Pertemuan 2. READING SECTION TOEFL pREPARATION
- 1. TOEFL READING SECTION By Kennedi Sembiring
- 2. Reading TOEFL Ditujukan untuk menguji kemampuan kamu dalam memahami serta menganalisis teks bacaan mengenai berbagai macam topik. Pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam setiap bacaan biasanya menanyakan mengenai informasi yang terdapat dalam teks, baik informasi yang tersirat maupun tersurat.
- 4. Reading Question Types 1Passage: 5-7 paragraphs 20 minutes per passage 12-14 questions per passage 1. Factual (Detail) 3. Reference 4. Vocabulary 5. Inference 6. Sentence Simplification(Paraphr ase) 7. Sentence Insertion 8. Rhetorical Purposes 9. Summarization 2.Negative Factual (Negative Detail)
- 5. TOEFL OVERVIEW Section Time Limit Questions Tasks Reading 60–80 minutes 36–56 questions Read 3 or 4 passages from academic texts and answer questions. Listening 60–90 minutes 34–51 questions Listen to lectures, classroom discussions and conversations, then answer questions. Break 10 minutes — — Speaking 20 minutes 6 tasks Express an opinion on a familiar topic; speak based on reading and listening tasks. Writing 50 minutes 2 tasks Write essay responses based on reading and listening tasks; support an opinion in writing.
- 6. Not only reading skills , but background knowledge Every single subject matters Science -Biology, space science, botany, zoology, earth science, chemistry, physics Social studies -All types of history : autobiography, science, origin of industry…. Literature & philosophy Archaeology, anthropology Psychology, behavioral science etc…
- 7. How to skill up reading? 1. Each question types have some skills to drill out (exceptions though) 2. Read as many passages, articles, magazine articles, and whatever as possible. 3. Skimming & scanning 4. Outlining 5. Answer justification Get used to Question Types Read as many as possible Wise & smart reading
- 8. So where do we go from here? Get smarter, get better score 1. Drill question types each week 2. Review test (we are so forgetful) 3. Getting used to topics 4. Answer Justification 5. Outlining 6. Reading Comprehension 7. ENJOY!
- 9. Teknik Membaca Diperlukannya teknik membaca yang baik dalam sesi ini, jika kamu ingin mengerjakan dengan baik serta mendapat hasil yang maksimal. Terdapat dua teknik membaca yang bisa kamu gunakan, yaitu: teknik Skimming, dan Scanning. •Skimming adalah membaca cepat sebuah teks guna mendapatkan gagasan pokok, ide pokok, atau isi bacaan secara tepat. Tidak perlu mencari informasi yang spesifik, carilah ide pokoknya saja sehingga tidak perlu membaca seluruh bagian bacaan. •Scanning adalah membaca cepat sebuah teks untuk mencari informasi tertentu tanpa membaca yang lainnya atau secara keseluruhan.
- 10. 1. Main Idea Yang pertama adalah pertanyaan tentang suatu gagasan utama (Main Idea). Yang dimaksud Main Idea disini adalah pokok pikiran sebuah paragraf yang memuat suatu keterangan, penjelasan, uraian atau pendapat dari si penulis tentang pokok bahasan. Gagasan utama merupakan penjelasan untuk judul dari topik yang menjelaskan dari sudut pandang si penulis, maka akan lebih panjang dan berupa kalimat yang lengkap. Berikut adalah contoh pertanyaan gagasan utama : 1.what is the text talking about ? 2.what is the main idea of this passage ? 3.what is the author main idea of paragraph 3? 4.what is the subject of this passage ?
- 11. Tips atau strategi yang bisa kamu gunakan : •carilah topik dari paragraf tersebut •perhatikan setiap kata-kata yang mengembangkan topik •perhatikan juga setiap kesimpulan pada setiap paragraf •biasanya main idea terdapat pada dua kalimat utama •biasanya kamu akan menemukan jawabannya di kalimat pelengkap
- 12. 2. Topic Selanjutnya adalah pertanyaan mengenai topik atau tema suatu bacaan. Topik disini merupakan subjek utama suatu bacaan, tentang apa saja bacaan itu. Topik atau tema bisa berupa inti dari isi tulisan atau judul tulisan. Tak jarang topik merupakan salah satu hal yang hampir bisa dipastikan keluar dalam setiap tes TOEFL. Berikut contoh pertanyaan tentang topik : 1.what is the main topic of this passage ? 2.the text is mainly talking about ? 3.the passage is about ?
- 13. Tips atau strategi yang bisa kamu gunakan : •fokuslah pada bacaan di kalimat utama dan terakhir pada paragraf •temukan kata kunci pada setiap bacaan (biasanya berupa sinonim atau persamaan kata) •jika pertanyaan mengenai topik, maka biasanya jawaban berupa satu kata atau berbentuk frasa.
- 14. 3. Detail Information Merupakan sebuah pertanyaan yang menanyakan suatu informasi spesifik yang terdapat didalam teks bacaan. Pertanyaan yang menanyakan fakta- fakta dalam bacaan (who,what, where,when, dan how ). Tipe pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang sebagian kecil dari bacaan, bukan bacaan secara menyeluruh dan juga bertanya mengenai infomasi tersurat yang diungkapkan dalam bacaan. Contoh pertanyaan detail information : 1.According to the passage …. 2.It is stated ….. 3.It is indicated that …. 4.Which of the folllowing is NOT supported by …. 5.The passage states that ….
- 15. Tips atau strategi yang bisa kamu gunakan : •Jawaban dari tipe pertanyaan ini umumya dapat langsung ditemukan dalam teks bacaan •Jawaban atas pertanyaan akan diberikan secara berurutan didalam teks bacaan •Dalam pertanyaan tipe ini, kamu akan dituntut untuk memilih jawaban yang merupakan parafrasa atau pengungkapan ulang intonasi yang sama tetapi dengan kata-kata yang berbeda
- 16. 4. Vocabulary Question Suatu pertanyaan yang menanyakan sinonim atau mencari padanan kata yang maknanya paling dekat dengan kata yang ditanyakan. Menjawab pertanyaan ini memang harus ditebak berdasarkan konteks kalimatnya. Jangan hanya menebak hanya dengan mengandalkan pengetahuan tanpa memperhatikan kalimat bacaan. Bacalah kalimat yang dimana sebuah kata ditanyakan secara utuh, lalu tebaklah berdasarkan konteks kalimat tersebut. Contoh pertanyaan Vocabulary Question : 1.What is the meaning of ” ….” in line 3 paragrraph 1 ? 2.The word “ …..” in line 4 can be replaced by ……
- 17. Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of propellants. Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States revoked permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar action with various other chemical compounds. TOEFL READING 1
- 18. 1. The main point of this passage is that A. carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated B. the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970 C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products. D. carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds 2. The word “widely” in line 2 could most easily be replaced by A. grandly B. extensively C. largely E. Hugely 3. The word “banned” in line 4 is closest in meaning to A. forbidden B. allowed C. suggested D. instituted Question
- 19. Question 4. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was A. used by itself as a cleanser B. banned in industrial use C. often used as a component of cleaning products D. not allowed in home cleaning products 5. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes A. harmful B. colorless C. a cleaning compound E. Inflammable 6. The word “inhaled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to A. warmed B. breathed in C. carelessly used D. blown
- 20. Question 7. The word “revoked” in line 8 could most easily be replaced by A. gave B. granted C. instituted D. took away 8. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to A. regulate product safety B. prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride C. instruct industry on cleaning methodologies E. ban the use of any chemicals 9. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses A. additional uses of carbon tetrachloride B. the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government C. further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride D. the major characteristic of carbon tetrachloride
- 22. 1. Factual Information Questions Focus on facts details, definitions or other information presented by the author Asks you to identify specific information that is typically mentioned only in the part of the passage Do not generally ask about general themes that the passage as a whole discusses Often, the relevant information is in one or two sentences To answer – information is in the passage
- 23. 1. Factual Information Questions Examples: According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X? The author’s description of X mentions which of the following? According to the paragraph, X occurred because… According to the paragraph, X did because… According to the paragraph, why did X do Y? The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?
- 24. 2. Negative Factual Information Questions Asks you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on the information stated To answer: 1. Locate the relevant information in the passage 2. Verify three or four TRUE answers Examples: According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X? The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT…
- 25. 3. Inference Questions Measures the ability to comprehend an argument or an idea that is strongly implied but explicitly stated in the text If an effect is cited, the cause might be asked If comparison is made, comparison may be inquired Important – explicit meaning of the author’s words, but the logical implication of such words
- 26. 3. Inference Questions Examples: Which of the following can be inferred about X? The author of the passage implies that X… Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X? To answer – Choose an answer that is important or true and that is inferable from the passage
- 27. 4. Rhetorical Purpose Question You are asked WHAT and information an author presented You are asked WHY the author has presented a particular information in a place or manner Examples: The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to… Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of… To answer – focus on logical links between sentences and paragraphs
- 28. 5. Vocabulary Question Asks you to identify the meanings of individual WORDS or PHRASES as they are used in the passage Remember – a word might have more than one meaning but only one meaning would be relevant in the passage In TOEFL IBT, words are unusual, technical or have special meanings in the context
- 29. 5. Vocabulary Question Examples: The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to… In stating X, the author means that… To answer – identify the expression(s) as it is used in the passage
- 30. 6. Reference Questions Asks you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage Often, relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent Sometimes, other kinds of grammatical reference are tested Example: The word X in the passage refers to To answer – the word or expressions chosen could perfectly be substituted to the choice
- 31. 7. Sentence Simplification Asks to choose a sentence that has the same essential meaning as a sentence that occurs in the passage Examples: Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? To answer – should not contradict the main argument of the paragraph in which the sentence occurs, or the passage as a whole
- 32. 8. Insert Text Questions Given a new sentence & asked where in the passage it would best fit Examples: Look at the four squares () that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage: To answer: Structure should be fit Logical connection should be ensured
- 33. 8. Insert Text Questions To answer: Structure should be fit Logical connection should be ensured Frequently used connecting words: On the other hand For example On the contrary Similarly In contrast Furthermore, or Further Therefore In other words As a result Finally
- 34. 9. Prose Summary Questions Will be asked to pick the choices that best express the most important ideas in a passage Will be asked to recognize the major ideas by distinguishing them from minor ideas Will be asked to understand the relative importance of information in a passage (very critical to this activity)
- 35. 9. Prose Summary Questions Examples: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.
- 36. 10. Fill-in Table Questions Measures the ability to conceptualize and organize major ideas and other important information across the passage and place them in appropriate categories Requires the ability to understand rhetorical functions such as cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguments and the like Questions are more likely to be abstract concepts based on the passage phrases or information
- 37. 10. Fill-in Table Questions To answer – Pick the choices that are slightly more detailed outline; Correct answers represent major ideas and important supporting information in the passage Examples: Complete the table below to summarize information about the two types of art discussed in the passage. Match the appropriate statements to the types of art with which they are associated. Type Statements Major Topic Statement 1 Statement 1 Statement 1
- 38. Thank You