PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Introduction to Interviewing & Observation
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The document outlines the objectives and significance of interviewing and observation as qualitative research methods taught at the Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University. It emphasizes the essential elements of interviews, including interaction and purpose, and the importance of capturing behavior through systematic observation. Key concepts discussed include the dynamic nature of communication, planning in interviews, and relational dimensions affecting interview outcomes.
PDU 214 Methods of Observation & Interviewing: Introduction to Interviewing & Observation
- 1. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA SEMESTER GENAP 2013/2014 FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA Kuliah I - 27 Januari 2014 INTRODUCTION TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION 01
- 2. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 KULIAH I ONE DAY OBJECTIVES • Mahasiswa memahami hakikat wawancara dan observasi sebagai metode pengumpulan data penelitian kualitatif • Mahasiswa memperoleh gambaran umum wawancara dan observasi • Mahasiswa memahami elemen penting dalam wawancara • Mahasiswa memahami wawancara sebagai sebuah proses komunikasi interpersonal INTRODUCTION TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION
- 3. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • (Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. • (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar situation. (Yin, 2011) RESEARCH DATA & ITS RELEVANCE TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION
- 4. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • (Research) “Data” refers to a collection of organized information, usually the result of experience, observation, experiment. . . . This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. • (Research) “Data” are the smallest or lowest entities or recorded elements resulting from some experience, observation, experiment, or other similar situation. (Yin, 2011) RESEARCH DATA & ITS RELEVANCE TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 5. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 Getting the research data, which forms are words and/or images, through interviewing and observation RESEARCH DATA & ITS RELEVANCE TO INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 6. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION THE DEFINITION
- 7. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 INTERVIEWING Main features (Gillham, 2005): • Questions asked, or topics raised, are ‘open’ with the interviewee determining their own answers • The relationship between interviewer and interviewee is responsive or interactive, allowing for a degree of ‘adjustment’: clarification and exploration • There is structure and purpose on the part of the interviewer even when the context is ‘natural’ or at least naturalistic in the sense of taking advantage of opportunitis that arise INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION THE DEFINITION
- 8. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 observation Main features (Sattler, 1992): • Watches behavior in natural settings, records or classifies each behavior objectively as it occurs or shortly thereafter, ensures that the obtained data are replicable. • Although the scientific principles on which systematic behavioral observation is based ensure the highest possible degree of accuracy and precision, it is never possible to capture entirely all of the behavior exhibited during a period of observation. • The behaviors recorded over a period of time will constitute a representative sample of the behaviors under observation in the setting. INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION THE DEFINITION
- 9. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION THE DEFINITION INTERVIEWING OBSERVATION
- 10. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 Should have a purpose, which had been described in the (qualitative) research designs INTERVIEWING & OBSERVATION THE DEFINITION INTERVIEWING OBSERVATION
- 11. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 INTERVIEWING
- 12. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 13. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 INTERACTIONAL • There is an exchanging, or sharing, of roles, responsibilities, feelings, beliefs, motives, and information. • Interactional does not mean equal. • Before an interview begins, be aware of your feelings, motives, beliefs, and information and those of other party. THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 14. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 PROCESS A dynamic, continuing, ever-changing interaction of variables with a degree of system or structure. The parties in each interaction generate energy through their desires to achieve specific goals. Communication interactions are not static. THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 15. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 PARTIES An interview never involves more than two parties - an interviewee party and an interviewer party. An interview is a dyadic process, and adding parties transforms it into a distinctly different interactions. THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 16. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 PURPOSE • At least one of the two parties must come to an interview with an important goal - other than mere enjoyment - and intention to focus on specific subject matter. • Interviews must have a degree of advanced planning and structure, even if little more than a purpose and topics in mind. In most effective interviews, the interviewer will plan the opening, select topics, prepare questions, gather information, and determine how to close the interview. THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 17. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 QUESTIONS Questions are the tools the interviewers and interviewees employ to obtain information, check the accuracy of messages sent and received, verify impressions and assumptions, and provoke feeling or thought. THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INTERVIEWS (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 18. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 • Both parties in interviews are connected interpersonally and have varying degrees of interest in the relationship and the outcome of the interview. This relationship may commence with the start of the interview or have history that began days, months, or years before. • Interactions take experience and flexibility. A RELATIONAL FORM OF COMMUNICATION (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 19. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS that determine the nature of your relationships (in the interview context) A RELATIONAL FORM OF COMMUNICATION (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 20. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 RELATIONAL DIMENSIONS that determine the nature of your relationships (in the interview context) A RELATIONAL FORM OF COMMUNICATION SIMILARITY INVOLVEMENT AFFECTION CONTROL TRUST (Stewart & Cash, 2013)
- 21. PDU 214 METODE OBSERVASI & WAWANCARA FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA ardhiati © 2014 WANT TO KNOW MORE? Gillham, B. (2005). Research interviewing: The range of techniques. New York, NY: Open University Press. Sattler, J.M. (1992). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego, California: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc. Stewart, C.J. & Cash, W.B. (2013). Interviewing: Principles and practices (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative Research from start to finish. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.