variables use the words “describe,” “compare,” or “relate” indicate the participants and the research site 15 GUIDELINES (Creswell, 2012, p. 124)ICON SOURCE: Check by Nick Dominguez; from the Noun Project
- 16. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Research hypotheses advance a prediction about what the researcher expects to find. 16 QUANTITATIVE HYPOTHESES (Creswell, 2012, p. 125)
- 17. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE HYPOTHESES (1) independent variables, (2) dependent variables, (3) control variables compare groups: state the groups; relate variables: specify the relationship among the variables make a prediction about “the result” you expect state the participants and the site 17 GUIDELINES (Creswell, 2012, p. 125)ICON SOURCE: Check by Nick Dominguez; from the Noun Project
- 18. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE HYPOTHESES 18 HYPOTHESES STATEMENTS NULL HYPOTHESES ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES DIRECTIONS DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES CAUSAL NON-CAUSAL CAUSAL NON-CAUSAL (Creswell, 2012, p. 126; Howitt & Cramer, 2011, p. 35)
- 19. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 20. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Central phenomenon is a central component of both the purpose statement and the research questions in qualitative research; it is the concept or a process explored in qualitative research. 20 CENTRAL PHENOMENON (Creswell, 2012, p. 129)
- 21. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN CENTRAL PHENOMENON 21 #DONTJUDGECHALLENGE IMAGE SOURCE: giztimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/em-ford-you-look-disgusting.jpg
- 22. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN CENTRAL PHENOMENON 22 #DONTJUDGECHALLENGE IMAGE SOURCE: giztimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/em-ford-you-look-disgusting.jpg XX Y X Y X QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION & EXPLANATION EXPLORATION (Creswell, 2012, p. 129)
- 23. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN CENTRAL PHENOMENON 23 IMAGE SOURCE: giztimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/em-ford-you-look-disgusting.jpg X QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION (Creswell, 2012, p. 130) The intent or purpose of a study and the questions asked by the researcher may change during the process of inquiry based on feedback or responses from participants. EMERGING PROCESS
- 24. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN A purpose statement in qualitative research indicates the intent to explore or understand the central phenomenon with specific individuals at a certain research site. 24 QUALITATIVE PURPOSE STATEMENTS (Creswell, 2012, p. 131)
- 25. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUALITATIVE PURPOSE STATEMENTS “the purpose of this study” as identifier mentioning that the study is “qualitative” indicate the type of research design state the central phenomenon using in this statement: explore, discover, understand, or describe mention the participants refer the research site 25 GUIDELINES (Creswell, 2012, p. 131)ICON SOURCE: Check by Nick Dominguez; from the Noun Project
- 26. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN Research questions in qualitative research help narrow the purpose of a study into specific questions; Open-ended, general questions that the researcher would like answered during the study. 26 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS (Creswell, 2012, p. 132)
- 27. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS qualitative questions might change and might emerge during a study ask only a few, general questions ask questions that use neutral, exploratory language and refrain from conveying an expected direction the central question and subquestions begin with “how” or “what” rather than “why” specify the central phenomenon mention the participants refer the research site 27 GUIDELINES (Creswell, 2012, p. 132-133)ICON SOURCE: Check by Nick Dominguez; from the Noun Project
- 28. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 29. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN DIFFERENCES 29 Using hypotheses (Measuring) Variables The researchers test theories Employs a close-ended stance (identifying variables and selecting instruments) before the study begins Not using hypotheses (Gathering information about) Central phenomenon The participants share ideas and build general themes based on those ideas Uses more of an open-ended stance and often changes the phenomenon being studied or at least allows it to emerge during the study QUALITATIVEQUANTITATIVE (Creswell, 2012, p. 128) DESCRIPTION & EXPLANATION EXPLORATION ICON SOURCES: Crystal Ball by Emma Yuan, Ruler by Victor Pedraza, Book by Michela Tannoia, Box by Jerome Tave, People by Ilsur Aptukov; from the Noun Project Measure differences, relationships, or effects among groups Seeks a deep understanding of the views of one group or single individuals
- 30. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN WANT TO KNOW MORE? CRESWELL, J.W. (2012). EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: PLANNING, CONDUCTING AND EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (4TH ED.). BOSTON, MA: PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. HOWITT, D. & CRAMER, D. (2011). INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY (3RD ED.). ESSEX, ENGLAND: PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED.