Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation and multiplexing techniques of f.o.c within and beyond 400 gb s

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcnc.2014.6213 159
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND MONITORING OF
VARIOUS ADVANCED DIGITAL MODULATION AND
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES OF F.O.C WITHIN
AND BEYOND 400 GB/S.
Sumant Ku. Mohapatra, Ramya Ranjan Choudhury, Rabindra Bhojray and
Pravanjan Das
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
KEYWORDS
OFDM, Digital Modulation formats, Multiplexing techniques, QAM & WDM.
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days by digital communication one can improve the performance of OSNR sensitivity, Bit
error rate, nominal range, sensitivity to non-linear distortion, transmission, attenuation
profile, modulated bandwidth efficiency, information capacity, Spectral efficiency etc, The goal
behind each type of optical modulation and multiplexing techniques is to increase the data rate,
transmission fidelity and transmission distance between stations. Over the last years several types
of modulation techniques are designed which consists of 2.5, 10, 20, 25, 40 and 100 Gb/s
wavelength channels. But now a day the data rate with respect to the channel increases to 400
Gb/s and above. Media Access control parameters, physical layers, and management parameter
[17] using 4-channels with 25Gb/s. 107 Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK transmission at 1.0 b/s/Hz over 12-
100Km have been introduced [18] by P.J.Winzer including 6 optical routing nodes (published in
Proc.OFC2007, post deadline paper PDP24). Now a days in modern digital optical fiber
communication to improve transmission data rate200Gb/s , 400Gb/s , 800Gb/s , 1000Gb/s ,
1Tbit/s and above have been used. This paper also provides a tabular manner survey of
modulation methods, with emphasis on probability of error, photons per pulse and spectral
efficiency and other DFOC parameters. Multiplexing is a promising technique in optical fiber
communication. Different types of fiber optic multiplexing techniques such as OTDM, OFDM,
COFDM, WDM, CWDM and DWDM are analyzed in a tabular manner compared with different
digital modulation formats. The comparative analysis taking suitability of various modulation
formats over bit error rates of 0.004 is studied in this approach. The robustness of DPSK direct
detection transmission format in standard fiber WDM systems have been published in2000 [33].

160
In this paper we mainly emphasize on WDM, CWDM and DWDM. W. Idler publishes WDM
field over 764 Km SSMF with 16-112Gb/s NRZ DQPSK[34]. These performances are
comparatively analyzed in a tabular manner and also by different 3D graphical formats.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL OPTICAL FIBER MODULATION AND
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
Sl. No. DFOC Format Type Notation
01. Digital
modulation
formats
On-OFF keying /Binary
Amplitude
Shift Keying
OOK/BASK
Binary frequency shift keying BFSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK
Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK
Return to zero DPSK RZ-DPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK
Differential QPSK DQPSK
Return to zero DQPSK RZ-DQPSK
Return to zero DPSK-3ASK RZ-DPSK-3ASK
Polarization division multiplexing
QPSK
PM-QPSK/DP-QPSK
PM-Orthogonal frequency
division
PM-OFDM-QPSK/DP-
OFDM-QPSK
Optical Polarization FDM-RZ-
DQPSK
OP-FDM-RZ-DQPSK
Polarization division multiplexing
DQPSK
PM-DQPSK or DP-DQPSK
M-ary Quadrature amplitude
modulation
M-QAM
Minimum Shift Keying MSK
Gaussian MSK GMSK
Single Carrier Modulation formats SCM
Multicarrier Modulation formats MCM
02. Digital
Multiplexing
Formats
Optical Time Division Multiplexing OTDM
Subcarrier Multiplexing SCM
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
OFDM(UNCODED)
Coded Frequency Division
Multiplexing
COFDM(coded)
Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing DCDM
Optical Polarization Division
Multiplexing
OPDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM
Coarse WDM CWDM
Dense WDM DWDM

161
3. OPTICAL FIBER DIGITAL MODULATION FORMATS.
Modulation is a technique by which the digital information is printed onto an optical carrier [16]
and in its most general sense also including coding to present transmission errors. In digital
optical fibers the electromagnetic waves with frequencies of nearly 200 THz are used to transfer
information from one point to another.
3.1. On-Off Keying/Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
In BFSK, for better demodulation performance matched filter detectors are used. The information
capacity is better than BASK indicated in Table-5. It is not efficient due to its hardware design of
receiver, is complex as directed in Table-2.
3.2. Binary Phase Shift Keying
In BFSK, for better demodulation performance matched filter detectors are used. The information
capacity is better than BASK indicated in Table-5. It is not efficient due to its hardware design of
receiver, is complex as directed in Table-2.
3.3. Binary Phase Shift Keying
In BPSK error performance is very less as compared to BASK and BFSK. It is widely used for
satellite communication. The binary 1 is signed as sinωt and 0 signed as –sinωt . 2,4,8,16 BPSK
formats using coherent detection techniques to improve their BER performance as shown in
Table-4.The information capacity of BPSK is twice times the BFSK indicated in Table-5.
3.4. Differential Phase Shift Keying
The non-linear propagation [33] in Optical Transmission systems is only valid for DPSK FOC
digital modulation techniques. For 400 Gb/s performance, it requires DPSK receiver Optical
channel monitoring in optical line system. The maximum bandwidth is 80 ps/nm for RZ-DPSK
shown in Table-10.
3.5. Non Return to Zero /Return to Zero Differential Phase Shift Keying
In NRZ/RZ-DPSK, the receiver design consists of one interferometric detector and two photo
detectors which increases the hardware complexity in comparison to transmitter design which
uses only one modulator at 400 Gb/s aggregation bit rate shown in Table-10.
3.6. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
In QPSK, the bandwidth efficiency is very high in comparison to other primary optical digital
modulation techniques as illustrated in Table-5. Also the information capacity is twice the Binary
Frequency Shift Keying which gives major effect on different primary modulation techniques.
3.7. Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
At 400 Gb/s DQPSK requires two modulators which improves the performance in comparison to
QPSK. Also the BER graph of DQPSK gives better results when probability of error is taken into
account. This four level version of DPSK has the advantage of tolerating better dispersion which
is narrated in Table-7.

162
3.8. Return to Zero - Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
To get RZ-DQPSK signal, two phase modulators are cascaded for the modulation of the optical
phase by 0 to π/2 and 0 to π/4 applying binary modulation. The Optical signal-to-noise-ratio
tolerance is higher than DQPSK that results in better performance in the context of signal quality
at 111 Gb/s [35] and at112Gb/s OUT-4 channel bit-rate [34] ,[36].The maximum bandwidth
(ps/nm) of this format is half that of NRZ-DQPSK as compared in Table-10.
3.9. Return to Zero - Differential Phase Shift Keying - 3 Amplitude Shift Keying
This is a very fundamental mixer of ASK modulation and phase modulation. In RZ-DPSK-3ASK
modulation formats 2.5bits are coded in one symbol which leads to symbol rate of 43Gbauds [37-
38], [65- 66] for support of the OUT-4 line-rate [67] of 112Gb/s. This modulation technique
when applied to field fiber has OSNR limitation, but this could be improved by reducing channel
bit-rate.
3.10. Polarization Mode -QPSK/Differential Phase –QPSK
The 100Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission process [16] running at a symbol rate of 25-28Gbaud is
widely applied with offline signal processing of electrical signal which is measured by 4- channel
high speed real time Oscilloscopes acting as fast A/D converters[28-29], [40], [69]. Table-4
shows that the PM-QPSK format has higher modulation efficiency compared to QPSK format.
3.11. Polarization Mode OFDM-QPSK/ Differential Phase -OFDM-QPSK
Another commercially available 100Gb/s transponder applies two narrow spaced (20GHz)
optical carries each modulated with PM-QPSK formats based on 14 Gbaud modulation
[41],[16]. The hardware implementation features of transmitter and receiver of this modulation
technique is given in Table-10. It has highest estimated reach of about 2000 Km rather than
QPSK, DQPSK and PM-DQPSK as suggested in Table-7.
3.12. Optical Polarization -FDM-RZ-DQPSK
To carry two optical carrier there are polarizations can be used to eliminate the fast automatic
optical polarization de-multiplexers[16]. In this modulation format two carriers are alternatively
multiplexed and de-multiplexed with optical fiber at 28 Gbaud. The compatibility with 100Gb/s
& 400Gb/s is being positive w.r.t PM-OFDM-QPSK as shown in Table-7.
3.13. Polarization Mode -DQPSK / Differential Phase –DQPSK
By applying polarization division multiplexing (PM), we can reduce the symbol rate. As a result
the line-rate doubles or the symbol rate becomes half [16]. The 28Gbaud modulation formats
supports the 400G DWDM transmission with 50 GHz channel spacing. Table-7 indicates that the
OSNR tolerance (dB) @ BER 4X10-3 is higher than OP-FDM-RZ-DQPSK but less than RZ-
DPSK-3ASK format.
3.14. M-QAM
‘M’ number of binary bits are transmitted in a particular slot in this modulation scheme [16]. This
technique currently is of high research interest and is illustrated at submarine transmission
configurations[70] using RZ at PM-QPSK. Polarization multiplexed 16- QAM signals have been

163
realized by multi-level generation using passive combination of binary signals to achieve 224
Gb/s channel rate (200G + FEC overhead)[71-73] and for higher than 400 Gb/s channel rate [74].
Using Polarization multiplexing and QAM modulation format transmission lengths between
670km to 1500km have been demonstrated [71-73]. RF-assisted optical Dual carrier 112 Gb/s
polarization multiplexed 16-QAM is applied to achieve 112 Gb/s channel rate[75]. According to
Table-8, we conclude a comparative analysis between different M-QAM modulation techniques
having different bit rates (Gb/s). A channel rate of 400 Gb/s has been achieved using 16-QAM
recently with polarization multiplexing.
3.15. Minimum Shift Keying
The new optical minimum shift keying modulation schemes have the high spectral efficiency as
compared to other digital modulation formats. The transmitters for optical MSK based on two
MZM similar to the transmitter for DQPSK. As compared to other modulation formats the
spectrum is not compact enough to realize data rates as shown in Table-2.
3.16. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GMSK is a digital optical binary modulation schemes and is treated as a extension of optical
Minimum Shift Keying technique. In this format the side lobe levels of the spectrum are again
minimized by passing the modulating NRZ data waveform through a pre-modulation Gaussian
pulse-shaping filter. It promotes ISI at higher bit rate transmission than MSK as compared in
Table-2.
3.17. Sub-Carrier Modulation
In this format 2xm bits are transmitted per symbol. Various constellations [16],[42] can be
applied for PM-QAM modulation format. To optimize the signal error with M-QAM
constellation by Nyquist filtering towards Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing which is
currently of high research interest which has been demonstrated at submarine transmission
configurations[70] using RZ at PM-QPSK. Table-8 gives an overview in single channel M-QAM
options from 200Gb/s to 1Tb/s .
3.18. Multi-Carrier Modulation
Multi-carrier modulation format approach supports high bandwidth channels [76]. Forming
inverse fourier transform, Signal Processing is applied in the transmitter. As OFDM has
rectangular shape, high capacity transmission can be performed by close allocation of multiple
OFDM signals in the frequency domain without guard bands. The orthogonal multiplexing
behavior of PM-QPSK modulation has been depicted in Table-7. A number of transmission
experiments using polarization multiplexed O-OFDM and PM-O-OFDM have been reported [16],
[77], [44-45] transporting Tb/s super channels over submarine distances [78].
4. OPTICAL FIBER DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING FORMATS
Multiple users can transmit data simultaneously through a single optical fiber link by digital
multiplexing techniques described in this section. This is widely employed in optical
communication systems due to its capability to increase the channel utilization and decrease
system costs.

164
4.1. Optical Time Division Multiplexing
In OTDM the bit-rate of digital optical fiber systems is increased beyond the bandwidth
capabilities of the opto-electronics. [59-60].
4.2. Sub-Carrier Multiplexing
The subcarrier enables multiple broadband signals to be transmitted over single mode fiber and
appear particularly attractive for video distribution systems. Also with SCM, the orthodox
microwave solid-state devices could be used to further divide the intensity modulation available,
thereby increasing the bandwidth.
4.3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Reduction in the channel spacing is a major adaptability, which is employed in the orthogonal set
of signals and is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing [76-78].Table-7 shows
an comparative analysis of OFDM with different modulation formats.
4.4. Coded Frequency Division Multiplexing
The Coded Frequency Division Multiplexing is also called as OFDM [77], is a system where
individual data bits of a word are coded onto individual carriers. Mutually orthogonal frequency
carriers are used over one symbol period in this method. It has higher spectral efficiency OP-
FDM-RZ-DQPSK as shown in Table-7.
4.5. Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing
In this Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (DCDM) technique [75], different users sign with
different RZ duty cycles and the combine together synchronously to form a multi-level step shape
signal.
4.6. Optical Polarization Division Multiplexing
Optical Polarization Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the capacity of the system
and spectral efficiency is enhanced by using two independently modulated channels keeping
the wavelength constant [75]. A brief comparison between 4-QAM(4 bits/symbol), 8-QAM (6
bits/symbol) and 16-QAM(8 bits/symbol) on the basis of polarization multiplexed transmission is
illustrated in Table-12.
4.7. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WDM is an optical modulation technique in optical fiber communication employing more than
one wavelength. In this communication format , multiple optical carrier signals on a single fiber
optic cable is multiplexed by using different wavelengths of laser light to carry various signals .
In multimode the 850nm, 1310nm wavelengths are used [34-36]. In single mode 1310 and 1550
nm are used[43].The OSNR (dBm) , maximum bandwidth (ps/nm), CRF (GHz) like parameters
are clearly compared in Table-10.

165
4.8. Coarse WDM
Coarse WDM gives the ability to combine upto 18 wavelengths onto one fiber. The spacing of
these eighteen wavelengths which are employed evenly from 1270-1610 nm in 20nm increments
have been discussed.. The aggregate fiber capacity of CWDM is only 20-40 Gb/s(70Km) as
indicated in Table-14.
4.9. Dense WDM
Dense WDM takes bandwidth and throughput to higher level. DWDM permits up to 80
wavelengths [46] to share are fiber[32]. The aggregate fiber capacity of DWDM is higher than
CWDM that is up to 1Tb/s (900 Km) as indicated in figure 15 of Table-18.
Table 1. Comparative analysis of different PSK Schemes
Digital PSK
Modulation
Techniques
Probability of Error Degradation Power Spectral Density
(PSD)
BNull
BPSK ܳ ቌඨ
2‫ܧ‬௕
ܰ଴
ቍ 0dB(ref.) AଶTୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ௕
ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ௕
DEBPSK ≈ 2ܳ ൬ට
ଶா್
ேబ
൰ <0.5 dB Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ௕
ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ௕
DBPSK
(Optimum)
1
2
݁ିா್ ேబ⁄
0.5-1 dB Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ௕
ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ௕
QPSK ܳ ቌඨ
2‫ܧ‬௕
ܰ଴
ቍ 0dB(ref.) 2AଶTୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ௕
2ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DEQPSK ≈ 2ܳ ൬ට
ଶா್
ேబ
൰ <0.5 dB 2Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ௕
2ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DQPSK
(Optimum) ≈ ܳ ൬ට
ସா್
ேబ
൰ ‫݊݅ݏ‬
గ
ସ√ଶ 2-3dB 2Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ௕
2ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DMPSK
(Optimum) ≈
ଶ
௡
ܳ ൬ට
ଶ௡ா್
ேబ
‫݊݅ݏ‬
గ
√ଶெ
൰
3 dB nAଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ݊ߨ݂ܶ௕
݊ߨ݂ܶ௕
൰
ଶ 2
݊ܶ௕

166
Table 2. Modulation parameters of different Digital modulation techniques in 40Gb/s modulation formats.
Digital
Modulation
Demodulation
performance
Error
performance
Advantages Disadvantages
BASK
Easy
demodulation
Restricted in
linear region
Hardware
Implementations
simple and low
cost
Poor BW
BFSK
Matched filter
detectors used
Performs
well
Same as Bask Complex
Hardware design
of receiver
BPSK
Receiver circuit
is complex.
Small error
rate
Used only for
satellite
communication.
Inefficient
DPSK
Receiver
requires
memory
Required 3
dB less than
BFSK
Introduces the
complexities
of receiver
Efficient less
than coherent
PSK
QPSK
Phase shift
detection is used
Better over
BPSK and
BFSK
Bandwidth
efficient
than BPSK
Hardware
design of
receiver is
complex64 QAM Coherent
detection
Same as
QAM
Very efficient
spectral efficiency
BW is same as
ASK and PSK
GMSK
Bandwidth time
product is
measured by
SNR Vs BER
The carrier lags
or leads by 900
over bit period
w.r.t BT.
Constant envelope,
spectrally efficient
It promotes ISI at
higher bit rate
transmission
Table 3. Comparison of performance and implementation for 400Gb/s.
Digital
Modulatio
n
Technique
s
400 Gb/s performance and
implementation Advantages
400 Gb/s performance and
implementation Disadvantages
NRZ
• “baseline” (no OSNR penalty)
• “baseline” : Single modulator stage.
• 90% spectral width = 33 GHz
RZ
• No OSNR penalty.
• Versatility to non-linear optical
fiber propagation is achieved.
• 66 GHz channel spacing is achieved
with ninety percentage spectral width
. (unfiltered), channel spacing limited
to 100GHz.
• Auxilary modulator stages are
required
SCM +
M-QAM
• Sectral narrowing = f(M)
• Symbol duration = f(M)
• Lower carrier frequency and/or
longer symbol duration
improves tolerance to
uncompensated CD and PMD
• OSNR penalty = f(# carriers,M)
spectral efficiency gains more than
offset by large OSNR penalty
• Requires complex analog RF
electronics
• Stringent linearity requirements in
modulator and driver.
DPSK
• 3 dB OSNR improvement (with
balanced receiver)
• Constant envelope modulation
• Interferometric detection required.
• Requires DPSK receiver optical
channel monitoring in optical line
system.

167
decreases SPM,XPM
DQPSK
• No OSNR penalty
• Decrease in cross polarization
modulation by employing
constant envelope modulation.
• 33 GHz channel spacing is
achieved with ninety percentage
spectral width .
• Interferometric detection required
• Requires complicated drive signal or
2 modulators
• Requires DQPSK receiver receiver
optical channel monitoring in optical
line system.
Table 4. . Comparison of FOC Digital Modulation Spectral Efficiency and Modulation Efficiency
Digital
Modulation
Techniques
≤ 100Gb/s
Data
Rate
Number
of
Channels
Channel
Spacing
Spectral
Efficiency
(bits/s)/Hz
Modulation
Efficiency
(Bits/Baud)
Effective
Baud Rate
(Symbol
Rate)
NRZ-00K 10 40 100 0.1 1 100 G
DPSK 40 40 100 0.4 1 100G
QPSK 10 80 50 0.2 2 50G
DPSK-3ASK 100 40 100 1 2.5 40G
PM-QPSK 100 80 50 2 4 25G
Table 5. Parametric comparison of fiber optics digital modulation formats for 400Gb/s.
Digital
Modulation
Points Symbols Information
capacity
Derived
form
BW efficiency
BASK 01 01 Poor ASK Poor
BFSK 01 01 Better than
BASK
FSK Not efficient
BPSK 02 02 2 BFSK PSK Only for high speed data
QPSK 04 04 2BFSK PSK High
MSK 04 04 2BFSK OQPSK Lower than QPSK
QAM 02 04 Better than
BASK
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
16 QAM 04 04 Better than
QAM
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
64 QAM 06 04 Better than
QAM
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
GMSK 04 04 Same as FSK Excellent

168
Table 6. The standardized voice-band data modems with duplex methods for different DFOC
Digital
Modulation
Techniques
Speed (b/s) Symbol rate
(Hz)
Duplex method CCITT standard
2-FSK ≤ 300 ≤ 300 Full FDM V.21
2-FSK 1200 1200 Half V.23
4-PSK 1200 600 Full FDM V.22
4-PSK 2400 1200 Half V.26
16-QAM 2400 600 Full FDM V.22bis
4-PSK 2400 1200 Full-EC V.26ter
8-PSK 4800 1600 Half V.27
4-QPSK 4800 2400 Full-EC V.32
16-AM/PM 9600 2400 Half V.29
32- QAM +
TC
9600 2400 Full-EC V.32
1024- QAM +
TC
≤ 28,800 ≤ 3429 Full-EC V.fast (V.34)
Table 7. Major parameters of modulation methods at 400 Gb/s.
Digital
Modulation
Formats
OOK OOK-
VSB
DQPSK RZ-
DPSK-
3ASK
PM-
DQPSK
OP-
FDM-
RZ-
DQPSK
PM-
QPSK
PM-
OFD
M-
QPS
K
Symbol rate 112 112 56 44 28 28 28 14
Bits/ Symbol 01 01 02 2.5 2x2 2x2 2x2 2x2x
2
Estimated
Reach (km)
< 500 < 500 1000 <500 600 1500 1500 2000
Spectral
Efficiency
0.5 01 01 02 02 01 02 02
CD tolerance
(ps/nm)@2dB
penalty
± 5 ± 5 ± 20 ± 30 ± 90 ± 90 >> >>
OSNR
tolerance(dB)@
BER 4x10-3
17.5 18.5 15.5 >20 15.5 15.5 <15 <15
Coherent/ Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Coherent Cohe
rent
Product
Available
No No No No No Yes Yes Yes

169
Table 8. Analysis of various digital modulation methods up to 1000Gb/s with theoretical
value of 40Gb/s taken as reference.
Digital
Modulation
Formats
PM-
BPS
K
PM-
QPSK
PM-8
QAM
PM-
16
QAM
PM-
32
QAM
PM-
32
QAM
PM-
64
QAM
PM-
256-
QAM
Channel
Spacing
50 200 133 100 80 200 67 50
Bit-Rate (Gb/s) 100 400 400 400 400 1000 400 400
Bits/Symbol 2x1 2x2 2x3 2x4 2x5 2x5 2x6 2x8
Symbol Rate 28-32 112-
128
75-85 56-64 45-51 112-
128
37-43 28-32
Penalty vs 100G
(dB)
00 06 08 10 12 16 14.5 > 20
No. of C-Band
Channels
44 22 33 44 55 22 66 88
Total Capacity
(Tb/s)
8.8 8.8 13.3 17.6 22 22 26.4 35
OSNR (dB) @
Min. Baud Rate
10.8 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.2 28.2 26.7 >30
OSNR (dB) @
Max. Baud Rate
8.2 15.8 17.8 19.8 21.8 25.8 24.3 >32
Table 9. Transmission rate performance comparison for NRZ fiber modulation coding format within
400Gb/s.
Channel
Bit Rate
Multiplexin
g
Method
PMD
delay
(pico-
second
Maximum
Dispersion
at 1550
nm
Insertion
Loss
Retur
n
Loss
Physical
plant
verification
Attenuation
Profile
2.5 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
48/STM-16
40 18817 1550/162
5
nm
1550
nm
1550/1625
nm
1550-
1625nm
10 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
192/STM-64
10 1176 1550/162
5
nm
1550
nm
1550/1625
nm
1550-
1625nm
40 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
768/STM-
256
2.5 73.5 1310/155
0
nm
1550
nm
1310/1550
nm
1550-
1625nm
10 Gbps Ethernet 5 738 1310/155
0
1550
nm
1310/1550
nm
1550-
1625nm
Table 10. Performances and complexity Comparison between different multiplexing techniques and
modulation formats at 400 Gb/s aggregation bit-rate.
Digital
Modulation
&
Multiplexing
techniques
Transmitte
r
TX
Receive
r
RX
OSNR (dBm) CD
(PS/n
m)
MBW
(Ps/nm
)
CRF
(GHz
)
NRZ-WDM 1M 1PD Sim : 16.5 (E-3)
19.8(E-9)
Exp: ≈23.3 (E-9)
54 80 40

170
50% RZ-
WDM
2Ms ? Sim : 14.4 (E-3)
18.3(E-9)
Exp: ≈21 (E-9)
48 160 40
DB ? ? Sim : 22.4 (E-9) ? 40 ?
NRZ-DPSK 1M 1DI +
2PDs
Sim : 11.7 (E-3),
13.5 (E-3)
Exp: ≈20 (E-9)
74 80 40
NRZ-16-
QAM
3PCs,1M 2PDs,3P
Cs,POI,
TFL
Sim : 20.9 (E-9) ? 20 10
E-DCDM
(2X20Gb/s)
1M 1PD Sim : 17.8 (E-3)
21.74(E-9)
62 120 20
E-DCDM
(4X10Gb/s)
1M 1PD Sim : 21.6 (E-3)
26.4(E-9)
58 100 10
E-DCDM
(7X5.71Gb/s)
1M 1PD Sim : 27 (E-3)
31.4(E-9)
52 91.4 5.71
Table 11. The proposed ITU-standard for DWDM channel codes.
DWDM
Channel
Code
λ
(nm)
DWDM
Channel
Code
λ
(nm)
DWDM
Channel
Code
λ
(nm)
DWDM
Channel
Code
λ
(nm)
18 1563.05 30 1553.33 42 1543.73 54 1534.25
19 1562.23 31 1552.53 43 1542.94 55 1533.47
20 1561.42 32 1551.72 44 1542.14 56 1532.68
21 1560.61 33 1550.92 45 1541.35 57 1531.90
22 1559.80 34 1550.12 46 1540.56 58 1531.12
23 1558.98 35 1549.32 47 1539.77 59 1530.33
24 1558.17 36 1548.52 48 1538.98 60 1529.55
25 1557.36 37 1547.72 49 1538.19 61 1528.77
26 1556.56 38 1546.92 50 1537.40 62 1527.99
27 1555.75 39 1546.12 51 1536.61
28 1554.94 40 1545.32 53 1535.82
29 1554.13 41 1544.53 53 1535.04

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Table 12. Optical OFDM Parameters for 100Gb/s using Polarization-multiplexed QAM.
Transmission
Distance
(Km)
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission
4-QAM
(4 bits/symbol)
8-QAM
(6 bits/symbol)
16-QAM
(8 bits/symbol)
Npre Nc Nu Npre Nc Nu Npre Nc Nu
1000 5 32 26 4 32 26 2 16 13
2000 8 64 52 5 32 26 4 32 26
3000 10 64 52 6 32 26 5 32 26
5000 14 128 104 8 64 52 6 32 26
Table 13. Polarization multiplexed complexity of single-carrier transmission compared to Optical
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing at 400Gb/s.
Transmission
Distance (Km)
Single-Carrier OFDM
Direct FFT
Block
size (B)
Complexity Transmitter Receiver Total
1000 12.0 6 13.3 6.2 10.2 16.4
2000 24.0 27 16.6 7.4 11.4 18.8
3000 32.0 25 17.9 7.4 11.4 18.8
5000 52.0 52 19.7 8.6 12.6 21.2
Table 14. Performance Comparison of CWDM and DWDM technology at 400Gb/s of WDM.
Features of WDM in
DFOC
Coarse WDM Dense WDM
Laser Transmitter types Uncooled DFB Cooled DFB, external
modulation
Spacing of wavelentghs 2500GHz (20nm) 100 GHz (0.8 nm)
Wavelenghts/ fiber (λ) 8-16 (O,E,S,C,L bands) 40-80 (C,L bands)
Capacity of each
wavelength
Up to 2.5 Gbps Up to 10 Gbps
Total Capacity 20-40 Gbps 100-1000 Gbps
Fiber Technology Thin film Thin film, AWG, Bragg
grating
Transmission distances Up to 70 KM Up to 900 KM
Overall Cost Very low Medium

172
Application Enterprise, metro-access Access, metro-core, regional
Transmitter Board Area 20 cm2
(3.1in2
) 100 cm2
(16in2
)
Power Consumption per Tx
Card (SDI)
1.6 W(100 GHz) 5 W typically(100 GHz)
Laser Wavelength variation
(0-40°C)
±6.5 nm ±0.16 nm
Channel Spacing 20 nm 0.8 nm
Channels per frame 4 + 1 upgrade port 4 + 1 upgrade port
Wavelength Selection Standard ITU wavelength Reduced
Raman Crosstalk Significant without
mitigation techniques
Minimal with selective
wavelength spacing
Four-wave mixing Not Applicable Not Applicable
Dependence on the
Dispersion of delayed fiber
Low dependence High Dependence
No. of Wavelengths 2-5 2-8
Table 15. Constellation diagrams of different FOC digital modulation formats.

173
Table 16. 3D graphical comparison between different DFOC parameters within 100 Gb/s
Figure 1. OFDM Performance for 100 Gb/s
Transmission using Polarization
Multiplexed QAM
Figure 2. OFDM Performance for 100
Gb/s
Multiplexed QAM

174
Figure 3. OFDM Performance for 100 Gb/s
Multiplexed QAM
Figure 4. Computational complexity of
Single-carrier transmission vs
OFDM-PM-4QAM at 100Gb/s
Figure 5. Spectral efficiency features w.r.t
modulation efficiency for ≤ 100
Gb/s Digital Modulation Formats.
Figure 6. Spectral Efficiency features
w.r.t bits/symbol for 100 Gb/s
Digital Modulation Formats.
Table 17. 3D graphical comparison between different DFOC parameters within 1Tb/s .
Figure 7. Channel Spacing features w.r.t no. Of
C-Band ≤ 400 Gb/s Digital Modulation
Formats.
Figure 8. Channel Spacing features w.r.t
OSNR (max.) for ≤ 400 Gb/s
Digital Modulation Formats.

175
Figure 9. Channel Spacing vs No. of C-bands
vs Capacity at ≤ 400 Gb/s rate.
Figure 10. Channel Spacing vs OSNR
(max.)
vs Capacity at ≤ 400 Gb/s
Figure 11. Channel Spacing vs OSNR (min.)
vs Capacity for ≤ 400 Gb/s Digital
Modulation Formats.
Figure 12. OSNR (max.) vs OSNR (min.)
for
≤ 1Tb/s Digital Modulation
Formats.
Table 18. 3D graphical comparison between different digital Modulation and Multiplexing parameters
within 1Tb/s .
Figure 13. Speed vs symbol rate for ≤ 400
(Full-Duplex).
Figure 14. Speed vs symbol rate for ≤ 400
(Half-Duplex).

176
Figure 15. Performance Comparison of
CWDM and DWDM technology at
400 Gbp/s
Figure 16. Complexity Comparison of
Chromatic Dispersion (Ps/nm) &
MBW(Ps/nm).
Figure 17. Performances Comparison of CRF
(GHz), Chromatic Dispersion
(Ps/nm) & W (Ps/nm)
Figure 18. Performances Comparison of CRF
(GHz), Chromatic Dispersion
(Ps/nm) and MBW (Ps/nm).
5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The parameters of different types of digital fiber optic communication modulation formats with
their multiplexing techniques are compared in a tabular manner from Table 1-10. Also by 3D
graph representation from Table 16, 17 & 18, we compare the characteristics of different formats
having bit-rate of 400 Gb/s – 1Tb/s. The bandwidth efficiency is excellent in case of GMSK
compared to BASK, BPSK, BFSK, QPSK and M-QAM modulation techniques summarized
in Table-5. The modulation formats having speed (b/s) of 2-FSK (≤ 300 b/s and 1200 b/s), 4-PSK
(1200b/s) up to 1024-QAM + TC (≤ 28,800 b/s) compared on the basis of their duplex methods
used in Table-6. An comparative survey reflects in Table 7 & 8 on single channel M-QAM
options like PM-16QAM of 200 Gb/s, PM-8QAM of 400Gb/s, PM-32-QAM of 1000Gb/s, PM-
64-QAM of 1000Gb/s, PM-256-QAM of 1000Gb/s by taking 40Gb/s value as reference, which
considering Polarization multiplexing for all options. The 67% CS-RZ-WDM and 50% RZ-WDM
utilizes two modulators as well as in 50% RZ-DPSK shown in Table-10. The complexity
between different FOC digital modulation techniques and multiplexing techniques are indicated
in Table-10. The proposed 1550 nm window i.e DWDM by ITU is shown in Table-11. A survey
of single carrier transmission vs OFDM for polarization multiplexed 4-QAM at 400 Gb/s is
summarized in Table-13. The transmission distance is up to 70km (CWDM) and upto 900km
(DWDM) is indicated in Table-14. The 4-QAM,8-QAM &16-QAM modulation formats having
their polarization multiplexed transmission performances compares in Table-12. The Table-15
comparatively exhibits the constellation diagrams of different FOC digital modulation formats.

177
Figure 1, 2 & 3 of Table-16 reflects a 3D-comparative survey on OFDM performance for
100Gb/s. A comparison between channel spacing and C-Bands of PM-BPSK, PM-QPSK, PM-M-
QAM having 100 Gb/s to 400 Gb/s is shown in figure 7 of Table-17. The OSNR at maximum
range compares with channel spacing by taking different modulation techniques summarizes in a
3-D pattern in figure 8 & 9 of Table-17. The symbol rate of 400-1000 Gb/s applied for
comparison of OSNR-maximum & OSNR-minimum. of different digital fiber optic
communication modulation formats in figure 12 of Table-17. The comparative analysis of
complexity between different WDM multiplexing techniques (50% RZ-WDM, 67% CS-RZ-
WDM & NRZ-WDM) are shown in figure 16 of Table-18. Here MBW (ps/nm) compared with
chromatic dispersion at 400 Gb/s. The symbol rate varies with the bit/sec for 2FSK, 4PSK,
4QPSK and 16-QAM at 2400 Hz (4800 bits/sec). Various parameters like wavelength per fiber,
aggregate fiber capacity at 400 Gb/s, transmission distances and transmitter board area of CWDM
and DWDM are analyzed in figure 15 of Table-18. The symbol rate vs speed for different FOC
digital modulation formats are compared for half and full duplex standardized voice-band data
modems.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this article we describe the influence of bit rate (Gb/s) on different fiber optic communication
digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques. We analyzed the performance of PM-
QPSK (100Gb/s, 400Gb/s), PM-8QAM (400Gb/s), PM-16QAM (200Gb/s), PM-16QAM
(200Gb/s, 400Gb/s), PM-32QAM (400Gb/s), PM-32QAM (1000Gb/s), PM-256QAM (400Gb/s)
and PM-64QAM (1000Gb/s). This paper not only affords simple digital modulation techniques
but also provides a comparative analysis about different detection and multiplexing techniques in
the optical transmission system. In this article, applications are build up using 3D practical
exposure in the digital fiber optic communication.
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Authors
Sumant Ku Mohapatra was born in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India . He received the B.Tech
degree from ITER, Bhubaneswar, India in 2002 & M.Tech(Electronics & Instrumentation
Engg) from GIET, BPUT, Odisha in 2011.. His research interest are in signal and image
processing , optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Currently he is

181
working in Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India as an Assistant
Professor in the Department of ETC.
Ramya Ranjan Choudhury was born in the Balasore district, Orissa, India . He received
the B.Tech degree from Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India in 2008 &
M.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engg) from C.E.B, BPUT, Odisha in 2012. His
research interests include digital signal processing, digital image processing, optical fiber
communication and wireless communication. He is currently working in Trident Academy
of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India as an Assistant Professor.
.
Rabindra Bhojray was born in the Cuttack district, Odisha, India . He received the
graduate Engineering from I.E.T.E New Delhi , India in 1998 and received the master
engineering in field of communication system engineering from U.C.E, Burla, Orissa (At
present V.S.S.U.T, Burla), in 2001 and Ph.D. (continuing). His research interest are in
signal and image processing ,optical fiber communication and wireless communication.
Currently he is an associate professor in Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha.
Pravanjan Das was born in the Cuttack district, Odisha, India . He received the B.Tech
degree from TAT, Bhubaneswar, India in 2010 & M.Tech(Communication Systems) from
SVNIT,Surat,Gujrat in 2013. Currently he is working in Trident Academy of Technology,
B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, as an Assistant Professor. His research interest are in signal
processing , and wireless communication.

Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation and multiplexing techniques of f.o.c within and beyond 400 gb s

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Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation and multiplexing techniques of f.o.c within and beyond 400 gb s